The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients through several key parts. It begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva, then moves through the esophagus to the stomach for further digestion. Most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine, aided by enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. The large intestine absorbs water and forms solid waste, which is stored in the rectum until excretion. Together, these components ensure efficient digestion and nutrient uptake.