Blood flows into the nephron through the afferent arteriole and enters the glomerulus, where high blood pressure forces water, ions, and small molecules like glucose and urea into Bowman’s capsule. The remaining blood exits via the efferent arteriole. The filtrate then moves through the proximal tubule, where most of the essential nutrients and water are reabsorbed into the bloodstream. It continues into the loop of Henle, where water and salts are exchanged to create a concentration gradient, aiding in water reabsorption. The filtrate flows next into the distal tubule, which adjusts the balance of electrolytes and pH levels. Finally, it enters the collecting duct, where the amount of water reabsorbed is fine-tuned before the urine is sent to the renal pelvis and eventually to the bladder for excretion.

Nephrons perform essential processes such as filtration of blood, reabsorption of important substances, secretion of excess ions and waste products, and excretion of concentrated urine. These processes ensure the kidneys maintain the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance while efficiently eliminating waste. The nephron’s design and functionality are vital for overall homeostasis in the body.