Most Important Functions of Human Cell Parts:

 Cell membrane — separates the inside of the cell from its environment, shapes, and supports the cell structure.

 Cytoplasm — its a jelly-like fluid which contains many different organelles, each with a specialized function.

 Nucleus — the control center of the cell which contains DNA or genetic material and the nucleolus.

 Nuclear membrane — to protect the nucleus, which contains chromatin as a spread out form of DNA.

 Nucleolus — structure where ribosomes are made, it is also related to the production of RNA molecules needed to transmit and express the information coded in DNA.

 Ribosomes — important job of synthesizing or making proteins.

 Cytoplasm — jelly-like substance that maintains the pH and temperatures of all the organelles inside the cell.

 Rough endoplasmic reticulum — have ribosomes attached to it, and it participates in protein synthesis.

 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum — it does not have ribosomes attached to it, synthesizes lipids, and stores calcium in muscle cells.

 Vesicle — contains proteins inside, move substances between compartments inside the cells, and join with cell membranes to release contents.

 Golgi apparatus (Goldi body) — receives the vesicles, folds the proteins into usable shapes, adding other materials with proteins such as lipids or carbohydrates.

 Lysosome — are the garbage collectors that take-in damage or worn out cell parts. It is also filled with enzymes that break down this cellular debris.

 Mitochondrion (Mitochondria) — powerhouse of the cells, makes ATP molecules that provide the energy for all the cell activities.

 Cytoskeleton — maintains the shapes of a cell, and provides the internal cellular scaffolding.

 Proteins — regulate the movement of specific molecules inside-and-outside of the cell, and initiates changes in cell activity by binding and responding to chemical signals such as hormones.

Describe the structural arrangement and function of the membranes associated with each of the following eukaryotic organelles.

 Mitochondrion — is a membrane-bound organelle that generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell house’s biochemical reactions. Mitochondria are separated from the cytoplasm by the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane. Its structures are composed of double membrane-bound organelles containing a circular strand of DNA such as genes for producing mitochondrial proteins.

 Endoplasmic reticulum — this organelle can be smooth or rough depending on its specialization to produce proteins for the rest of the cell’s functions. The rER HAS small and round organelles called ribosomes attached to it, while the sER has NO ribosomes attached to it with a function of making proteins. It is known as a membrane enclosed passageway for transporting materials. This organelle is known to its appearance as road-like in the mountains like in Sierra Madre Mountain. The descriptions of the Rough endoplasmic reticulum has extensive interconnected membrane network that varies in shape such as cisternae, and tubules, ribosmomes are very obviously attached on cytoplasmic surface. On the other hand, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has the descriptions of an extensive interconnected membrane network and is lacking of ribosomes.

 Golgi apparatus — organelle which has a coral made from cheese-like appearance. Coordinates with Endoplasmic reticulum to receive the vesicles which facilitate the activities of the protein functions. The appearance of this eukaryotic organelle is a series of several elongated, flattened saclike membranous structures with its major functions known as it modifies, packages, and sorts materials that arrive from the Endoplasmic reticulum in transport vesicles, and forms secretory vesicles and lysosomes.

References:
*Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition.

*Mescher, A. Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Edition.

*Navarro A, Boveris A. The mitochondrial energy transduction system and the aging process. Cell Physiology. 2007. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17020935/