Description: Neurons (also known as neurones or nerve cells) are the brain’s and nervous system’s basic units. The soma (cell body) of the neuron contains the axon (a nerve fiber that conducts electrical impulses away from the soma) and dendrites (tree-like structures that receive signals from other neurons).
Function: the cells in our brain that receive sensory input from the outside world, provide motor commands to our muscles, and transform and relay electrical signals at every step along the way
Location: The bulk of neurons in vertebrates are found in the central nervous system, although some are found in peripheral ganglia, and many sensory neurons are found in sensory organs like the retina and cochlea.
Description: It possesses a single process emerging from the cell body. This short process also attaches to the axon, which makes it appear as if the cell body sits aside the axon.
Function: They convey information about temperature, taste, proprioception (body position), and visceral organ activity in addition to pain and touch.
Location: It is located within the skin, joints, muscles, and internal organs.
Description: It is the common type in CNS. It possesses a single axon and many dendrites (3 or more dendrites)
Function: Dendrites allow these neurons to accept impulses from numerous neurons. The messages are transmitted through the neuron by dendrites via an electrical signal that travels down the axon.
Location: They are found in the autonomic ganglia and the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
Description: Purkinje have multiple dendrites that fan our from the cell body.
Function: Purkinje cells are the cerebellar cortex’s sole output neurons, and they play an important role in movement coordination, regulation, and learning.
Description: Sensory ganglia satellite glial cells are laminar cells that wrap around sensory neurons. Satellite cells were mononucleated cells jammed between the muscle fiber’s basement membrane and plasma membrane.
Function: Satellite cells are the antecedents of skeletal muscle cells, and they are responsible for muscle tissue regeneration.
Location: Satellite cells are small, flattened cells in the peripheral nervous system’s ganglia.
Structure of a neuron
Description: Neurons (also known as neurones or nerve cells) are the brain’s and nervous system’s basic units. The soma (cell body) of the neuron contains the axon (a nerve fiber that conducts electrical impulses away from the soma) and dendrites (tree-like structures that receive signals from other neurons).
Function: the cells in our brain that receive sensory input from the outside world, provide motor commands to our muscles, and transform and relay electrical signals at every step along the way
Location: The bulk of neurons in vertebrates are found in the central nervous system, although some are found in peripheral ganglia, and many sensory neurons are found in sensory organs like the retina and cochlea.
Five types of neurons
Unipolar
Description: It possesses a single process emerging from the cell body. This short process also attaches to the axon, which makes it appear as if the cell body sits aside the axon.
Function: They convey information about temperature, taste, proprioception (body position), and visceral organ activity in addition to pain and touch.
Location: It is located within the skin, joints, muscles, and internal organs.
Bipolar
Description: It is a type of neuron that has two extensions/ two processes (axon and dendrite).
Function: They are constantly sensory, conveying information about vision, olfaction, balance, and hearing. retina.
Location: The retina of the eye, the roof of the nasal cavity, and the inner ear all contain bipolar neurons.
Multipolar
Description: It is the common type in CNS. It possesses a single axon and many dendrites (3 or more dendrites)
Function: Dendrites allow these neurons to accept impulses from numerous neurons. The messages are transmitted through the neuron by dendrites via an electrical signal that travels down the axon.
Location: They are found in the autonomic ganglia and the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
Pyramidal
Description: Neurons with a pyramidal shaped cell body (soma) and two distinct dendritic trees.
Function: to convert synaptic inputs into a structured action potential output
Location: It is found in the cerebral cortex
Purkinje
Description: Purkinje have multiple dendrites that fan our from the cell body.
Function: Purkinje cells are the cerebellar cortex’s sole output neurons, and they play an important role in movement coordination, regulation, and learning.
Location: It can be found in cerebellar cortex
Two types of neuroglia in PNS
Satellite Cells
Description: Sensory ganglia satellite glial cells are laminar cells that wrap around sensory neurons. Satellite cells were mononucleated cells jammed between the muscle fiber’s basement membrane and plasma membrane.
Function: Satellite cells are the antecedents of skeletal muscle cells, and they are responsible for muscle tissue regeneration.
Location: Satellite cells are small, flattened cells in the peripheral nervous system’s ganglia.
Schwann Cells
Description: The Schwann cell resembles a rolled-up sheet of paper, with myelin layers between each coil.
Function: Myelination of the PNS axons is one of the most critical tasks of the Schwann cell.
Location: It can be found in the peripheral nervous system