Activity

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros posted an update in the group MT 30 – IJ (LEC) 4 years, 5 months ago

“While early investigations into the physiological effects of spaceflight suggest the body’s ability to reversibly adapt, the corresponding effects of long-term spaceflight (>6 months) are much less conclusive. Prolonged exposure to microgravity and radiation yields profound effects on the cardiovascular system.”

Long-term spaceflight and the cardiovascular system – PMC

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7757439/

While early investigations into the physiological effects of spaceflight suggest the body’s ability to reversibly adapt, the corresponding effects of long-term spaceflight (>6 months) are much less conclusive. Prolonged exposure to microgravity …
- Jose Emmanuel Cisneros replied 4 years, 5 months ago
  REFLECTIVE ANALYSIS:
  As of the moment, scientists declare space as the final frontier of all humankind. Its harrowing and unpredictable environment could potentially create new avenues for the betterment of the human race. This provides the reason why many people would want to aim on reaching outer space. They send astronauts, scientists, and even billionaire moguls to this unknown but familiar horizon in hopes of creating a change for the future society of planet Earth. Along with this, they had to undergo training and endure a rigorous journey just to reach the deep expanse of space.
- Jose Emmanuel Cisneros replied 4 years, 5 months ago
  This journey is simply exhausting and can take a toll on the body of the pilots “lucky” enough to experience the trip. It’s not a surprise any more space explorers descending back to earth after a mission happen to be experiencing body “changes” after exposure to such an extreme condition.
  The body tissues/organs bombarded with these changes would entail the respiratory, the integumentary, the nervous, the reproductive, and more specifically, the circulatory system. It has been proven from previous and recent medical studies that the heart and its interrelated organ system are very much prone to myriads of pathological effects.
- Jose Emmanuel Cisneros replied 4 years, 5 months ago
  Speaking from a histological point of view, the 2020 study by Vernice, Meydan Afshinnekoo, and Mason (2020) presents many consequences that spaceflight and low-Earth orbital exposure can do on the circulatory/cardiovascular tissues and organs. To find out more information about this study, please click the link above to access the full journal at your disposal.
  According to the researchers, spaceflight can make space explorers prone to cardiovascular stressors like ionizing cosmic radiation, microgravity, lack of physical activity, and other factors that challenge the cardiovascular organs.
- Jose Emmanuel Cisneros replied 4 years, 5 months ago
  One study claims that long-duration spaceflight causes atrophy to the cardiac muscles after being in space for only 10 days (Mulvagh, et.al., 1991). Additionally, in-vitro research says that rat cardiomyocytes (heart cells) and their cytoskeletal components such as myosin (tropomyosin) can also shrink in microgravity (Feger, et. al., 2016). This was conducted on a microgravity-simulated bioreactor. This may point to the lack of oxygen and nutrients you normally receive in the Earth’s atmosphere. This is particularly alarming for future explorers who want to venture to Mars because of their very long exposure (almost 1000 days according to one report) to oxygen-diminished space.
- Jose Emmanuel Cisneros replied 4 years, 5 months ago
  Cosmic radiation can also have a deleterious effect on cardiovascular tissues. One study explains that the moment a spacecraft enters the Earth’s orbital plane, Ionic Iron particles surge into the coronary arteries and cause cardiac malformation (e.g., cardiac tissue scarring and hardening, smooth muscle degeneration, and extracellular disposition) (Baker, et. al., 2011). Radiation also thickens the carotid arteries, by increasing the collagen α-1 fiber formation at the site of exposure (Garrett-Bakelman, et. al., 2019). This feat is not a stranger anymore to your medical mind, as you have learned in your high school years the dangers of radioisotopes and their unstable nature to cause DNA mutations, etc. It would be better to further study this avenue so that inventors can finally create a spacesuit that would be completely devoid of cosmic radiation from the body.
- Jose Emmanuel Cisneros replied 4 years, 5 months ago
  These findings could collude cosmic catastrophes in the cosmos, and may even discourage a few to consider staying in the comforts of the ground. However, Vernice and company (2020) subtly stated some histological potentialities spaceflight can provide. For example, RBC production, hemoglobin, and Hematocrit levels are found to increase, thereby eliminating anemia issues in the picture (Kunz, et.al., 2017; Tavassoli, 1982; Smith, 2002). Another interesting piece of information is that the diameter of the carotid artery tissue would increase in long-duration space flights (Garrett-Bakelman, et. al., 2019). Therefore, blood oxygen can easily reach the head and supply the upper extremity with adequate supply. This might be a scientific breakthrough in the making, that is why they need to further this study for better implications in the future. I am certainly hopeful for this study.
- Jose Emmanuel Cisneros replied 4 years, 5 months ago
  All in all, there is still a long way until we can consider space “safe” for our heart and blood vessels to flourish independently. To reach this moment, scientists and the normal civilians should be involved in learning more about the cardiovascular/circulatory organs’ limits in extreme conditions, at the same time, promote precautionary measures to protect these tissues. More research must be conducted about the relationship between the cardiovascular system and space because this is very helpful for future generations. As they say, “there is no other way but up,” and you should always use this as motivation for this type of Astro-medical endeavor.
  MAIN REFERENCE:
  • Vernice, N. A., Meydan, C., Afshinnekoo, E., & Mason, C. E. (2020). Long-term spaceflight and the cardiovascular system. Personal Clinical Medicine, 3(4): 284-291. doi: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa022.
  ADDITIONAL REFERENCES:
  • Anzai T, Frey MA, Nogami A. Cardiac arrhythmias during long-duration spaceflights. J Arrhythmia 2014; 30:139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joa.2013.07.009.
  • Baker JE, Moulder JE, Hopewell JW. Radiation as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1945–1956. doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3742.
  • Boerma M, Nelson GA, Sridharan V, et al. Space radiation and cardiovascular disease risk. World J Cardiol 2015; 7:882–888. doi:10.4330/wjc.v7.i12.882.
  • Coleman MA, Sasi SP, Onufrak J, et al. Low-dose radiation affects cardiac physiology: gene networks and molecular signaling in cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015;309:H1947–63. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00050.2015.
  • Feger BJ, Thompson JW, Dubois LG, et al. Microgravity induces proteomics changes involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial protection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34091. doi:10.1038/srep34091.
  • Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, et al. The NASA Twins Study: A multi-omic, molecular, physiological, and behavioral analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science 2019; 364:446. doi:10.1126/science.aau8650.
  • Kunz H, Quiriarte H, Simpson RJ, et al. Alterations in hemato logic indices during long-duration spaceflight. BMC Hematol 2017; 17:12. doi:10.1186/s12878-017-0083-y.
  • Mulvagh SL, Charles JB, Riddle JM, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of the cardiovascular effects of shortduration spaceflight. J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 31:1024–1026. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1991.tb03666.x.
  • Perhonen MA, Franco F, Lane LD, et al. Cardiac atrophy after bed rest and spaceflight. J Appl Physiol 2001;91;645–653.doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.2.645.
  • Smith SM. Red blood cell and iron metabolism during space flight. Nutrition 2002; 18:864–866. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00912-7.
  • Soucy KG, Lim HK, Kim JH, et al. HZE Fe-ion irradiation induces endothelial dysfunction in rat aorta: role of xanthine oxidase. Radiat Res 2011; 176:474–485.doi:10.1667/rr2598.1.
  • Tavassoli M. Anemia of spaceflight. Blood 1982; 60:1059–1067.
  • Yu T, Parks BW, Yu S, et al. Iron-ion radiation accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Radiat Res. 2011:175;(6):766–773. doi:10.1667/RR2482.1
- Jose Emmanuel Cisneros replied 4 years, 5 months ago
  MAIN REFERENCE:
  Vernice, N. A., Meydan, C., Afshinnekoo, E., & Mason, C. E. (2020). Long-term spaceflight and the cardiovascular system. Personal Clinical Medicine, 3(4): 284-291. doi: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa022.
  ADDITIONAL REFERENCES:
  Anzai T, Frey MA, Nogami A. Cardiac arrhythmias dur ing long-duration spaceflights. J Arrhythmia 2014; 30:139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joa.2013.07.009.
  Baker JE, Moulder JE, Hopewell JW. Radiation as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1945–1956. doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3742.
  Boerma M, Nelson GA, Sridharan V, et al. Space radiation and cardiovascular disease risk. World J Cardiol 2015; 7:882–888. doi:10.4330/wjc.v7.i12.882.
  Coleman MA, Sasi SP, Onufrak J, et al. Low-dose radiation affects cardiac physiology: gene networks and molecular signaling in cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015;309:H1947–63. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00050.2015.
  Feger BJ, Thompson JW, Dubois LG, et al. Microgravity induces proteomics changes involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial protection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34091. doi:10.1038/srep34091.
  Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, et al. The NASA Twins Study: A multi-omic, molecular, physiological, and behavioral analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science 2019; 364:446. doi:10.1126/science.aau8650.
  Kunz H, Quiriarte H, Simpson RJ, et al. Alterations in hemato logic indices during long-duration spaceflight. BMC Hematol 2017; 17:12. doi:10.1186/s12878-017-0083-y.
  Mulvagh SL, Charles JB, Riddle JM, et al. Echocardio graphic evaluation of the cardiovascular effects of short duration spaceflight. J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 31:1024–1026. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1991.tb03666.x.
  Perhonen MA, Franco F, Lane LD, et al. Cardiac atrophy after bed rest and spaceflight. J Appl Physiol 2001;91;645–653.doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.2.645.
  Smith SM. Red blood cell and iron metabolism during space flight. Nutrition 2002; 18:864–866. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00912-7.
  Soucy KG, Lim HK, Kim JH, et al. HZE Fe-ion irradiation induces endothelial dysfunction in rat aorta: role of xanthine oxidase. Radiat Res 2011; 176:474–485.doi:10.1667/rr2598.1.
  Tavassoli M. Anemia of spaceflight. Blood 1982; 60:1059–1067.
  Yu T, Parks BW, Yu S, et al. Iron-ion radiation accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Radiat Res. 2011:175;(6):766–773. doi:10.1667/RR2482.1
- Jose Emmanuel Cisneros replied 4 years, 5 months ago
  MAIN REFERENCE:
  • Vernice, N. A., Meydan, C., Afshinnekoo, E., & Mason, C. E. (2020). Long-term spaceflight and the cardiovascular system. Personal Clinical Medicine, 3(4): 284-291. doi: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa022.
  ADDITIONAL REFERENCES:
  • Anzai T, Frey MA, Nogami A. Cardiac arrhythmias dur ing long-duration spaceflights. J Arrhythmia 2014; 30:139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joa.2013.07.009.
  • Baker JE, Moulder JE, Hopewell JW. Radiation as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1945–1956. doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3742.
  • Boerma M, Nelson GA, Sridharan V, et al. Space radiation and cardiovascular disease risk. World J Cardiol 2015; 7:882–888. doi:10.4330/wjc.v7.i12.882.
  • Coleman MA, Sasi SP, Onufrak J, et al. Low-dose radiation affects cardiac physiology: gene networks and molecular signaling in cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015;309:H1947–63. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00050.2015.
  • Feger BJ, Thompson JW, Dubois LG, et al. Microgravity induces proteomics changes involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial protection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34091. doi:10.1038/srep34091.
  • Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, et al. The NASA Twins Study: A multi-omic, molecular, physiological, and behavioral analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science 2019; 364:446. doi:10.1126/science.aau8650.
  • Kunz H, Quiriarte H, Simpson RJ, et al. Alterations in hemato logic indices during long-duration spaceflight. BMC Hematol 2017; 17:12. doi:10.1186/s12878-017-0083-y.
  • Mulvagh SL, Charles JB, Riddle JM, et al. Echocardio graphic evaluation of the cardiovascular effects of short duration spaceflight. J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 31:1024–1026. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1991.tb03666.x.
  • Perhonen MA, Franco F, Lane LD, et al. Cardiac atrophy after bed rest and spaceflight. J Appl Physiol 2001;91;645–653.doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.2.645.
  • Smith SM. Red blood cell and iron metabolism during space flight. Nutrition 2002; 18:864–866. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00912-7.
  • Soucy KG, Lim HK, Kim JH, et al. HZE Fe-ion irradiation induces endothelial dysfunction in rat aorta: role of xanthine oxidase. Radiat Res 2011; 176:474–485.doi:10.1667/rr2598.1.
  • Tavassoli M. Anemia of spaceflight. Blood 1982; 60:1059–1067.
  • Yu T, Parks BW, Yu S, et al. Iron-ion radiation accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Radiat Res. 2011:175;(6):766–773. doi:10.1667/RR2482.1

No items found.