Difference between quality assurance and quality control: While quality assurance is defined as any systematic process of determining whether a product or service meets specified requirements, quality control is a process through which a business seeks to ensure that product quality is maintained or improved.

A Levey–Jennings chart is a graph that quality control data is plotted on to give a visual indication whether a laboratory test is working well. The distance from the mean is measured in standard deviations. It is named after Stanley Levey and E. R. Jennings, pathologists who suggested in 1950 that Shewhart\’s individuals control chart could be used in the clinical laboratory.

Effective material management is essential for the efficient and cost-effective operation of any organization. It involves planning, procuring, storing, and distributing materials, goods, and services needed for production or service delivery. Poor material management can lead to inventory overstock, stockouts, increased lead times, higher costs, and reduced customer satisfaction. In contrast, effective material management ensures the availability of the right materials, in the right quantity, at the right time, and at the right cost, enabling organizations to meet customer demand, reduce costs, and improve operational efficiency.

The standard in the laboratory is a known quantity or condition used as a reference for comparison, while the control is a group or sample that is treated similarly to the experimental group but not exposed to the independent variable being tested, used as a baseline for comparison.