Each breast has 15-25 secretory lobes in the adipose tissue. The mammary gland resembles a sweat gland with a few modifications. A compound tubular acinar gland resides in each of these lobes. The acini discharge into ducts lined by cuboidal or low columnar epithelial cells and encircled by myoepithelial cells. Each lobule’s duct empties into a lactiferous duct on the nipple’s surface. In the nipple’s region, these ducts are encircled by smooth muscle, which contracts to raise the nipple.

Reference: https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/female/FRS_breast.php

Cardiomyocyte loss is a prevalent cause of heart failure since adult mammalian hearts have limited regenerative ability. Transplantation of cardiomyocytes is a straightforward method of human heart repair. The transplantation is often reliant on human pluripotent cells (hPSCs) as the cell source to generate cardiomyocytes. This is one of the key components of the research I will be discussing.

Zhang et al’s paper titled “Transferrin improved the generation of cardiomyocyte from human pluripotent stem cells for myocardial infarction repair,” discusses how to efficiently allocate hPSCs to generate healthy and strong cardiomyocytes. Efficiency when it comes to procedures like this is very important because it ensures that all the resources are appropriately allocated because cardiac procedures are very costly.

The research used a chemically defined medium composed of recombinant human albumin, ascorbic acid, human transferrin, and RPMI 1640. Results from the research presented that cardiomyocyte generation increased by 85%. Transplanted cardiomyocytes survived after transplantation in infarcted rat heart and significantly improved its physiological function by reducing fibrosis.

This is a great research on cardiomyocyte transplantation as it focuses on cost-effectiveness. Cost-effectiveness studies are important because they help identify ways to make use of resources in order to achieve more. It looks into ways to properly utilize the resources to determine whether current methods are effective or not, increasing efficiency.

I found this research very interesting. As we all know, constant stress on the heart muscles makes it difficult for the heart to maintain its contractile properties. If these properties were to be diminished, then the circulatory system would not be able to distribute the necessary nutrients efficiently all over the body. Once this happens, the patient may develop diseases that will greatly diminish their quality of life. Cardiomyocyte transplantation is one of the options that can help alleviate this problem, but as I have mentioned before procedures like this can be very expensive, that is why researchers like this are very important because it looks into how we can properly utilize the resources that are available to us to achieve more.

Transferrin improved the generation of cardiomyocyte from human pluripotent stem cells for myocardial infarction repair | SpringerLink

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10735-020-09926-0

Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) hold great promise for the repair of the injured heart, but optimal cell production in a fully chemically defined and cost-effective system is essential for the efficacy and safety of cell transplantation therapies. In this study, we provided a simple and efficient strategy for cardiac differentiation from hPSCs and performed functional evaluation in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Using a chemically defined medium including four components, recombinant human albumin, ascorbic acid, human transferrin, and RPMI 1640, we developed a manageable and cost-effective protocol for robust generation of CMs from hPSCs. Interestingly, the addition of transferrin helped hPSCs to transit from TeSR-E8 medium to the simple cardiac differentiation medium and successfully initiated mesoderm differentiation without significant cell death. The CM generation efficiency was up to 85% based on cTnT expression. We performed transcriptome profiling from differentiation day 0 to 35, and characterized interesting dynamic change of cardiac genes. CMs derived from transferrin-supplemented simple medium have similar transcriptome and the maturation level compared to those generated in B27 minus insulin medium as well as their in vivo counterparts. Importantly, after transplantation, hPSC-derived CMs survived in the infarcted rat heart, significantly improved the physiological function and reduced fibrosis. Our study offers an easy-to-use and cost-effective method for cardiac differentiation and facilitates the translational application of hPSC-derived CMs for heart repair.

The need for book funds motivates me.

Pathophysiology describes the changes that occur in the functions of the body when affected by disease.