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Anonymous123 says:

August 9, 2016 at 1:28 am

Thank you for the tip 🙂

Swetlet says:

September 5, 2017 at 11:43 am

You the best sir!

Manuelle Grace Nica Omamalin says:

December 8, 2019 at 9:36 am

sir, pwede ag epithelial tissue pod??

getaprofessor says:

December 8, 2019 at 9:43 am

Just type epithelial tissue in the search box Manuelle. If you are using a smartphone the search box can be found at the bottom of this page. If you are using a laptop/desktop, the search box can be found on the right side. Topics or subjects discussed in clinical laboratory science can usually be found on this site, just use the search box 🙂

Lj says:

December 15, 2019 at 12:06 pm

Congratulations sir! Hahaha but nganong absent ka yesterday sir? Haha

Getaprofessor says:

December 15, 2019 at 12:11 pm

Naa man ko gahapon LJ 🙂 pero dali rko.hehe

Jan Nymrho Inoferio says:

December 15, 2019 at 12:52 pm

Congrats sir!😊😊

getaprofessor says:

December 15, 2019 at 1:12 pm

Thank you Jan 🙂

Vanessa Mae Sinda says:

December 15, 2019 at 2:14 pm

Congrats sir!!! 🥳🤩🎉

Getaprofessor says:

December 21, 2019 at 12:03 am

Thank you Van 🙂 will continue to update this site for a better user experience 🙂

Glezer Anne Catacutan says:

December 15, 2019 at 2:27 pm

Congratulations Sir!

getaprofessor says:

December 15, 2019 at 3:41 pm

Thank you Glezer 🙂 you can register to my social media website for better usage of this site

Hazel Mei Jumalon says:

December 18, 2019 at 10:18 pm

Simple squamous epithelium in alveoli

Sir Jeff Nicolo says:

January 1, 2020 at 10:18 am

Happy New Year everyone!

Getaprofessor says:

January 1, 2020 at 10:38 am

Happy New Year Sir Jeff!

Lorraine Cabildo says:

January 7, 2020 at 7:44 am

Simple Squamous Epithelium: alveoli

Ravner says:

January 20, 2020 at 10:28 pm

PAQUIBO, R.

1. Adipose Tissue

“Adipose tissue is pale staining because virtually all the cell is occupied by lipid, which is dissolved out in paraffin-embedded tissue preparations. The cell membrane, a thin rim of peripheral cytoplasm and the external lamina collectively give a ‘chicken-wire’ appearance. Fat stored in adipocytes accumulates as lipid droplets that fuse to form a single large droplet which distends and occupies most of the cytoplasm” (Young, O’Dowd & Woodford, p. 75).

REFERENCES

Young, B., O’Dowd, G., & Woodford, P. (2014). Wheater’s functional histology: A text and colour atlas (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone.

Maritcho Digamon says:

January 21, 2020 at 8:47 pm

Maritcho Digamon 1. Frog ciliated Epithelium- an epithelial tissue. Ciliated epithelium typically lines the bronchi of the lungs, trachea, regions of the nasal pathways and reproductive organs of both males and females. The cilia of the tissue are provided energy by mitochondria and their movement helps transport substances like mucus, through these regions.

Glezelle Marie P. Saplot says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:41 pm

Saplot, Glezelle Marie P.

9. Elastic Cartilage

Elastic cartilage , sometimes referred to as yellow fibrocartilage, is a type of cartilage that provides both strength and elasticity to certain parts of the body, such as the ears. Within the outer ear, it provides the skeletal basis of the pinna, as well as the lateral region of the external auditory meatus. Elastic cartilage is also found in the epiglottis, as well as the corniculate and cuneiform laryngeal cartilages.

Moreover, the walls of the medial part of the auditory canal is made up of elastic cartilage. It also allows structures to maintain their own specific shapes, easily reverting back to its original shape after being deformed.

Ernst R. Rana says:

January 21, 2020 at 9:14 pm

ERNST RANA 3.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

These tissue have cells that are taller than they are wide. Their nuclei is located on the lower-third of the cells. Microvilli can be seen on the apical side of this tissue. This tissue can be seen in the intestines where absorption happens. This tissue functions to protect, secret and absorb as well.

Cleo Ray Tabada says:

January 22, 2020 at 6:40 pm

Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

Can have two variations depending on the arrangements; irregular and regular. It is most oftenly associated with strength. The compact arrangement of collagen fibres resist stretch. Such connective tissue are used to join bones (capsules and ligaments of joints) and as tendons to connect muscles to bones.

For its irregular form they provide tensile strength in all directions. They can be found in the layer of skin underneath the epidermis, called the dermis. It contains collagen fibres and fibroblasts. On the other hand, the regular form provide the same strength however, in only one uniform direction found in ligaments.

Alzenfredo says:

January 22, 2020 at 11:05 pm

3.

One example is Muscular Tissue (Skeletal).

Skeletal muscle is a specialized contractile tissue found in animals which functions to move an organism’s body. Skeletal muscle is comprised from a series of bundles of muscle fibers, surrounded by protective membranes. This arrangement allows skeletal muscle to contract quickly and release quickly without subjecting the individual fibers to too much friction. Skeletal muscle tissue can be found across the animal kingdom, in most multi-cellular forms of life.

The unique features of the skeletal muscle tissue are that it is multinucleated, meaning it has many nuclei, the only muscle that can be voluntarily moved and the sarcoplasmic reticulum acts like the circulatory system of the tissue. It also has numerous mitochondria.

Darren Andre Jayoma says:

January 22, 2020 at 11:28 pm

Darren Andre I. Jayoma | 3.

Nervous Tissue

– also known as Neural Tissue, it is the main tissue component of the nervous system. The nervous system regulates and controls bodily functions and activity and consists of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising the branching peripheral nerves. It is composed of neurons, or nerve cells, which receive and transmit impulses, and neuroglia, also known as glial cells or glia, which assist the propagation of the nerve impulse as well as provide nutrients to the neurons.

Phoebe Valerie Miraflor says:

January 23, 2020 at 9:52 pm

Phoebe Valerie Miraflor

5. Cardiac Muscle Tissue

The cardiac muscle tissue is a specialized form of muscle tissue that has evolved to pump blood throughout the body. It is only found in the heart and makes up the bulk of the heart’s mass. The heart beats powerfully and continuously throughout an entire lifetime without any rest, so the cardiac muscle has evolved to have incredibly high contractile strength and endurance.

Unlike the skeletal muscle, the cardiac muscle is something you cannot control. The best way to distinguish or identify a cardiac muscle tissue under a microscope is through its intercalated discs. These intercalated discs play vital roles in bonding cardiac muscle cells together and in transmitting signals between cells.

Keziah Desa B. Bachita says:

January 26, 2020 at 11:11 am

Bachita, Keziah Desa B.

6.)Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissue is a form of loose connective tissue that stores fat. It lines organs and body cavities in order to protect organs and insulate the body against heat loss. It also produces endocrine hormones that influence activities such as blood clotting, insulin sensitivity, and fat storage. The primary cells of adipose are called adipocytes. These cells store fat in the form of triglycerides. Adipocytes appear round and swollen when fat is being stored and shrink as fat is used. Most adipose tissue is described as white adipose which functions in the storage of energy. Both brown and beige adipose burn fat and produce heat.

Shona Aleeza says:

January 27, 2020 at 10:43 pm

Rosios, Shona Aleeza A.

7. Areolar Connective Tissue

Areolar Connective tissue is a loosely arranged connective tissue that is widely distributed in the body and contains collagen fibers, reticular fibers and a few elastic fibers that is embedded in a thin fluid-like ground substance. The Areolar connective tissue functions mainly in binding organs and their components together providing elasticity when stretched. It also forms helices around long axes of expandable tubular structures such as blood vessels, ducts of glands and gastrointestinal tract that provides support and cushion to these structures. It also supplies blood to the nearby epithelial tissue and contains leukocytes that help in fighting infections and the space of the areolar tissue helps these cells to move about freely and easily find infectious cells.

Yana Dayne Delicana says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:32 pm

Delicana, Yana Dayne

8. Hyaline Cartliage

This is an example of a connective tissue. Hyaline cartilage is high in collagen, a protein that is found not only in connective tissue but also in skin and bones, and helps hold the body together. It provides support and flexibility to different parts of the body.

In adults, hyaline cartilage is located in the articular surfaces of movable joints, in the walls of the respiratory tracts (nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi), in the costal cartilages, and in the epiphyseal plates of long bones.
Scarlette Dawn Lumansoc says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:42 pm

10. Blood

Blood is considered a connective tissue because embryologically, it has the same origin (mesodermal) as do the other connective tissue types and blood connects the body systems together bringing the needed oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other signaling molecules, and removing the wastes.

Christian Godwyn L. Batoon says:

January 28, 2020 at 1:52 pm

Sana all selfie 😂😂

Arsalie Patrice says:

January 28, 2020 at 6:21 pm

Bone is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells, fibers and ground substance. Unlike other connective tissues, its extracellular components are mineralized giving it substantial strength and rigidity. This makes bone ideally suited to fulfilling its most recognized role within the body, that of mechanical support. In the upper extremity, bone provides a structural framework allowing weight to be born when the hand is functioning in a closed-kinetic chain and provides attachment sites for muscles to produce motion at specialized bone-to-bone linkages. The later allows the hand to be moved in space against gravity and other external forces. To fulfill its mechanical role, bone needs to be stiff to resist deformation, yet flexible to absorb energy. The current article provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of bone tissue before discussing common conditions and factors influencing upper extremity bone health.

Enna Alos says:

January 28, 2020 at 6:43 pm

Transitional epithelium is a stratified tissue made of multiple cell layers, where the cells constituting the tissue can change shape depending on the distention in the organ. When the organ is filled with fluid, cells on the topmost layer of this epithelium can stretch and appear flattened. Alternately, they can also appear cuboidal with a rounded shape when the fluid pressure is low. This epithelium is found lining the urinary bladder, ureters and urethra, as well as in the ducts of the prostrate gland. Due to its location in the excretory system, especially in the ureters and urinary bladder, one of the primary functions of this tissue is to be an extremely effective permeability barrier, impenetrable to water and most small molecules. The second important function of these cells is to allow the organ to stretch and increase its volume depending on fluid pressure. Source: https://biologydictionary.net/transitional-epithelium/

Mary Antonette Maningo says:

January 28, 2020 at 6:46 pm

Maningo,Mary Antonette D. CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE -Cardiac muscle fibers are striated,but they consist of individual cylindrical cells, each containing one (or two) central nuclei and linked by adherent and gap junctions at prominent interca- lated discs.Sarcomeres of cardiac muscle are organized and function similarly to those of skeletal muscle.During embryonic development mesenchymal cells around the primitive heart tube align into chainlike arrays. Rather than fusing into multinucleated cells/fibers as in developing skeletal muscle fibers, cardiac muscle cells form complex junctions between interdigitating processes.Cells within one fiber often branch and join with cells in adja- cent fibers. Consequently, the heart consists of tightly knit bundles of cells, interwoven in spiraling layers that provide for a characteristic wave of contraction that resembles wringing out of the heart ventricles.Contraction of cardiac muscle is intrinsic at nodes of impulse-gen- erating pacemaker muscle fibers; autonomic nerves regulate the rate of contraction. Reference:Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text And Atlas 14th Edition, Mescher pg.129

Jeremiah Bohos says:

January 28, 2020 at 6:47 pm

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM Transitional epithelium is a stratified tissue made of multiple cell layers, where the cells constituting the tissue can change shape depending on the distention in the organ. When the organ is filled with fluid, cells on the topmost layer of this epithelium can stretch and appear flattened. Alternately, they can also appear cuboidal with a rounded shape when the fluid pressure is low. This epithelium is found lining the urinary bladder, ureters and urethra, as well as in the ducts of the prostrate gland.

REY ANTHONY VERUNQUE says:

January 28, 2020 at 8:35 pm

Elastic cartilage or yellow cartilage is a type of cartilage present in the outer ear, Eustachian tube and epiglottis. It contains elastic fiber networks and collagen type II fibers. The principal protein is elastin.
Elastic cartilage is histologically similar to hyaline cartilage but contains many yellow elastic fibers lying in a solid matrix. These fibers form bundles that appear dark under a microscope. These fibers give elastic cartilage great flexibility so that it is able to withstand repeated bending. The chondrocytes lie between the fibres. It is found in the epiglottis (part of the larynx), the pinnae (the external ear flaps of many mammals). Elastin fibers stain dark purple/black with Verhoeff’s stain. Its function is to provide support and maintain shape.
Source: “Elastic cartilage”. Medline Plus/Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 1 March 2015.

Jev Galme says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:27 pm

Elastic cartilage is one of the three types of cartilage found in the human body. It is a form of connective tissue that is recognized by its ability to snap back into an original form due to the addition of elastin fibers to the extracellular matrix.

Jev Galme says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:27 pm

Source: https://biologydictionary.net/elastic-cartilage/

Earl Fevis S. Antique says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:31 pm

Cells of the pseudostratified epithelia appear to be in several layers but their basal ends all rest on the basement membrane. It is also commonly found in the upper respiratory tract.

Glezer Anne Catacutan says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:33 pm

Cardiac muscle, also called myocardium, in vertebrates, one of three major muscle types, found only in the heart. Cardiac muscle is similar to skeletal muscle, another major muscle type, in that it possesses contractile units known as sarcomeres; this feature, however, also distinguishes it from smooth muscle, the third muscle type.The rhythmic contraction of cardiac muscle is regulated by the sinoatrial node of the heart, which serves as the heart’s pacemaker. Cardiac muscle cells form a highly branched cellular network in the heart. They are connected end to end by intercalated disks and are organized into layers of myocardial tissue that are wrapped around the chambers of the heart. The contraction of individual cardiac muscle cells produces force and shortening in these bands of muscle, with a resultant decrease in the heart chamber size and the consequent ejection of the blood into the pulmonary and systemic vessels. Important components of each cardiac muscle cell involved in excitation and metabolic recovery processes are the plasma membrane and transverse tubules in registration with the Z lines, the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum and terminal cisternae, and the mitochondria. Source: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2019, July 25). Cardiac muscle. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/cardiac-muscle

Jeremiah Pastor says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:33 pm

The human cerebellum is part of the nervous system and considered nervous tissue. It consists of different layers with the inner most layer being the medulla of white matter. It then branches out and has two different layers. There is the molecular layer which resides on the outer most portion then there is the granular layer which is the inner most layer. The inner most later will also contain cells called the purkinje cells. The human cerebellum is responsible for the control of motor movements. The cerebellum receives messages from the spinal cord and other parts of the brain.

Flouie John Belen says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:34 pm

The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain. It contains about 50% of the total number of neurons in the brain. It is considered to be as motor structure, because when damaged leads to impairment in motor control. Source: McGovern Medical School. Retrieved from https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s3/chapter05.html

Camela Pidor says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:34 pm

The Smooth Muscle is also known as Involuntary Muscle that contracts slow and automatically. It has no striations and it consists of spindle shaped cells with single and centrally located nucleus. Most of these are found in the hollow organs such as your intestines and stomachs. Also, they are involved in many housekeeping functions in the body.

Nicole Jane Dote says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:38 pm

The term pseudostratified is derived from the appearance of this epithelium in section which conveys the erroneous (pseudo means almost or approaching) impression that there is more than one layer of cells, when in fact this is a true simple epithelium since all the cells rest on the basal lamina. The nucleus of these cells, however, are disposed at different levels, thus creating the illusion of cellular stratification. Not all ciliated cells extend to the luminal surface; such cells are capable of cell division providing replacements for cells lost or damaged. Pseudostratified epithelia function in secretion or absorption.

Jeremiah Pastor says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:38 pm

Purkinje cells are flasked shaped and receive impulses from other neurons. Source: Mescher, Anthony (2013) Junqeira’s Basic Histolyogy: Text and Atlas 13th Edition. Mcgraw Hill Education.

isabella says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:39 pm

Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage. Hyaline cartilage is found lining bones in joints (articular cartilage). It is also present inside bones, serving as a center of ossification or bone growth. In addition, hyaline cartilage forms the embryonic skeleton. source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/hyaline-cartilage

Mary Angelic S. Remolano says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:39 pm

This is the human hair. It is made up of the protein keratin. It functions for insulation, friction buffer and beautification for humans

Razel Nicolas says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:39 pm

The cerebellum is located behind the top part of the brain stem where the spinal cord meets the brain. It receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity. Nervous Tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. It stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning. To do all these things, cells in nervous tissue need to be able to communicate with each other by way of electrical nerve impulses. SOURCES: – Cells, Tissues, & Membranes. (n.d.). – Person. (2018, January 21). Cerebellum Function, Anatomy & Definition

Hershey Dianne L. Reville says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:40 pm

The term areolar connective tissue means tissue with ‘small open spaces’ (areola) and refers to the appearance of small airy pockets between the network of cells and fibers. Within this tissue there are three main types of cells (fibroblasts, white blood cells, and mast cells), three types of fibers (collagen fibers, elastin fibers, and reticular fibers), and a background fluid matrix that all the elements sit in, called ground substance. In this picture, the collagen fiber is the only visible fiber. Collagen fibers are the thickest of the fibers within areolar tissue. They are one part of a two-part ‘rubber band’ system within the tissue. Collagen fibers provide the tissue with a high degree of stretch while protecting the tissue from tearing through its high tensile strength, meaning it can withstand a high degree of stretch without tearing. source: Function of Areolar Connective Tissue. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2020, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/function-of-areolar-connective-tissue.html

Glezer Anne Catacutan says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:41 pm

Nice pic, my darling. Post more photos.

Marc Rowe says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:41 pm

Cardiac muscles are composed of irregularly branched cells bound together by intercalated discs. They consist of centrally located nuclei and show strong, involuntary contractions. Compared to the nuclei, the intercalated discs are elongated and are more darkly stained.

Razel Nicolas says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:41 pm

Woah that is so amazing 😍

Glezer Anne Catacutan says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:42 pm

Thank you very mich!

Kara Mari Aljas says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:44 pm

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM FOUND IN THE URETER OF A MAMMAL UNDER HPO =Transitional Epithelium is also known as Urothelium since it is usually found in the Urinary Tract. What makes it unique is its ability to distend the walls of the Urinary bladder when it is filled. =Umbrella Cells-are the superficial rounded or dome shaped cells that enables the epithelia to withstand the hypertonic effects of urine and protect the underlying cells from toxic solutions. (SOURCE:Mescher, A. L. (2018). Junqueiras basic histology: text and atlas. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.)

Firce says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:45 pm

A Trichinella spiralis parasite seen in muscle tissue

John Ashley Ang Lopez says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:45 pm

The picture above shows the tissue of the spinal cord from a frog. The spinal cord is part of the CNS or the Central Nervous System. The spinal cord is enveloped by a connective tissue membrane which surrounds the spinal cord and several blood vessels are seen in it.

Andrea Tiempo says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:47 pm

Simple cuboidal epithelium is a type of epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal (cube-like) cells. These cuboidal cells have large, spherical and central nuclei. Simple cuboidal epithelia are found on the surface of ovaries, the lining of nephrons, the walls of the renal tubules, and parts of the eye and thyroid. These cells provide protection and may be active (pumping material in or out of the lumen) or passive, depending on the location and cellular specialization. Simple cuboidal epithelium commonly differentiates to form the secretory and duct portions of glands.They also constitute the germinal epithelium which covers the ovary (but does not contribute to ovum production) and the internal walls of the seminiferous tubules in the male testes. These cells offer some protection and function in absorption and secretion. (https://biologydictionary.net/simple-cuboidal-epithelium/)

Ernst R. Rana says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:47 pm

-support developing blood cells -provide soft internal frameworkf for spleen, lymph bodes and Bone Marrow -composed of woven mass of reticular fibers

Joyce Enrera says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:49 pm

Adipose tissue, or fat, is an anatomical term for loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body. Adipose tissue is primarily located beneath the skin, but is also found around internal organs.

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/adipose_tissue.htm

Giancarlo Maghinay says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:50 pm

Smooth muscle, also called involuntary muscle, muscle that shows no cross stripes under microscopic magnification. It consists of narrow spindle-shaped cells with a single, centrally located nucleus. Smooth muscle tissue, unlike striated muscle, contracts slowly and automatically. It constitutes much of the musculature of internal organs and the digestive system.

JL Lanzado says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:54 pm

The Cerebellum The cerebellum, important for coordination, appears as a highly ordered tissue with distinct layers including the cell dense granular layer and the fiber rich but sparsely cell populated molecular layer, between which the large Purkinje cells (specialized neuronal cells) are located. Source: http://www.proteinatlas.org

Laren Joy G. De La Calzada says:

January 29, 2020 at 2:56 pm

Cerebellum is one of the primary structures in the hindbrain. It is located under the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. It is an integrak structure for the transmission of sensory signals to mthe motor portions of the brain. It coordinates voluntary movements and maintains posture, balance, coordination, and speech.

Maedy Tepacia says:

January 29, 2020 at 3:12 pm

Skeletal (or striated) muscle consists of muscle fibers, which are long, cylindrical multinucleated cells with diameters of 10-100 μm. During embryonic muscle development, mesenchymal myoblasts (L. myo, muscle) fuse, forming myotubes with many nuclei. Myotubes then further differentiate to form striated muscle fibers. Elongated nuclei are found peripherally just under the sarcolemma, a characteristic nuclear location unique to skeletal muscle fibers/cells. A small population of reserve progenitor cells called muscle satellite cells remains adjacent to most fibers of differentiated skeletal muscle. Source: Junquiera’s Basic Histology and Atlas, 14th Edition

Ivee Copag says:

January 29, 2020 at 3:28 pm

The biggest part of the brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum is the thinking part of the brain and it controls your voluntary muscles. It also helps you reason, like when you figure out that you’d better do your homework now because your mom is taking you to a movie later. The cerebrum has two halves, with one on either side of the head. Scientists think that the right half helps you think about abstract things like music, colors, and shapes. The left half is said to be more analytical, helping you with math, logic, and speech. Scientists do know for sure that the right half of the cerebrum controls the left side of your body, and the left half controls the right side. Source: https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/brain.html

Keziah Desa B. Bachita says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:16 pm

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE is a specialized form of muscle tissue that has evolved to pump blood throughout the body. It is only found in the heart and makes up the bulk of the heart’s mass. The heart beats powerfully and continuously throughout an entire lifetime without any rest. Cardiac muscle has evolved to have incredibly high contractile strength and endurance. It has developed the ability to quickly spread electrochemical signals so that all of the cells in the heart can contract together as a team.

Yana Dayne Delicana says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:17 pm

Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium. It is composed of simple columnar epithelial cells with cilia on their apical surfaces. These epithelial cells are found in the lining of the fallopian tubes and parts of the respiratory system, where the beating of the cilia helps remove particulate matter.

Yana Dayne Delicana says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:17 pm

Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium. It is composed of simple columnar epithelial cells with cilia on their apical surfaces. These epithelial cells are found in the lining of the fallopian tubes and parts of the respiratory system, where the beating of the cilia helps remove particulate matter.

Dessa Rose B. Ecat says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:18 pm

Nervous Tissue Location : Spinal Cord One function of this tissue is to transmit electrical signals from your sensory organs to effector that controls the activities in you body.

Lora Lee B Indab says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:20 pm

Ureter, mammal c.s. Transitional epithelium, it is a layer of cells that forms the mucosal lining of your ureters, a portion of your urethra, and your urinary bladder. These cells are called transitional because they can undergo a change in their shape and structure.

Alzenfredo says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:20 pm

Elastic cartilage is a structural cartilaginous tissue for non-load-bearing body parts, such as ears, nose, and epiglottis. In elastic cartilage, also referred to as yellow elastic cartilage, the matrix is dominated by a dense network of elastin fibres. Elastic cartilage provides support with moderate elasticity. It is found mainly in the larynx, the external part of the ear (pinna), and the tube leading from the middle part of the ear to the throat (eustachian or auditory tube).

Darren Andre Jayoma says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:20 pm

BLOOD Blood is a specialized type of connective tissue. The living cell types are red blood cells, also called erythrocytes, and white blood cells, also called leukocytes. The fluid portion of whole blood, its matrix, is commonly called plasma. Despite that it acts like a fluid, the blood is a connective tissue that connects to every part of the body. It acts as a distributor of necessary and essential elements and nutrients throughout the body. RBC acts as carriers for oxygen to the varying parts of the body and its tissues. WBC acts as the “bodyguards” of the body, digesting and destroying any harmful pathogens in its way. Platelets act as a “biological bandage” that slowly creates a wall and blocks the open wound.

Diana Enriquez says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:21 pm

The picture shows epithelial tissue in the kidney of a frog. It is composed of simple cuboidal epithelium that are arranged in a circular-like manner. These cuboidal epithelium function as covering and secretion of the kidney.

Fred Jane Trasmonte says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:21 pm

Name of tissue: Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Function: Secretes mucus, enzymes and other substances; it also propels mucus in a ciliary action. Location: Oviduct or in the Fallopian tube

Maraiah Kei Bausin says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:22 pm

This is a cross section of a human kidney. It has simple cuboidal epithelium. The cells are roughly similar in width and length and their main function is to act as covering and secretion. Other parts with simple cuboidal epithelium include the ovary and thyroid.

Corrinne Belnas says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:23 pm

Human Kidney, Cuboidal Epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a monolayer of epithelial cells that appear to be square-shaped in cross section. With large, rounded, centrally located nuclei, all the cells of this epithelium are directly attached to the basement membrane. In the kidney, this tissue is found in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of a nephron, as well as in collecting ducts. Here, these cells are specialized to perform selective secretion and reabsorption in the process of generating urine.

Matthew Calunsag says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:23 pm

Attached is a photo taken from the lens of a microscope examining an epithelial tissue. What is shown is an example of a Pseudostratified Ciliated Epithelium, most probably coming from the respiratory tract. Pseudostratified tissues are commonly found in the respiratory tract. The cilia function as mechanical appendages, most active during expulsion of sputum. Looking closely, oval shaped translucent cells can be located near the apical surface. These structures are named Goblet Cells, and its main function is to produce mucus that serves as protection for the respiratory tract.

Rosely Dumat-ol says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:23 pm

The mammalian ureter contains two main cell types: a multilayered water-tight epithelium called the urothelium, surrounded by smooth muscle layers that, by generating proximal to distal peristaltic waves, pump urine from the renal pelvis toward the urinary bladder.

Phoebe Valerie Miraflor says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:23 pm

The cerebrum is a large folded mass of nervous tissue that makes up the majority of the human brain. It controls emotions, hearing, vision, personality and much more. It controls all voluntary actions. It is located in the upper part of the cranial cavity.

Zyka Aboga-a says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:23 pm

Simple cuboidal epithelium is a type of epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal (cube-like) cells. These cuboidal cells have large, spherical and central nuclei.

Septheia Maeith R. Vergara says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:24 pm

Bone tissue (osseous tissue) is a hard tissue, a type of dense connective tissue. It has various functions such as storing minerals, providing internal support, protecting vital organs, enabling movement, and providing attachment sites for muscles and tendons.

Lurace Caballero says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:24 pm

A simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of flat cells in contact with the basal lamina (one of the two layers of the basement membrane) of the epithelium. This type of epithelium is often permeable and occurs where small molecules need to pass quickly through membranes via filtration or diffusion.

Jan Nymrho R. Inoferio says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:24 pm

The image above is a mircoscopic picture of an elastic cartilage. Elastic cartilage is one of the many connective tissue types, and it contains more elastic fibers than hyaline cartilage. Chondrocytes are the cells present in your elastic cartilage and are responsible for excreting substances in your cartilage matrix. Elastic cartilage provides strength and elasticity. This type of connective tissue is found in auditory tubes, epiglottis, upper respiratory tract and external auditory canals.

Dessa Rose B. Ecat says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:26 pm

Cardiac muscle Location : walls of the heart Function : Helps propel blood into the circulation

Mary Danielle V. Bajo says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:26 pm

Skin is very important part of our body. It functions as a protective coat. Its main function is to act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. It also protects our body from diseases and regulates our temperature.

April Rose A. Bahinting says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:26 pm

The cells on the surface of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium are very flat. Not only are they flat, but they are no longer alive. They have no nucleus or organelles. They are filled with a protein called keratin, which is what makes our skin waterproof.

Joshua Sisona says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:27 pm

Spinal ganglion is a cluster of neurons in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve. Spinal ganglion help transmit the sensory messages of pain and touch.

Jhon ric Pelimer says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:27 pm

Human squamous epithelium (simple) are common where absorption or transport of materials is important. They also play a role in diffusion, osmosis and filtration. This makes them important in the kidney, in the alveoli of lungs and in the walls of capillaries.

Shona Aleeza says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:28 pm

This picture is a striated muscle with nuclei that is under the skeletal muscle (muscle tissue). The skeletal muscle is a form of striated muscle tissue that is under voluntary control of the somatic nervous system. Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones by bundles of collagen givers known as tendons. The skeletal muscle moves the body and is responsible for locomotion.

Glezelle Marie P. Saplot says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:29 pm

Dense Regular Connective Tissue is an extremely strong tissue type that can resist a great deal of force along the strength of their fiber while still remaining extremely flexible. These fivrous tissues from your tendons, ligaments, and fibrous membrane covering.

Aubrey Christine Isabelle S. Lopez says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:30 pm

Mammal cerebellum is a nervous tissue found in the cerebellum of the brain. It receives information from the spinal cord and other body parts and controls motor movements. The cell is composed of the Purkinje cell layer, molecular layer and the granular layer.

Kinlyn Pleños says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:31 pm

Skeletal muscle is a voluntary, striated muscle. It is attached to bones and joints to facilitate movements. It consists of muscle fibers which are long and cylindrical.

Glezelle Marie P. Saplot says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:31 pm

*fibrous tissue

Jom Ike C. Tecson says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:32 pm

Ciliated Eithelium Ciliated Epithelium is a thin tissue that has hair-like structures on it called cilia that is responsible in moving particles out of our body. We find ciliates epithelial tissue in our respiratory tract and in the fallopian tubes of women.

Irene Miquiabas says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:32 pm

Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a monolayer of epithelial cells that appear to be as tall as they are wide and are directly attached to the basement membrane.

This tissue is found in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of a nephron, as well as in collecting ducts in the kidney, which specializes in selective secretion and reabsorption process of generating urine.

Scarlette Dawn Lumansoc says:

January 29, 2020 at 6:35 pm

Transitional Epithelium -is a type of stratified epithelium which forms the mucosal lining of ureter, urethra and urinary bladder. -it is called “transitional” because of its distensibility that allows it to change shape and structure. – its basal cells are cuboidal/columnar -its surface cells are dome-shaped /squamous-like

Seana Trasmonte says:

January 29, 2020 at 8:20 pm

Tissue Type: Elastic Cartilage Function: Provides Strength and Elasticity Location: External Ear

Britney Jane Marie A. Timanuno says:

January 29, 2020 at 9:38 pm

In cross sections of the spinal cord, white matter is peripheral and gray matter is internal and has the general shape of letter H. In the center is an opening, the central canal, which develops from the lumen of the embryonic neural tube. The canal is continuous with the ventricles of the brain, contains CSF, and is lined by ependymal cells. The gray matter forms the anterior horns, which contain motor neurons whose axons make up the ventral roots of spinal nerves, and the posterior horns, which receive sensory fibers from neurons in the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia. Spinal cord neurons are large and multipolar, especially the motor neurons in the anterior horns. A cross section of H & E stained spinal cord shows the transition between white matter and gray matter. The gray matter has many glial cells, neuronal cell bodies, and neuropil; white matter also contains glia but consists mainly of axons whose myelin sheaths were lost during preparation, leaving round empty spaces. Each such space surrounds a dark-stained spot that is a small section of the axon. Mescher, A.L. (2013). Junqueira’s Basic Histology (13 ed.). McGraw Hill Education.

Karell Carpio says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:29 am

Striated muscle tissue or skeletal muscle tissue – attached directly to the bone, they are responsible for the voluntary movements of the body

Marcus Nimrod M. Real says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:29 am

The word hyaline means “glass-like”, and hyaline cartilage is a glossy, greyish-white tissue with a uniform appearance. Composed of Type II Collagen, it provides support and flexibility to different parts of the body. It is found in structures like the nose, ears, and areas where the ends of the ribs attach to the sternum, and in parts of the respiratory system like the trachea and larynx, where it helps give these parts their form but also gives them some flexibility. Cartilage tissue does not have nerves or blood vessels. Instead, it has a simple structure that is mainly made up of groups of cells called chondrocytes embedded in an intracellular matrix. It is surrounded by a membrane called the perichondrium, which provides nutrients to the cartilage.

Allyson Baylosis says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:30 am

Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the heart, where it performs coordinated contractions that allow your heart to pump blood through your circulatory system.

Sofia Denise Asara says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:34 am

Fibrocartilage is a particular type of connective tissue wherein the ground substance is cartilage. The fibrous and cartilaginous parts render this tissue extremely tough and versatile. The cell types found incorporates fibroblasts/cytes and chondroblasts/cytes. The matrix is to a great extent acidophilic due to the presence of large numbers of collagen (type I) fibers. The ground substance between the fibers is basophilic and contains chondroblasts/cytes within lacunae.

Fibrocartilage is found in the menisci of the stifle joint, symphyses (e.g., the pelvic symphysis), the annulus fibrosis of the intervertebral discs, and where ligaments and tendons attach to hyaline cartilage surfaces of joints.

Rica M. Rodriguez says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:36 am

Bone (osseous) tissue is the structural and supportive connective tissue of the body that forms the rigid part of the bones that make up the skeleton. Overall, the bones of the body are an organ made up of bone tissue, bone marrow, blood vessels, epithelium, and nerves.Bone exerts important functions in the body, such as locomotion, support and protection of soft tissues, calcium and phosphate storage, and harboring of bone marrow. There are two types of bone tissue: compact and spongy. The names imply that the two types differ in density, or how tightly the tissue is packed together.

Maiah Autentico says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:37 am

Simple cuboidal Single layer of cuboidal (cube-like) cells with a sperical nuclei. The cells are directly attached to the basement membrane. These cells are found in organs specialized for diffusion and secretion.

Lynette A. Enciso says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:39 am

The large, cauliflower-like cerebellum projects dorsally from under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. Like the cerebrum, the cerebellum has two hemispheres and a convoluted surface. The cerebellum provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and controls our balance, thus body movements are smooth and coordinated. It monitors body position and the amount of tension in various body parts. When needed, the cerebellum sends messages to initiate the appropriate corrective measures.

Romeo Mayo says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:41 am

Striated Muscle Tissue is a muscle tissue that features repeating functional units called sarcomeres. The sarcomeres are visible as straitions along the muscle fibers. And this is an example of a skeletal muscle which is a type of striated muscle. It is attached to the bones and under voluntary control that functions for movement.

Dorothy Anneli Lumontad says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:43 am

Intercalated disc – supports the synchronized contraction of cardiac tissues. It bonds muscle cells together and transmits signals between cells. Branching – where the cardiac Muscle separates into different segment Striations – are highly organized tissues that create force and contraction as support for the pumping of blood into the body Nucleus – the cardiac muscle only contains one nucleus which houses the genetic material of the cell

Tricia Denise says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:44 am

In the cerebellum, the gray matter consists of an inner granular layer, Purkinje cell layer, and outer molecular layer.The cerebellum is an integral structure in transmitting sensory signals to the motor portion of the brain. It contributes to motor function by controlling muscle coordination, equilibrium and posture.

Elthon Tenebroso says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:45 am

Sweat glands, also known as sudoriferous are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat. Sweat glands are a type of exocrine gland, which are glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct. There are two main types of sweat glands that differ in their structure, function, secretory product, mechanism of excretion, anatomic distribution, and distribution across species: eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

Renz Raymund Medilo says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:48 am

CEREBELLUM, Scanning Objective, H&E stain.

The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.

MOLECULAR LAYER.
The outer molecular layer is synaptic and therefore contains many axons of granule cells and and dendrites of the Purkinje cells with least density of cells.

PURKINJE LAYER.
The middle layer (Purkinje cell layer) consists of a single layer of large pear-shaped Purkinje cells.

GRANULAR LAYER.
The inner granular layer contains many, tightly packed granule cells and Golgi type II cells.

WHITE MATTER.
The inner medulla of white matter does not contain any cell bodies and therefore will stain a lighter colour in comparison to the grey matter cortex. It contains nerve fibers, supporting neuroglial cells and small blood vessels.

Johanna Mae Gramatica says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:48 am

The spinal cord is the the major column of nerve tissue that is connected to the brain and lies within the vertebral canal and from which the spinal nerves emerge. Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves originate in the spinal cord: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. The spinal cord and the brain constitute the central nervous system. The spinal cord consists of nerve fibers that transmit impulses to and from the brain. Like the brain, the spinal cord is covered by three connective-tissue envelopes called the meninges. The space between the outer and middle envelopes is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear colorless fluid that cushions the spinal cord against jarring shock. Also known simply as the cord. In addition, the spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.

Denice Pe Mesias says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:50 am

This is a Nervous tissue. It is a specialized tissue found in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. It consists of neurons and supporting cells called neuroglia. Its primary function is to receive stimuli and send the impulse to the spinal cord and brain.

Elthon Tenebroso says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:52 am

The luminal cells of the duct contains desmosomes for secretion The secretory cells/coil can be divided into: -a coiled segment -a long and straight segment that extends up to the epidermis -an intraepidermal segment, which joins up with a cork-screw shaped cleft between epithelial cells, opening via a circular aperture Myoepithelial cells (sometimes referred to as myoepithelium) are cells usually found in glandular epithelium as a thin layer above the basement membrane but generally beneath the luminal cells. These may be positive for alpha smooth muscle actin and can contract and expel the secretions of exocrine glands In simple tubular glands, the secretory portion is a tubular structure. Secretions are led from the secretory tubules to the point of discharge by an unbranched duct. The secretory tubules may be straight (crypts of Lieberkühn), coiled (sweat glands) or branched like those of the gastric glands, the glands of the endometrium and Brunner’s glands of the duodenum. Low Power Objective Microscope used

Renz Raymund Medilo says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:54 am

References:
https ://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/cerebellum

https:/ /www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/histology-of-the-cerebellum

Elthon Tenebroso says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:55 am

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/tubular-gland https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoepithelial_cell&ved=2ahUKEwiay97u_6nnAhWE7GEKHeIaAPoQFjAHegQIDRAI&usg=AOvVaw3PWE1Lkc6Zh2BE28WC1D8S&cshid=1580342063670 https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/histology-of-the-sweat-glands

Michael Emmanuel G Magdales says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:57 am

In order to keep moist, toad skin contains glands that secrete a slimy mucous layer to protect the skin from drying out and help draw in oxygen through the skin. In the water, the mucous secretions help frogs retain a healthy balance of salt and water within their internal tissues. In many species, these glands are modified to produce toxins and other substances that will repel predators. Some toad skin toxins are being researched as potential pain medications.

Jealla says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:59 am

Dorsal horns- The posterior grey column (posterior cornu, dorsal horn, spinal dorsal horn posterior horn) of the spinal cord is one of the three grey columns of the spinal cord. It receives several types of sensory information from the body, including fine touch, proprioception, and vibration.
Ventral horns- The ventral horn of the spinal cord is one of the grey longitudinal columns found within the spinal cord. It contains the cell bodies of the lower motor neurons which have axons leaving via the ventral spinal roots on their way to innervate muscle fibers
Central canal- The central canal, also known as ependymal canal, is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs through the spinal cord. The central canal below at the ventricular system of the brain, from which it receives cerebraospinal fluid, and shares the same ependymal lining.
White matter-White matter is tissue in the brain composed of nerve fibers. The fibers (called axons) connect nerve cells and are covered by myelin (a type of fat).
Dorsal root ganglia- A dorsal root ganglion (or spinal ganglion; also known as a posterior root ganglion) is a cluster of neurons (a ganglion) in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve. The cell bodies of sensory neurons known as first-order neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglia.

Kate Julianne Orilla says:

January 30, 2020 at 7:59 am

The Sympathetic ganglion delivers information to the body about stress and impending danger, and are responsible for the familiar fight-or-flight response.

Raine Carlin Ruelo says:

January 30, 2020 at 8:01 am

There are two types of vena cava, one is the superior, the other is the inferior vena cava. Moreover, the vena cava may be any of the large veins that returns the blood pumped throughout the body to the right atrium of the heart.

Bryan says:

January 30, 2020 at 8:02 am

Function of (NERVE FIBER TEASED) General function – gives electrical impulses and responds to various stimuli Nodes of ranvier – propagation of electrical impulse Myelin Sheath – protection of the nerves and making the transmission of signal faster.

Mariane Bullecer says:

January 30, 2020 at 8:03 am

An artery is a vessel that carries blood away from the heart and toward other tissues and organs. Arteries are part of the circulatory system, which delivers oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body.

Nathaniel Kent C. Ortega says:

January 30, 2020 at 8:05 am

Adipocytes White adipose tissue displays several important physiologic functions, including the storage of postprandial glucose as triglyceride, and the secretion of signaling factors that regulate appetite and energy homeostasis.Adipose tissue exist in two different forms which can be distinguished with the free eye by their color: white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. Both have a highly differing fine structure. Furthermore, their location differs significantly. White adipose tissue is found in the subcutaneous tissue where it exists mainly as single adipocytes or in the peritoneal cavity where it forms a compact tissue. The adipocytes of the white adipose tissue contain a single lipid droplet and therefore are referred to as univacuolar (or unilocular) adipocytes. Since the size of the lipid droplet can vary considerably, white adipocytes may measure between 40 and 120μm.

Nathaniel Kent C. Ortega says:

January 30, 2020 at 8:05 am

Reference:https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-211-99390-3_149

Janina says:

January 30, 2020 at 8:07 am

Simple Squamous Epithelia

“Simple epithelia are typically specialized as lining of vessels and cavities, where they regulate passage of substances into the underlying tissue. The thin cells often exhibit transcytosis” (Mescher, 2018, p. 82).

References

Mescher, A. L. (2018). Junquiera’s basic histology: Text and atlas. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Charles Emman A. Teves says:

January 30, 2020 at 8:09 am

A region of epithelium consisting of columnar or cuboidal cells bearing hairlike appendages (cilia) that are capable of beating rapidly. Ciliated epithelium performs the function of moving particles or fluid over the epithelial surface in such structures as the trachea, bronchial tubes, and nasal cavities. It often occurs in the vicinity of mucus-secreting goblet cells. Ciliated epithelium also lines the ventricles of the brain where it helps circulate the cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, the ciliated epithelium of your airway forms a mucociliary escalator that sweeps particles of dust and pathogens trapped in the secreted mucous toward the throat. It is called an escalator because it continuously pushes mucous with trapped particles upward. In contrast, nasal cilia sweep the mucous blanket down towards your throat. In both cases, the transported materials are usually swallowed, and end up in the acidic environment of your stomach. REFERENCE: Mescher, A. (2016). Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text & Atlas (Fourteenth Edition). OH, United States: McGraw-Hill Education.

Mary Antonette Bustamante says:

January 30, 2020 at 8:19 am

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

“Cells of pseudostratified epithelia appear to be in several layers, but their basal ends all rest on the basement membrane. The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the upper respiratory tract shown here contains many ciliated cells, as well as other cells with their nuclei at different levels” (Mescher, 2018, p. 85).

Reference

Mescher, A. L. (2018). Junquiera’s basic histology: Text and atlas. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Rey Rodriel D. Aragones says:

January 30, 2020 at 8:28 am

Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

“Cells here are always taller than they are wide, with apical cilia or microvilli, and are often specialized for absorption. Complexes of tight and adherent junctions, sometimes called ‘terminal bars’ in light microscopic images, are present at the apical ends of cells” (Mescher, 2018, p. 83).

Reference

Mescher, A. L. (2018). Junquiera’s basic histology: Text and atlas. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Shinar Charisse C. Cam says:

January 30, 2020 at 10:23 am

Skeletal Muscle – voluntary or striated muscle, consists of muscle fibers, which are long, cylindrical and with multinucleated cells. This muscle is for fast and rapid contractions.

Andrea Gayle Bustaliño says:

January 30, 2020 at 10:31 am

Ciliated columnar epithelium – is composed of simple columnar epithelial cells with cilia on their apical surfaces. These epithelial cells are found in the lining of the fallopian tubes and parts of the respiratory system, where the beating of the cilia helps remove particulate matter.

Peter Sabaysabay says:

January 30, 2020 at 2:22 pm

The cerebellar cortex, which coordinates muscular
activity throughout the body, also has a layered organization
an outer molecular layer, a central layer of
very large neurons called Purkinje cells (named for the 19th
century Czech histologist Jan Purkinje), and an inner gran-
ule layer. The Purkinje cell bodies are conspicuous and their dendrites extend through-
out the molecular layer as a branching basket of nerve fibers
The granule layer is formed by very small
neurons (with diameters of only 4-5 mm), which are packed
together densely, in contrast to the neuronal cell bodies in the
molecular layer which are sparse

Peter Sabaysabay says:

January 30, 2020 at 2:24 pm

Sources Junqueiras Basic histology text and atlas 13th ed.

Jerrah May Saile Woo says:

January 30, 2020 at 9:08 pm

The arteries are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. Each artery is a muscular tube lined by smooth tissue and has three layers: The intima, the inner layer lined by a smooth tissue called endothelium.

When the heart contracts, and ejects blood into these arteries, the walls need to stretch to accommodate the blood surge, storing energy. The arterial hydrostatic pressure that results from ventricular contraction is the ‘systolic blood pressure’ (systole is greek for contract).

Tunica adventitia – has small ‘vasa vasorum’ as the large arteries need their own blood supply. Tunica media is broad and elastic with concentric fenestrated sheets of elastin, and collagen and only relatively few smooth muscle fibres.

Adrian Recapente says:

January 30, 2020 at 9:31 pm

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium- found mainly in the epidermis of skin, where it prevents dehydration from the tissue. Its cells form many layers, with the less differentiated cuboidal cells near the basement membrane.

Hezra Aragon says:

January 30, 2020 at 11:02 pm

Pseudostratified epithelium is a type of epithelium that appears to be stratified but instead consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and differently sized columnar cells. The nuclei of neighboring cells appear at different levels rather than clustered in the basal end. They function to excrete mucous to serve as a lubricant. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells are found in places such as the trachea and upper respiratory tract, where their cilia and mucous secretions help collect foreign materials so you can cough or sneeze them out.

Iven John Naces says:

February 2, 2020 at 4:03 pm

The oviduct is also known as the fallopian or uterine tube. It is the passageway through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterine cavity. The oviducts are part of the genital tract. They have a wall of smooth muscle, an inner mucosal lining and an outer layer of loose supporting tissue (serosa). SOURCE:https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/female/oviduct.php

Getaprofessor says:

February 7, 2020 at 10:19 am

Thank you for the informational video @jannielyka

Jannie Lyka Omictin says:

February 7, 2020 at 8:18 pm

You’re welcome sir

Paul Leen Marie says:

February 12, 2020 at 5:48 pm

1.Cilia – found in the lungs, respiratory tract and middle ear. It has a rythmic waving or beating motion. Cilia keeps the airways clear of mucus and dirt, allowing us to breathe easily without irritation. 2. Goblet cells – secrete mucus in order to protect the mucous membrane where they are found, they accomplish by secreting mucins, large glycoproteins formed mostly by carbohydrates. 3. Basal Cells – they continually divide new cells constantly to push older ones up toward the surface of the skin where they are eventually shed. 4. Basement membrane – the primary function of the basement membrane is to anchor down the epithelium to its loose connective tissue underneath. 5. Capillaries – these brings nutrients and oxygen to tissues and remove waste products.

Paul Leen Marie says:

February 12, 2020 at 5:55 pm

@reubenjlosbanos

Vanessa Mae J. Sinda says:

February 12, 2020 at 6:10 pm

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium is found mainly in the epidermis of our skin. It helps prevent water loss or dehydration, and protection from external forces. The cells in the basement membrane move progressively toward the surface of the skin as they accumulate keratin (through keratinization). They become thinner as they approach the skin surface. 1. Cornified layer – the uppermost and keratinized layer of the epidermis. Thin, metabolically inactive keratin lacking nuclei 2. Epidermis – outer barrier that protects the body from physical forces, chemical substances and microorganisms from entring the body 3. Basement membrane – a semipermeable filter for substances reaching the epithelial cells from below 4. Dermis – contains collagen, elastic tissue, and extracellular components. It provides strength and flexibility to the skin.

Shannon Sanders says:

February 12, 2020 at 6:17 pm

A stratified squamous epithelium consists of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane. Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane; the other layers adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity. Stratified squamous epithelia usually have protective funtions: protection against easy invasion of underlying tissue by microorganisms and protection against water loss.

The slide shows an example of stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelia from the esophagus. The surface cells of non-keratinized epithelia are living cells. Non-keratinized surfaces must be kept moist by bodily secretions to prevent them from drying out. They usually secrete mucus as an additional protective and lubricating layer that is why they are seen in the esophagus and in parts of the female reproductive system.

Katrina Etorma says:

February 12, 2020 at 6:20 pm

This is an example of a Skeletal muscle (longitudinal section) viewed under HPO magnification… The numbered parts are: 1. MUSCLE FIBERS = Fibers are packed into regular parallel bundles. Long and cylindrical in shape. 2. NUCLEI = Muscle cells and muscle fibers have many nuclei because these cells arise from a fusion of myoblasts. 3. STRIATIONS = These are caused by the regular arrangement of contractile proteins (actin and myosin) and can be used to differentiate from the other types of muscle tissues. FUNCTIONS: Skeletal muscles are muscles attached to bones or skin that facilitate voluntary and controlled locomotion.

Angelica Torres says:

February 12, 2020 at 6:22 pm

Simple cuboidal epithelium is a type of epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal (cube-like) cells. These cuboidal cells have large, spherical and central nuclei. Simple cuboidal epithelia are found on the surface of ovaries, the lining of nephrons, the walls of the renal tubules, and parts of the eye and thyroid. On these surfaces, the cells perform secretion and absorption. Location: Simple cuboidal cells are also found in kidney tubules, glandular ducts, ovaries, and the thyroid gland. Simple cuboidal cells are found in single rows with their spherical nuclei in the center of the cells and are directly attached to the basal surface. Simple ciliated cuboidal cells are also present in the respiratory bronchioles. Functions: These cells provide protection and may be active (pumping material in or out of the lumen) or passive, depending on the location and cellular specialization. Simple cuboidal epithelium commonly differentiates to form the secretory and duct portions of glands.[1] They also constitute the germinal epithelium which covers the ovary (but does not contribute to ovum production) and the internal walls of the seminiferous tubules in the male testes. These cells offer some protection and function in absorption and secretion.

Andrea Jean Perez Orevillo says:

February 12, 2020 at 6:27 pm

In Latin, the word cerebellum means little brain. The cerebellum is a part of the brain and it lies behind and below the cerebrum. It functions to coordinate both the voluntary movements and muscle function in order to maintain balance, coordination and speech that lead to a smooth and balance muscular activity. The cerebellum is comprised of a white matter and a thin, outer layer of densely folded gray matter. The cerebellar cortex has three layers: molecular layer which has neutrophils and scattered neuronal cell bodies, a thin middle layer that has Purkinje cells and a thick inner layer and a thick inner granular layer that contains small, densely packed neurons and little amounts of neutrophils.

Mecahjal Salas says:

February 12, 2020 at 6:27 pm

Skeletal muscle tissue are long, cylindrical multinucleate cells with obvious striations. It is in the skeletal muscle attached to bones or occasionally to skin. Its functions are voluntary movements, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression, and voluntary control.

Lorie Ynnah Ysabelle R. Ybañez says:

February 12, 2020 at 6:30 pm

Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a monolayer of epithelial cells that appear to be square-shaped in cross section. With large, rounded, centrally located nuclei, all the cells of this epithelium are directly attached to the basement membrane.

In the kidney, this tissue is found in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of a nephron, as well as in collecting ducts. Here, these cells are specialized to perform selective secretion and reabsorption in the process of generating urine. Selective reabsorption is also important when these cells are found in the ducts of the male reproductive tract. Tubuli recti and rete testis, structures that connect the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis, are lined with cuboidal cells that begin the process of reabsorbing fluid and concentrating sperm.

Andrea Jean Perez Orevillo says:

February 12, 2020 at 6:31 pm

In Latin, the word cerebellum means little brain. The cerebellum is a part of the brain and it lies behind and below the cerebrum. It functions to coordinate both the voluntary movements and muscle function in order to maintain balance, coordination and speech that lead to a smooth and balance muscular activity. The cerebellum is comprised of a white matter and a thin, outer layer of densely folded gray matter. The cerebellar cortex has three layers: molecular layer which has neutrophils and scattered neuronal cell bodies, a thin middle layer that has Purkinje cells and a thick inner layer and a thick inner granular layer that contains small, densely packed neurons and little amounts of neutrophils.

Claire Galaura says:

February 12, 2020 at 6:35 pm

Mammal Cerebellum – cerebellum coordinates muscular activity, maintains posture and equilibrium. The cerebellar cortex forms a series of deeply convoluted folds or folia supported by branching central medulla of white matter. Molecular layer – contains two main types of neurons: stellate cells and basket cells, w/c are scattered among dendritic ramification and numerous thin axons that run parallel to the long axis of folia. Granular cell – the layer is densely populated by small granule cells with dark staining nuclei and scanty cytoplasm Purkinje cell layer – layer is formed of a single row of large Purkinje cells White matter – parts of the brain and spinal cord that are responsible for communication between the various gray matter regions and between the gray matter and the rest of the body Pia matter – thin layer of connective tissue that entirely covers the surface of the brain and spinal cord

Marielle Castillo says:

February 12, 2020 at 6:37 pm

Elastic Cartilage is one of three types of cartilage found in the human body. It is a form of connective tissue. The matrix is dominated by a dense network of elastin fibres. Elastic cartilage provides support with moderate elasticity. It is found mainly in the larynx, the external part of the ear (pinna), and the tube leading from the middle part of the ear to the throat (eustachian or auditory tube). We can see visibly in the slide the different labeled parts. First is the perichondrium, which is usually found around the perimeter ofelastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage. Perichondrium is a type of irregular collagenous ordinary connective tissue, and also functions in the growth and repair of cartilage. Second is the lacunae that contains chondrocytes. The cartilage cells or chondrocytes are contained in cavities in the matrix, called cartilage lacunae; around these, the matrix is arranged in concentric lines as if it had been formed in successive portions around the cartilage cells. Last is the Elastic Fiber, which are bundles of proteins (elastin) found in extracellular matrix of connective tissue and produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in arteries.

Izobelle Sorronda says:

February 12, 2020 at 6:49 pm

A pseudostratified columnar epithelia are tissues formed by a single layer of cells that give the appearance of being made from multiple layers. The nuclei of these epithelial cells are at different levels leading to the illusion of being stratified. The goblet cells secrete mucus, a viscous fluid composed primarily of highly glycosylated proteins called mucins suspended in a solution of electrolytes. The basement membrane is a thin fibrous tissue that separates the lining of an internal or external body surface from underlying connective tissue. The cilia functions to keep the airways clear of mucus and dirt, allowing us to breathe easily and without irritation.

Steph Faithocyte says:

February 12, 2020 at 7:03 pm

Skeletal muscle, also called voluntary muscle, in vertebrates, most common of the three types of muscle in the body. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons, and they produce all the movements of body parts in relation to each other. Unlike smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle is under voluntary control. Similar to cardiac muscle, however, skeletal muscle is striated; its long, thin, multinucleated fibres are crossed with a regular pattern of fine red and white lines, giving the muscle a distinctive appearance. Skeletal muscle fibres are bound together by connective tissue and communicate with nerves and blood vessels. For more information on the structure and function of skeletal muscle, see muscle and muscle system, human.

The striated muscle is also known as the skeletal muscle, because it is attached mainly to the bones and skin, and is responsible for the mobility of the body and limbs.

A band is the region of a striated muscle sarcomere that contains myosin thick filaments. In fact, the A band is the entire length of the thick filament of the sarcomere.

The I band is the region of a striated muscle sarcomere that contains thin filaments. Therefore, half of each I band belongs to one sarcomere, and the other half belongs to the neighboring sarcomere.

A myocyte is also known as a muscle cell. This type of cell found in muscle tissue. Myocytes are long, tubular cells that develop from myoblasts to form muscles in a process known as myogenesis.

Skeletal muscle fiber is surrounded by a plasma membrane called the sarcolemma, which contains sarcoplasm, the cytoplasm of muscle cells. A muscle fiber is composed of many fibrils, which give the cell its striated appearance. Each bundle of muscle fiber is called a fasciculus and is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the perimysium. Within the fasciculus, each individual muscle cell, called a muscle fiber, is surrounded by connective tissue called the endomysium.

Kristal Chynn Airelle Camanal says:

February 12, 2020 at 7:16 pm

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium is composed of simple columnar epithelial cells on their apical surfaces. It consist of a single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide. Its main function is to move mucus and other substances in the upper respiratory tract, Fallopian tubes, uterus, and the central part of the spinal cord. It also functions to absorb nutrients from the lumen of the intestine. In the stomach, it serves to secrete acid, digestive enzymes and mucus. Since it is an epithelial tissue and is therefore avascular, it receives nourishment via diffusion of substances from its underlying connective tissue via basement membrane.

emie nicole wagas says:

February 12, 2020 at 7:23 pm

Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a monolayer of epithelial cells that appear to be square-shaped in cross section. The function of these cells are specialized to perform selective secretion and reabsorption in the kidneys, they also line the thyroid follicles and are called follicular cells. This tissue actively takes up iodine and creates thyroid hormone precursors, which are then processed and secreted into the blood. The epithelium lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord is called ependyma and is made of a monolayer of cuboidal epithelial cells. These cells generate cerebrospinal fluid.

Merilyn T. Morales says:

February 12, 2020 at 7:29 pm

This is a picture of a spinal ganglion viewed in HPO. This is found in the dorsal root. This is in peripheral nervous system. The dorsal root ganglion contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons that bring information from the periphery to the spinal cord. These neurons are pseudounipolar and contain an axon-like process that bifurcates with one branch extending toward the periphery and the other branch heading toward the grey matter of the spinal cord. Fibers heading toward the periphery leave the ganglion through the spinal nerve, where they run together with motor fibers. Fibers leading to the spinal cord travel through the dorsal root. The connective tissue found at the basement are important in order to support the spinal ganglion. The nerve cell bodies is the spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and connects to the dendrites, which bring information into the neuron. The gliocytes are the one surrounding the cell bodies of the large ganglion cells.

Chaedryll Jamora says:

February 12, 2020 at 8:06 pm

Striated muscle l.s. (HPO)
Skeletal muscle is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. It is a form of striated muscle tissue, which is under the voluntary control of the somatic nervous system. Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons.

Matini Mirage Cañedo says:

February 12, 2020 at 8:16 pm

Hi Sir! Just wanna start by saying that this is by far my favorite histology slide! This is an example of Simple Columnar Ciliated Epithelium. Simple columnar epithelium are tissues made of a single layer of long epithelial cells. The cells of this epithelium are arranged in a neat row with the nuclei at the same level, near the basal end. Generally, Simple Columnar epithelium plays a very important role in PLAS; protection, lubrication, absorption, and secretion. Columnar epithelia with microvili secrete digestive enzymes and absorb digested food. On the other hand, columnar epithelia with cilia aid in the movement of mucus and reproductive cells. In this case (fallopian tube) its ciliated epithelium helps in propelling the ova or egg towards the uterus. Simple columnar epithelia are found in the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, fallopian tubes, endometrium, and respiratory bronchioles. In essence, they are found in parts of the respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts where mechanical abrasion is low, but secretion and absorption are important.

Jan Renzo Marquez says:

February 12, 2020 at 8:47 pm

Human lung is an example of a simple squamous, is a single layer of flat cells in contact with the basal lamina (one of the two layers of the basement membrane) of the epithelium. One of the special feature of this epithelium is that small molecules are permeable or quickly pass easily into the membrane via filtration or diffusion. As seen in the microscope image, the cells are flattened and oblong nuclei which makes it a simple squamous.

Manuelle Grace Nica Omamalin says:

February 12, 2020 at 9:37 pm

Elastic cartilage it is located in the external ear, epiglottis and larynx. It provides strength, and elasticity, and maintains the shape of certain structure. In the picture, the parts include, elastic fibers which is responsible for elasticity and chondrocyte (in lacuna) which is the cells of the cartilage that produce and maintains the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans.

Feli Deanne Gorecho says:

February 12, 2020 at 10:21 pm

Simple cuboidal epithelium is a type of epithelial tissue that is composed of a single layer cuboidal (cube-like) cell. The size of the cell is almost the same on its length and width. These cuboidal cells have large, spherical and central nuclei and are directly attached to the basal layer. These cells provide some protection and may be active (pumping material in or out of the lumen) or passive depending on the location and cellular specialization. The cells of simple cuboidal epithelium are specialized for diffusion and absorption of materials into the ducts or tubes of an organ. Secretion and absorption are the two main functions of this tissue type. This epithelial type is commonly found in the small collecting ducts of the kidneys and can also be found in the pancreas, salivary glands, surface of ovaries, parts of the eye and thyroid.

Jascha Reyna Millama says:

February 12, 2020 at 10:22 pm

The picture depicts a skeletal muscle tissue that was cut longitudinally and was viewed in High Power Objective. Skeletal is a voluntary muscle, which means that we can acticely control its function. It is attached to the bone and forms a distinct organ of muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves that covers our bones and allows movement. The individual muscle cells appear striated under the microscope like the picture above this is due to the highly organized structure of the muscle fibers where actin and myosin myofilaments are stacked and overlapped in regular repeating arrays to form sarcomeres. Actin and myosin filaments slide against each other and are responsible for the muscle contraction.

Shareen Gayle T. Obarco says:

February 12, 2020 at 10:38 pm

The spinal cord is a long, fragile tubelike structure that begins at the end of the brain stem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spine. The spinal cord consists of nerves that carry incoming and outgoing messages between the brain and the rest of the body. Like the brain, the spinal cord is covered by three layers of tissue (meninges), known as the dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.
Dura mater is the outer most layer of meninges present in close relation to the bony structures. Arachnoid mater is a delicate membrane present between the dura mater and pia mater. It covers both the brain and spinal cord. Pia mater is the innermost layer of meninges. It is a very delicate membrane present in close contact with the brain and spinal cord.
Like the brain, the spinal cord consists of gray and white matter. The butterfly-shaped center of the cord consists of gray matter. The front wings (also called horns) contain motor nerve cells (neurons). The back horns contain sensory nerve cells. The surrounding white matter contains columns of nerve fibers that carry sensory information to the brain from the rest of the body.

Denn says:

February 12, 2020 at 10:59 pm

This slide is a Skeletal muscle , one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. It is a form of striated muscle tissue, which is under the voluntary control of the somatic nervous system.Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons.

Rikka Marie Pabutoy says:

February 12, 2020 at 11:04 pm

This is a muscle tissue, specifically a skeletal muscle, viewed under high power objective. Skeletal muscle contains very long, multi-nucleated cells with cross-striations. Such muscle type is also known as “voluntary muscle” or “striated muscle”. The skeletal muscle maintains posture and control movement that’s why it mainly attaches to the skeletal system via tendons. Their contraction is quick, forceful and usually under voluntary control.

Lindslee Chua says:

February 13, 2020 at 1:43 am

The trachea (sometimes called the windpipe) is a wide, hollow and flexible tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs. It is an important part of the body because it has the vital function of providing air flow to and from the lungs for respiration. It is lined with a layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. The epithelium contains goblet cells, which are cells that produce mucins, the main component of mucus. Mucus helps to moisten and protect the airways. The supporting lamina propria underneath the epithelium contains elastin, that plays a role in the elastic recoil of the trachea during breathing in and breathing out, together with blood vessels that warm the air.

Alexandrea Halasan says:

February 13, 2020 at 9:10 am

By ‘transitional,’ it means that these cells can undergo a structural change in their shape and composition. Moreover, transitional epithelium is a stratified tissue made of multiple cell layers, where the cells constituting the tissue can change shape depending on the distention in the organ. When the organ is filled with fluid, cells on the topmost layer of this epithelium can stretch and appear flattened. They can also appear cuboidal with a rounded shape when the fluid pressure is low. This epithelium is found lining the urinary bladder, ureters and urethra, as well as in the ducts of the prostrate gland. Due to its location in the excretory system, especially in the ureters and urinary bladder, one of the primary functions of this tissue is to be an extremely effective permeability barrier, impenetrable to water and most small molecules. The second important function of these cells is to allow the organ to stretch and increase its volume depending on fluid pressure.

Darlene Toro says:

February 13, 2020 at 1:50 pm

Kidney
This is a low power view of a cross section through the kidney. The kidney is composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla. Note the inner medullary tissue surrounded by the outer cortical tissue. The tissue type of kidney is simple cuboidal epithelium and the cell type is cuboidal. The epithelium of the kidney aids in covering and secretion.

Proximal Convoluted Tubule
The proximal convoluted tubule is the site where majority (65%) of ions and water in the urinary space is reabsorbed back into the body. The cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have a deeply stained, eosinophilic cytoplasm. The cells are large so that in cross section not every nucleus will be visible, making it appear that the proximal convoluted tubule has fewer nuclei than other tubules. The cells also have an apical brush border to increase their surface area.

Distal Convoluted Tubule
The cells of the distal convoluted tubule are smaller and more lightly stained than those of the proximal convoluted tubule. Consequently, more nuclei are apparent in a cross section of distal convoluted tubule compared to proximal convoluted tubule. Distal convoluted tubules also lack a brush border on their apical surface. Note that in any given section of the kidney cortex, much less space is occupied by distal convoluted tubules as compared to proximal convoluted tubules. This is simply because the distal convoluted tubule is shorter and less convoluted

Collecting Ducts
The terminal portion of the distal tubule empties through collecting tubules into a straight collecting duct in the medullary ray. Collecting ducts can be differentiated from other tubules by the prominent lateral borders of the epithelial cells. The collecting duct system is under the control of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). When ADH is present, the collecting duct becomes permeable to water. The high osmotic pressure in the medulla then draws out water from the renal tubule.

Luijay John Idayan says:

February 13, 2020 at 1:52 pm

This slide shows the elastic cartilage found in the ear. Similar to hyaline cartilage, the elastic cartilage also contains chondrocytes, which is responsible for synthesizing collagen as well as other ECM components; perichondrium, which is essential for the growth and maintenance of cartilage; and a matrix. The only difference between a hyaline and an elastic cartilage is it contains abundant network of elastic fibers, however in this photo the elastin fibers are not visible. The main function of this type of cartilage is to provide flexible shape and support of soft tissues.

Kara Shayne Cuadra says:

February 13, 2020 at 4:11 pm

Elastic cartilage is one of three types of cartilage found in the human body. It is known for its flexibility or its ability to snap back into its original form or resting form – due to the addition of elastin fibers to the extracellular matrix. It can be observed that chondrocytes is abundant throughout the tissue which is important for the production and maintenance of the matrix. Elastic cartilage is usually found in the auricle of the ear, the walls of the external auditory canals, the auditory (Eustachian) tubes, the epiglottis, and the upper respiratory tract.

Bjkim says:

February 13, 2020 at 6:12 pm

A fallopian tube also called uterine tube or oviduct conducts each egg, following ovulation, from the ovary to the uterus. The mucosa is lined bubs collated columnar epithelium with secretory cells. The wall of the fallopian tube includes an elaborately folded mucosa (endosalpinx) surrounded by a muscularis (myosalpinx). The mucosal lining is simple columnar epithelium, consisting of two cell types ciliated cells and secretory cells.

Stella Maramara says:

February 13, 2020 at 7:07 pm

Skeletal muscle, also called the striated muscle, is among the three major muscle types. Its best known feature is its ability to contract and cause movement. Skeletal muscles are located throughout the body at the openings of internal tracts to control the movement of various substances. These muscles allow functions, such as swallowing, urination, and defecation, to be under voluntary control. Skeletal muscles also protect internal organs (particularly abdominal and pelvic organs) by acting as an external barrier or shield to external trauma and by supporting the weight of the organs.

There are 640 skeletal muscles in our body. It consists of large, elongated and multinucleated fibers that show quick and strong voluntary contractions. The elongated nuclei are positioned peripherally. Vertical striations are very visible, that’s why it is also called the striated muscle.

This is by far my favorite slide in our laboratory class in Histology. The parts and composition of the skeletal muscle are really visible in this slide and it is just so appealing.

Jenny Bengua says:

February 13, 2020 at 7:41 pm

Elastic cartilage is a form of connective tissue and is also recognized by its ability to snap back into itsresting form due to the addition of elastin fibers to the extracellular matrix. This fiber type distinguishes elastic cartilage from all other forms.

IMG_20200213_192544_254

Engrid V. Benedico says:

February 13, 2020 at 9:01 pm

The mammal heart has a highly essential function for the existence of an individual. It is responsible for receiving the deoxygenated blood, recycling it through the lungs, and supplying oxygenated blood to the body. The heart pumps blood to the lungs and the rest of the body, hence, it is often described as the “pump”. The pumping is mainly done by the cardiac muscle cells, called the cardiomyocytes, which make up the heart muscle. Cardiomyocytes pump involuntarily and rhythmically— connected by intercalated discs.

Evan Ray Pama says:

February 13, 2020 at 9:29 pm

Ciliated epithelium is a thin tissue that has hair-like structures on it. These hairs, called cilia, move back and forth to help move particles out of our body. We find ciliated epithelial tissue in our respiratory tract and in the fallopian tubes of women. It performs the function of moving particles or fluid over the epithelial surface in such structures as the trachea, bronchial tubes, and nasal cavities. It often occurs in the vicinity of mucus-secreting goblet cells.

Krystal Mae Tan says:

February 13, 2020 at 9:48 pm

The picture shows a section of the kidney of a frog where the kind of tissue present is Simple Cuboidal Epithelium. It is a type of tissue that is found lining parts of organs and ducts in the body. This is a single row or layer of cube-shaped cells attached to a basement membrane and is plain in its appearance, compared to stratified epithelium tissues, and often with microvilli. The cuboidal cells have large, spherical and central nuclei. This type of cell is responsible for covering, absorption, and secretion, such as production of mucus. Which explains why this is often found on the surface of ovaries, the lining of nephrons, the parts of the eye and thyroid, and mostly, on the kidney tubules. This is, by far, one of the best representations of tissues in our laboratory class.

Daniel Charles Llenos says:

February 13, 2020 at 10:22 pm

The slide focuses on the Adipose tissue, or fatty tissue, found in ureter of mammals. Adipose tissues are connective tissue consisting mainly of fat cells (adipose cells, or adipocytes), specialized to synthesize and contain large globules of fat, within a structural network of fibres. It is found mainly under the skin but also in deposits between the muscles, in the intestines and in their membrane folds, around the heart, and elsewhere. It is also found in the bone marrow, where it imparts a yellow colour; yellow marrow is most abundant in adults. The fat stored in adipose tissue comes from dietary fats or is produced in the body. DANIEL CHARLES C. LLENOS – MT 30 – SECTION IJ

Getaprofessor says:

February 14, 2020 at 6:46 am

Happy Valentine’s Day @inksightsnletters 🙂

inksightsNLetters says:

February 14, 2020 at 8:48 am

Thank you @reubenjlosbanos!:) Happy Hearts Day to you as well my friend. And may His love continue to dwell in our hearts. “We love because God first loved us.” And His love is the greatest love of all😊

Getaprofessor says:

February 14, 2020 at 11:04 am

Thank you for your wise and beautiful words InkSights n Letters 🙂

Nicole says:

February 15, 2020 at 12:11 pm

Simple squamous epithelia are tissues formed from one layer of squamous cells that line surfaces. Squamous cells are large, thin, and flat and contain a rounded nucleus. Like other epithelial cells, they have polarity and contain a distinct apical surface with specialized membrane proteins. These epithelia are common where absorption or transport of materials is important. They also play a role in diffusion, osmosis and filtration. This makes them important in the kidney, in the alveoli of lungs and in the walls of capillaries.

JF Princess Nikole L. Saguin says:

February 15, 2020 at 5:48 pm

Cardiac muscle tissue is a specialized form of muscle tissue that has evolved to pump blood throughout the body and it only found in the heart and makes up the bulk of the heart’s mass.

Intercalated discs
Intercalated discs are small connections that join cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) to each other.

Nucleus
The nucleus is the “control center” of a cell. It contains all of the cell’s genetic material. While skeletal muscle cells can have multiple nuclei, cardiac muscle cells typically only have one nucleus.

Eldric Tan says:

February 17, 2020 at 1:36 am

Hyaline cartilage is high in collagen, a protein found only in connective tissues but also in skin and bones, helps hold the body together. Hyaline cartilage provides flexibility to the different parts of the body. The larynx houses the vocal fold, and manipulates pitch and volume, which is essential for phonation.

Krystal Mae Tan says:

February 17, 2020 at 2:45 pm

The picture shows a section of the kidney of a frog where the kind of tissue present is Simple Cuboidal Epithelium. It is a type of tissue that is found lining parts of organs and ducts in the body. This is a single row or layer of cube-shaped cells attached to a basement membrane and is plain in its appearance, compared to stratified epithelium tissues, and often with microvilli. The cuboidal cells have large, spherical and central nuclei. This type of cell is responsible for absorption and secretion, such as production of mucus. Which explains why this is often found on the surface of ovaries, the lining of nephrons, the parts of the eye and thyroid, and mostly, on the kidney tubules. This is, by far, one of the best representations of tissues in our laboratory class. (Actually posted this 4 days ago, Sir. Pero nawala. Hehe.)

Ian Alojado says:

February 17, 2020 at 3:11 pm

Unlike the epithelium of the skin, a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium appears to have multiple layers, but is actually only comprised of a single sheet of cells. The positioning of the nuclei within the individual columnar cells causes this illusion. These structures, which are easily identifiable with the help of a microscope, are found at various levels, creating a stratified appearance. A microscope also facilitates the observation of the tiny hairlike cilia that line the cells. Found most heavily along the respiratory tract, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells help trap and transport particles brought in through the nasal passages and lungs. Goblet cells in the trachea secrete mucus, which traps inhaled particulate matter and protects the lining of the trachea. The epithelium alongside these goblet cells have cilia— minute, rythmically beating hairlike processes that sweep the mucus along the respiratory tract.

John Ashley Ang Lopez says:

February 21, 2020 at 2:06 pm

ANG LOPEZ JOHN ASHLEY BELEN, FLOUIE JOHN ENRERA, JOYCE LANZADO, PRINCESS JL SALMA, ISABELLA FEBRUARY 21, 2020 PRESENT

Laren Joy G. De La Calzada says:

February 21, 2020 at 2:14 pm

Present!!!
De La Calzada, Laren Joy G.
Dote,Nicole Jane A.

Getaprofessor says:

February 21, 2020 at 4:46 pm

Noted 🙂

Daniel Charles Llenos says:

February 24, 2020 at 3:36 pm

PRESENT ON FEB 24, 2020 LLENOS TORO MARQUEZ OBARCO REMO PIAPE SINDA GENERAL

Krystal Mae Tan says:

February 24, 2020 at 3:37 pm

At AK 208 atm 🤩

Daniel Charles Llenos says:

February 24, 2020 at 3:39 pm

PRESENT ON FEB 24, 2020 1. LLENOS 2. SORRONDA 3. PIAPE 4. OREVILLO 5. IDAYAN 6. GORRECHO 7. TAN 8. MORALES 9. SANDERS 10. CANALITA

Stella Maramara says:

February 24, 2020 at 3:43 pm

PRESENT ON FEB 24, 2020

-BRAÑA, Lord
-MARAMARA, Stella
-TAN, Krystal

Marielle Castillo says:

February 24, 2020 at 3:48 pm

02-24-2020 CAMANAL CASTILLO ETORMA PABUTOY WAGAS

Paul Leen Marie says:

February 24, 2020 at 3:50 pm

2/24/20

Soreño, Stephanie
Tabanao, Paul Leen

Getaprofessor says:

February 25, 2020 at 10:06 am

Magandang araw din mga ka-histo 🙂 Salamat sa inyong pagtangkilik para sa pag unlad at pagsulong ng ating bansa. Mabuhay ang Rebolusyong EDSA ng 1986 🙂

Princess Ann Alabastro says:

February 28, 2020 at 9:53 am

Ajugar, Mariel Art Akana, Mark Benjie Alabastro, Princess Ann Ambag, Cherith Luth Amores, Jave Ancheta, Charmel May Angus, Jelica Aila Antigo, Denzel Apostol, Alaina Marie Arbas, Carlo

Joanne Fe Mutia says:

February 29, 2020 at 2:04 pm

1) Beldad, Yssa 2) Calunsag, Rhoan Jane 3) de la Pena, Angelica 4) Gadingan, Joshna Maine 5) Hamoy, Regine Angeli 6) Imbo, Shane Andre Mel 7) Insong, Mia Karen 8) Jore, Jomarson 9) Lao, Louise Jane 10) Martinez, Shihanah 11) Mutia, Joanne Fe 12) Perin, Mel

Jan Nymrho R. Inoferio says:

March 1, 2020 at 2:38 pm

Jan Nymrho R. Inoferio 11.) Smooth Muscle Tissue

Smooth muscle is involved in involuntary movements – that means we cannot consciously control it unlike skeletal muscle. It is elongated, spindle-shaped and has no striations. These type of muscle is specialized for slow, steady contractions under the influence of autonomic nerves. They are mainly found in visceral(tubelike) organs such as the stomach, urinary bladder and blood vessels.

Camela Pidor says:

March 6, 2020 at 2:42 pm

PIDOR, Camela
ANTIQUE, Earl
LABAJO, Firce
TEVES, Shanaia

Camela Pidor says:

March 6, 2020 at 2:46 pm

Pidor
Antique
Labajo
Teves

March 6

Jev Galme says:

March 6, 2020 at 2:47 pm

Galme, Jev

March 6

Hershey Dianne L. Reville says:

March 6, 2020 at 2:48 pm

Reville, Hershey (present as always 😌👌🏻)
MARCH 6, 2020

Getaprofessor says:

March 7, 2020 at 4:24 pm

Noted 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

March 7, 2020 at 4:24 pm

Noted 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

March 7, 2020 at 4:24 pm

Noted 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

March 8, 2020 at 5:25 pm

May darating din para sayo. Mabuting bagay ang aabot sa mga taong naghihintay (Good things come to those who wait) 🙂

Matini Mirage Cañedo says:

March 10, 2020 at 1:18 am

Ngunit ginoo, hanggang kailan ba ako nararapat na maghintay? Araw-araw, hanggang sa gumabi na’t sisikat na namang muli ang araw ay naghihintay pa rin ako. Nakakapagod. Nakakainip. Kung paminsan-minsa’y nagdududa na ko kung talagang darating ba talaga sya o naghihitay lang talaga ako sa wala. Ako’y naguguluhan. Wari’y di mawaglit sa aking isipan na mabahala sapagkat hanggang ngayon ay wala pa rin sya. Gusto ko na siyang makita. Gusto ko na siyang makasama at mahagkan. Ngunit pakiwari ko’y imposible na mangyari pa ito. Nawawalan na ako ng pag-asa. Ngunit, hindi ako susuko. Pinalaki ako ng aking mga magulang na may tatag, tibay at lakas ng loob. Kaya ko ito. Ako’y maghihintay hanggang sa sandaling hindi ko na kailangan pang maghintay. Maghihitay ako hanggang sa dumating ang sandaling mapapalitan na ng init ang malamig na mga gabi. Maghihitay ako hanggang sa dumating ang araw na hindi ko na kinakailan pang maglakad nang mag-isa sapagkat nariyan na siya. Ang lalaking aking pinakahihintay.

Getaprofessor says:

March 11, 2020 at 8:44 pm

Magaling kang magtagalog binibini at naibuhos mo ng maayos ang iyong nararamdaman sa pamamagitan ng wikang Pilipino. Huwag ka mag alala,bata ka pa.darating din ang tao na para sa iyo kagaya ng pagdating ng umaga pagkatapos ng gabi. Samantalang naghihintay ka palagi mo lang isipin na may pamilya at mga kaibigan ka na nagmamahal sa iyo

Kinlyn Pleños says:

March 13, 2020 at 11:55 pm

Kinlyn R. Pleños 12. Reticular tissue – It has a branched and mesh-like pattern, often called reticulum, due to the arrangement of reticular fibers also known as reticulin. These fibers are actually type III collagen fibrils. The reticular connective tissues are found in the kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. Its function is to form a stroma and provide structural support in the lymphoid organs, red bone marrow, spleen, and lymph node stromal cells.

Mae R. Geslani says:

March 15, 2020 at 12:27 am

Mae R. Geslani 13. Fibrocartilage

Fibrocartilage is a type of cartilage which is considered to be a connective tissue. This is a mixture of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue. The majors cells involved are the chondrocytes and fibroblasts.

Its main function is to provide cushion, tensile strength, and resistance to tearing and compression.

It is found in intervertebral discs, attachments of certain ligaments, and all places where it serves as very tough, yet cushioning support tissue for bone.

SOURCE:
Junqueira’s Basic Histology, 15th Edition

Diana Enriquez says:

March 16, 2020 at 8:51 pm

Diana Marie B. Enriquez 14. Bone

Bone is a type of specialized connective tissue composed of calcified extracellular material, the bone matrix, osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. It provides solid support for the body, protects vital organs such as the brain, lungs, heart, among others, and contains the bone marrow where the blood cells are formed. It also serves as a reservoir of calcium, phosphate, and other ions that can be released or stored in a controlled fashion to maintain constant concentrations in body fluids.

Mary Danielle V. Bajo says:

March 17, 2020 at 12:59 pm

Mary Daniell V. Bajo 15. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

This tissue consists of a single layer cells that are as tall as they are wide. The important functions of the simple cuboidal epithelium are secretion and absorption. This epithelial type is found in the small collecting ducts of the kidneys, pancreas, and salivary glands

Joshua Sisona says:

March 17, 2020 at 1:13 pm

Joshua P. Sisona 16. Transitional Epithelium

Transitional epithelium is a stratified tissue made of multiple cell layers, where the cells constituting the tissue can change shape depending on the distention in the organ. When the organ is filled with fluid, cells on the topmost layer of this epithelium can stretch and appear flattened. Alternately, they can also appear cuboidal with a rounded shape when the fluid pressure is low.
This epithelium is found lining the urinary bladder, ureters and urethra, as well as in the ducts of the prostrate gland.

Misha Mara says:

March 17, 2020 at 6:34 pm

17. Misha Mara S. Masacayan –

Stratified squamous epithelium
A stratified squamous epithelium consists of squamous flattened epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane. Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane. the other layers adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity. Examples of Stratified Squamous Epithelia. It is found both on the covering and lining parts of the body. The main function of this tissue type is protection, as it is typically found in areas that undergo significant wear-and-tear.

In the digestive system, this tissue type is found on upper surface of the tongue, the hard palate of the mouth, the esophagus and anus. It is also common in the female reproductive system and is seen in the vagina, cervix, and labia majora.

jerkyjohn 11 says:

August 7, 2020 at 10:58 pm

Nice , I like reading this. Thank sir and to your forever.

getaprofessor says:

August 9, 2020 at 5:34 pm

It’s good to know that you like reading it John. Hope you can also register and join the getaprofessor community. You can meet learners and mentors here and you can also post your insights. 🙂

Lazada says:

August 31, 2020 at 10:20 am

shop now at lazada 🙂 https://bit.ly/3gIOjcj

Lawrence says:

September 2, 2020 at 4:10 pm

fghfchj

Ma. Florence L. Bama says:

September 19, 2020 at 10:42 pm

Meet the Officers of Sanduguan!

Getaprofessor says:

September 24, 2020 at 12:33 pm

That’s right Gwyneth:) health care is really a right for everyone. Keep up the good work 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

September 24, 2020 at 12:35 pm

Keep up the good work Tymon. Nice video 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

September 29, 2020 at 7:16 pm

Very nice video Jannie 🙂

Jannie Lyka Omictin says:

September 29, 2020 at 7:46 pm

Thank you Sir!

Armanne Filven C. Enjambre says:

September 30, 2020 at 10:40 am

Wow! #gogreen

Getaprofessor says:

September 30, 2020 at 11:21 am

Nice picture June about saving the environment. Keep up the good work 🙂

Ana Margarita Borromeo says:

September 30, 2020 at 6:50 pm

Thank you sir 😁

Getaprofessor says:

October 1, 2020 at 12:34 pm

you’re welcome 🙂

June Koreen Enriquez says:

October 1, 2020 at 3:27 pm

Thank you sir! We will keep you posted. 🙂

khask B. fortich says:

October 1, 2020 at 5:57 pm

Hi guys this is the sample of that poster that alaytaptap para sa kalusugan would give to the locals

Han Suk Yu says:

October 1, 2020 at 8:00 pm

Image from: Brass quintet. (n.d.). Retrieved October 01, 2020, from https://welltempered.wordpress.com/tag/brass-quintet/

Aya Dato says:

October 2, 2020 at 10:42 pm

It’s time for the women of the world to rally against double standards, unrealistic social barriers, misogynists and female misogynists (IKR, apparently that’s a thing 🤦‍♀️😩).
A time for women to support each other, instead of putting other women down to get ahead in the world. To encourage women to speak up against injustices against themselves and other women. To lift each other up and promote women empowerment and equality!
It’s time to promote women for women!

Ellyson Jess Lim says:

October 4, 2020 at 5:06 pm

So germs po sila? WOW

danagale says:

October 6, 2020 at 8:07 am

ambot nimo son HAHHAHAHAHAHHA

Ian Paul Guanzon says:

October 6, 2020 at 8:07 am

HAHAHAHAHAHA

Ian Paul Guanzon says:

October 6, 2020 at 8:08 am

hello moderators

danagale says:

October 6, 2020 at 8:12 am

admin man gud si elly ahhahaha

Getaprofessor says:

October 6, 2020 at 10:45 am

Nice post Diodessa 🙂 Keep up the good work 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

October 6, 2020 at 10:47 am

Keep up the good work Aya 🙂

Diodessa Dela Pena says:

October 6, 2020 at 10:50 am

It was a group effort sir. Thank you, sir!

Alaina Marie D. Apostol says:

October 6, 2020 at 9:58 pm

Hello, everyone! The week has just started and it may be at ease or arduous at your end, but don’t forget to take pauses and breathe. 🍃

Please know it is okay to rest, because rest is productive too. Learning that myself piece by piece! ✨🌱

Love, MentalHealthCheck

Alaina Marie D. Apostol says:

October 6, 2020 at 10:42 pm

Hiii! An update on this group, the team and I have been recruiting people to join the organization for two weeks now. You can join along the fun, continuous recruitment!

Attached to this is the infograph on how to create an account on getaprofessor. 💖

Please send the registration link and photo to your friends and let us build a community on love and mental wellness. ✨

Love, MentalHealthCheck

Getaprofessor says:

October 7, 2020 at 11:56 am

Good job Alaina 🙂 you can also use the new feature in getaprofessor which is the fast and easy registration by using their facebook or google account to login 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

October 7, 2020 at 11:58 am

Nice photo of your green-minded dream team 🙂 All the best!

Normina Cristie E. Sosoban says:

October 7, 2020 at 12:38 pm

Here’s a dance video of our aspired professional dancer, a current member of the Hublag Dance Company, James Notado!

Alaina Marie D. Apostol says:

October 7, 2020 at 12:53 pm

Noted, sir! Thank you. 😊

Getaprofessor says:

October 7, 2020 at 1:00 pm

You’re welcome Alaina 🙂 Keep up the good work 🙂

Alaina Marie D. Apostol says:

October 7, 2020 at 1:03 pm

Good day! A question to pass by your mind somehow. 💖

We are different people and have different coping mechanisms, here are some suggestions:

-meditate
-eat food that make you feel good
-sleep and take rests
-get some sunshine
-journal your feelings
-make a gratitude list
-put your phone down
-listen to a podcast

I hope these will help you get through the day. 😊

Small progress is still progress.

Love, MentalHealthCheck

Getaprofessor says:

October 7, 2020 at 1:04 pm

That’s good 🙂 Keep up the good work Trópos 🙂

Alaina Marie D. Apostol says:

October 7, 2020 at 1:08 pm

Thank you po. 😊

Alaina Marie D. Apostol says:

October 7, 2020 at 7:32 pm

Passing by to say that rest is just as important as the hustle. Be kind to you mind. <3

Love, MentalHealthCheck

Photo credits: @aislingbrock

Alaina Marie D. Apostol says:

October 8, 2020 at 3:47 pm

Hello! 😊✨

We have finally established our stewards and leaders for the group.

Meet our leaders of Mental Health Check:

President/Head/Director: Ms. Alaina Apostol, BSMT II, Silliman University

Vice-President: Mr. Mark Benjie Akana, BSMT II, Silliman University

Ms. Jasmine Reena Siong, STEM Grade 12, Holy Cross High School

Mr. Sean Matthew Tan, BS Mechanical Engineering II, Mapúa University

These mental health advocates pledge to lead the organization towards its vision, mission, and goals.

We are excited to serve you with all competence and love. 🌱

Remember to take care of yourselves.

Love, MentalHealthCheck

Alaina Marie D. Apostol says:

October 8, 2020 at 4:03 pm

The stigma on mental illness and mental health problems is still within us today. Some people see it in a very negative way as they tend to discriminate others and make their mental health drop.

The lack of education and perception on mental illness causes the stigma to rise, so it is very important to spread awareness on this topic. In this country, it has been taboo until now, and we need to put a stop to that. Advocates, please help and reach out to those who you can. Let us lean on each other and be there for one another. We assure you that Mental Health Check is here for you and everyone else, always believe that you are not alone.

We can do this. Even in baby steps, we can end the stigma. Be kind to yourselves and to other people. 🤗✨

We love you always,

MentalHealthCheck

Jomar eric dorog says:

October 8, 2020 at 6:57 pm

Our hardworking team who made this organization possible.

Alaina Marie D. Apostol says:

October 9, 2020 at 4:07 pm

Today, we serve you with the self-care menu.

We finally got through, and we say hello to the weekends! It is important to remember that it is also vital to do things for your mind and self. 🤍💖 You may pick from the menu, or do whatever works for you.

We can do this even in baby steps. 🤗

Love, MentalHealthCheck

Jane Karm Langcoyan says:

October 11, 2020 at 8:51 am

Hello, mga ka-BSP! Here is the team’s vision and mission statement to guide us as we grow and strengthen our advocacy toward improving blood supply in the country. 😀

Charmel May Q. Ancheta (KAYA Organization) says:

October 11, 2020 at 12:09 pm

Hi everyone! Presenting to you the officers behind this organization. On behalf of the whole team, we welcome you all to this organization. Thank you for being one of us! God bless 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

October 12, 2020 at 7:09 am

Good job Feliza! 🙂

Denzel B. Antigo says:

October 12, 2020 at 2:05 pm

Wassup Warriors! Here is the updated organizational chart in our group. Feel free to contact for further inquiries

Denzel B. Antigo says:

October 12, 2020 at 2:06 pm

Wassup warriors! Here is our complete mission and vision for our organization

Marieneil says:

October 14, 2020 at 7:25 pm

Stay tuned guys as I discuss more about these types of wastes including its importance.

𝑱𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂 𝑨𝒊𝒍𝒂 𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒔 says:

October 15, 2020 at 2:08 pm

Mental Health Check!

Click the actual photo for better viewing. Thank you!

Getaprofessor says:

October 18, 2020 at 1:29 pm

Amazing talent! Thanks for sharing @elizaatindoc 🙂

Christine May L. Aguspina says:

October 18, 2020 at 6:36 pm

2

Christine May L. Aguspina says:

October 18, 2020 at 6:36 pm

3

Christine May L. Aguspina says:

October 18, 2020 at 6:37 pm

4

Christine May L. Aguspina says:

October 18, 2020 at 6:37 pm

5

Christine May L. Aguspina says:

October 18, 2020 at 6:38 pm

6

Christine May L. Aguspina says:

October 18, 2020 at 6:38 pm

7

Christine May L. Aguspina says:

October 18, 2020 at 6:38 pm

8

Christine May L. Aguspina says:

October 18, 2020 at 6:39 pm

Thank you and keep safe everyone! 🤍

Getaprofessor says:

October 19, 2020 at 5:16 pm

great artwork!

Jake Stephen Tumala says:

October 23, 2020 at 9:45 pm

Happy to Serve <3

Jake Stephen Tumala says:

October 23, 2020 at 9:48 pm

Thank you kaayo ani! Big help kaayo <3

George J. Tuala Jr. says:

October 23, 2020 at 10:43 pm

Thank you for choosing BuGan De Care Laboratory!

Vanessa Kamera says:

October 25, 2020 at 11:28 pm

yes and we should be able to speak about it freely and not stigmatize Mental Health

Jhaynaiza M. Napii says:

October 27, 2020 at 11:23 am

Source: http://www.mentalhealth.gov/basics/what-is-mental-health

Alaina Marie D. Apostol says:

October 29, 2020 at 7:07 pm

Keep your mind healthy with these 5 steps to mental wellbeing from NHS. Follow these steps in your own pace, start to make a difference in your lifestyle and keep yourself healthy both physically and mentally.

Infographic by: MentalHealthCheck

Alaina Marie D. Apostol says:

October 29, 2020 at 7:07 pm

Source for information: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stress-anxiety-depression/improve-mental-wellbeing/

Getaprofessor says:

October 29, 2020 at 8:45 pm

Keep up the good work @alainamarie! 🙂

Alaina Marie D. Apostol says:

October 29, 2020 at 10:51 pm

Thank you, Sir. ✨

Getaprofessor says:

October 30, 2020 at 10:40 am

You’re welcome @alainamarie!

Zirrah Abella says:

October 30, 2020 at 10:55 pm

123341059_1805926282906018_2339516522523992965_n

Angelica Prospero says:

October 31, 2020 at 2:09 pm

a short film about life, death & love of a savior.
If you liked the video or found it useful, please share it with others.
©Cru 2012

Written, Shot, and Edited by Strong Films
Music by La Liberte
Strategy and Produced by Howard Crutsinger

Ivory Signar says:

October 31, 2020 at 6:12 pm

Also, let me remind you that sexual harassment is any form of UNWELCOME behavior and both men and women can be victims of it.

Nerfee Casilao says:

October 31, 2020 at 10:17 pm

What's your opinion regarding this topic?

𝓝𝓸𝓻𝓮𝓮𝓷 𝓝𝓪𝓿𝓮 says:

October 31, 2020 at 11:52 pm

Chat with us through our chatroom: https://getaprofessor.com/groups/hts-hairtoshare/chat/

Denzel B. Antigo says:

November 1, 2020 at 9:53 am

Dietary plan to avoid stones made from calcium oxalate. BEWARE!

Denzel B. Antigo says:

November 1, 2020 at 9:55 am

Here are the foods you have to avoid

Denzel B. Antigo says:

November 1, 2020 at 9:56 am

Here are the 15 home remedies to avoid kidney stones

Denzel B. Antigo says:

November 1, 2020 at 10:11 am

Common signs and symptoms and treatments for kidney stones

Denzel B. Antigo says:

November 1, 2020 at 10:51 am

Here is a Patient story

Denzel B. Antigo says:

November 1, 2020 at 10:52 am

Patient story #1

Denzel B. Antigo says:

November 1, 2020 at 10:53 am

Here are the 3 common and safe ways to treat kidney stones in a hospital setting

𝓝𝓸𝓻𝓮𝓮𝓷 𝓝𝓪𝓿𝓮 says:

November 1, 2020 at 3:17 pm

This is the sign you’re looking for! ✨

Princess Ann Alabastro says:

November 1, 2020 at 8:32 pm

You have to NOURISH to FLOURISH!
Here are 10 simple tips you can do at home to take better care of yourself during this pandemic.

Click the photo for better viewing. Thank you!

Gwyneth Isobel Vilar says:

November 4, 2020 at 1:59 am

Vaccines are not the enemy, nor will it ever be, instead they stimulate the production of antibodies which will serve as the frontline of the human body system in fighting off the foreign agents that may forcefully enter with the intent to invade, multiply, and/or completely destroy the host/ the body. In simpler terms, they live up/ perfectly manifest the quote “prevention is better than cure.”

So do not wait for the invaders to have the opportunity to destruct you, mitigate the probability by being #IMmunized.

In order to broaden your knowledge on Vaccines and its importance, you may refer to the infographic above.

Source:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Health Me PA

Getaprofessor says:

November 4, 2020 at 11:41 am

Congratulations to the winners!

Gaia Aubrey T. Manalo says:

November 5, 2020 at 8:56 pm

You can message us if you want to join. Dont be shy okay? Let’s just have fun!

Charmel May Q. Ancheta (KAYA Organization) says:

November 11, 2020 at 4:32 pm

template by KAYA organization

Getaprofessor says:

November 15, 2020 at 1:07 pm

Wow! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

November 15, 2020 at 1:09 pm

Thank you for this verse @diegog-v-rodriguez. God bless you. 🙂

Rose AJ Dolor says:

November 16, 2020 at 4:20 pm

Climate change is indeed not a HOAX. Just look at the current situation of soil erosion in San Roque, Malilipot, Albay. Its effects are evident but I believe that we have still time to protect and save our ONLY home from drowning.
📷Kim Caceres and Wendy Bites

EmxYbXtVoAUNuZH

Diego Gabriel V. Rodriguez says:

November 17, 2020 at 10:29 am

God bless you, too, Sir!

Tim Harrison Gonzales says:

November 17, 2020 at 8:41 pm

Next one is actually from Silliman’s very own Silliman University Medical Student Association. They’re also organizing and accepting donations that will be used in handing relief to those families in Cagayan as well! 🙂

Jhaynaiza M. Napii says:

November 17, 2020 at 9:52 pm

Source: http://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/what-is-mental-illness

Jhaynaiza M. Napii says:

November 17, 2020 at 10:08 pm

Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6646843/

Charmel May Q. Ancheta (KAYA Organization) says:

November 20, 2020 at 8:32 pm

I hope you can join us, po! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

November 21, 2020 at 6:05 pm

I’m a little bit busy for now KAYA. God bless in your activity 🙂

Alaina Marie D. Apostol says:

November 22, 2020 at 9:44 pm

Template: Canva
Edited: MentalHealthCheck

Stay healthy in all ways, everyone! 🌱💭

Jhaynaiza M. Napii says:

November 25, 2020 at 10:32 am

adaa.org/about-adaa/press-room/facts-statistics

Roma Donna L. Consad says:

November 25, 2020 at 6:12 pm

November 25 is the official “National Consciousness Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women and Children”

Mary Joyce Lora says:

November 25, 2020 at 6:26 pm

Source: Philippine Commission on Women, R.A. 10398

Charmel May Q. Ancheta (KAYA Organization) says:

November 28, 2020 at 1:48 pm

Thank you, Sir! Stay safe and God bless po 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

November 28, 2020 at 4:13 pm

Stay safe and God bless too @charmelmay

Charles Andrei B. Bacalso says:

December 18, 2020 at 10:49 am

Disseminated infographic in lieu of the physical symposium stated on the MBO

Niño Joe L. Torrequimada says:

December 18, 2020 at 4:37 pm

The organization’s members

Niño Joe L. Torrequimada says:

December 18, 2020 at 4:38 pm

The official Organizational Chart

Niño Joe L. Torrequimada says:

December 18, 2020 at 4:39 pm

The official logo for the Organization.

Niño Joe L. Torrequimada says:

December 18, 2020 at 9:15 pm

Successful collaboration with the founders of 24/7 Healthcare Clinic and Pharmalab, Down Syndrome Foundation Visayas, and White Coats Laboratory.

Niño Joe L. Torrequimada says:

December 18, 2020 at 9:16 pm

Successful meeting with other organization founders.

Ana Margarita Borromeo says:

December 25, 2020 at 7:11 pm

Merry Christmas sir 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 26, 2021 at 11:02 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Kara Mari Aljas says:

January 26, 2021 at 11:07 am

100% agree sir!

Getaprofessor says:

January 26, 2021 at 11:12 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 26, 2021 at 11:13 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Glezer Anne Catacutan says:

January 26, 2021 at 11:14 am

True!

Laren Joy G. De La Calzada says:

January 26, 2021 at 11:15 am

Proud to be a Sillimanian! This is our block’s first picture together. <3 Mga fresh pa kaayo. We promise to make this department proud of us yieee

Loucil Aranas says:

January 26, 2021 at 11:52 am

Among the 5C’s of Silliman is Church.

Getaprofessor says:

January 26, 2021 at 4:27 pm

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 26, 2021 at 4:27 pm

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 26, 2021 at 4:28 pm

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 26, 2021 at 4:28 pm

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 26, 2021 at 4:29 pm

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 26, 2021 at 4:29 pm

#Silliman Forever! 🙂 Good job!

Getaprofessor says:

January 26, 2021 at 4:33 pm

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 26, 2021 at 4:34 pm

Glad you survived PE and you are still with us 🙂
#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 26, 2021 at 4:34 pm

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 26, 2021 at 4:35 pm

Glad you survived Analytical Chemistry and you are still with us.
#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 26, 2021 at 4:40 pm

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 26, 2021 at 4:41 pm

a very active Sillimanian! all over the place 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 26, 2021 at 4:57 pm

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 26, 2021 at 4:58 pm

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 27, 2021 at 11:04 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 27, 2021 at 11:04 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 27, 2021 at 11:04 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 27, 2021 at 11:05 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 27, 2021 at 11:05 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 27, 2021 at 11:05 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 27, 2021 at 11:05 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 27, 2021 at 11:06 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 27, 2021 at 11:06 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 27, 2021 at 11:06 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 28, 2021 at 9:26 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 28, 2021 at 9:27 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 28, 2021 at 9:27 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 28, 2021 at 9:27 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 28, 2021 at 9:27 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 28, 2021 at 9:28 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 28, 2021 at 9:28 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 29, 2021 at 11:09 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 29, 2021 at 11:09 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

January 29, 2021 at 11:09 am

#Silliman Forever! 🙂

John Lyster V. Angot says:

January 30, 2021 at 6:34 pm

Wow

Angelica Torres says:

January 30, 2021 at 8:08 pm

❤️❤️❤️

Angelica Torres says:

January 30, 2021 at 8:09 pm

❤️❤️❤️

Hyacinth Alvarico says:

January 30, 2021 at 10:06 pm

Niwang pa ka dira, Lys. 🤣

Rey Rodriel D. Aragones says:

February 1, 2021 at 11:20 pm

This photo was taken inside AK building during the start of my ICLS journey

Getaprofessor says:

February 3, 2021 at 8:58 pm

wow! amazing picture 🙂

Karell Carpio says:

February 13, 2021 at 8:37 pm

(c) SUSG Health Committee’s Project Hinlo og Hatag (H2O) for the 11 Days of Sharing: Aimed to send goods to garbage collectors in Dumaguete City through fundraising. (Was not part of the physical action, but was involved in preparing graphics for sharing of goals)

Karell Carpio says:

February 13, 2021 at 8:38 pm

for our MT22 Public Health where we got to experience doing voluntary community work to tackle main problems in a particular barangay

(short hair, white shirt)

Kara Mari Aljas says:

February 16, 2021 at 10:43 am

Here’s another one! I miss these days!

Untitled

Laren Joy G. De La Calzada says:

February 16, 2021 at 11:20 am

This is actually one of my favorite pictures in Silliman. I am part of the Silliman University Peer Advocacy Program. Our organization works with the Guidance and Testing Division. We serve as bridges between students and the office. This picture was taken from an event where we facilitated different organizations-academic and regional during their “fellowship”/organizational camp. We were trained to facilitate activities as well as talk to students and how we can connect them to their respective guidance counselors.

Getaprofessor says:

February 16, 2021 at 11:27 am

Keep up the good work!

Getaprofessor says:

February 16, 2021 at 11:28 am

Keep up the good work!

Getaprofessor says:

February 16, 2021 at 11:28 am

Keep up the good work!

Getaprofessor says:

February 16, 2021 at 11:28 am

Keep up the good work!

Janina says:

February 17, 2021 at 4:56 pm

Spreading awareness on COVID-19 symptoms 😷

Devylen Talledo says:

February 17, 2021 at 4:58 pm

Training, leading, and preparing tomorrow’s leaders 🔥

Jan Nymrho R. Inoferio says:

February 17, 2021 at 5:04 pm

Opportunity of partnerships with the community 💪

Devylen Talledo says:

February 17, 2021 at 5:08 pm

Training, leading, and preparing tomorrow’s leaders 🔥

Kinlyn Pleños says:

February 17, 2021 at 5:24 pm

Planting trees for more greens 🌱

Mary Antonette Bustamante says:

February 17, 2021 at 8:39 pm

Lessening dengue in the neighborhood, one breeding place at a time 🦟

Mae R. Geslani says:

February 17, 2021 at 8:41 pm

Teaching them the beauty of a life filled with colors 🌈

Ma. Evans Torres says:

February 17, 2021 at 8:52 pm

Measuring the blood pressure for a heart that’s sure ❤

Sofia Denise Asara says:

February 18, 2021 at 6:46 am

Educating them on the importance of good nutrition 🥗

Sophia Quinto says:

February 18, 2021 at 8:54 am

Door-to-door glucose monitoring 🏠

Jaica Therese C. Memis says:

February 18, 2021 at 11:24 am

Blood typing for the people of Dumaguete City

Jane Karm Langcoyan says:

February 18, 2021 at 8:45 pm

Here is my illustration of the human cell. It is composed of multiple parts which have their own functions to play in the processes done by the cell.

Djianne Angiela C. Ramirez says:

February 18, 2021 at 11:29 pm

This is my illustration on the human cell. Each parts are labeled along with a description of its functions.

𝑱𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂 𝑨𝒊𝒍𝒂 𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒔 says:

February 19, 2021 at 1:06 am

Here is my illustration on Human Cells. It’s labeled with their important functions.

Ain Aijeleth Agir says:

February 19, 2021 at 10:07 am

Here is my illustration of a human cell and its labeled parts.

Justin Mae Abanto says:

February 19, 2021 at 8:10 pm

This is my illustration of the human cell with its parts and specific functions. Thank you.

Clare Therese Ablong says:

February 19, 2021 at 10:58 pm

This is my illustration of the human cell and its labelled parts.

Devylen Talledo says:

February 20, 2021 at 2:23 pm

FIRE, to me, means using my abilities and knowledge to reach out, and encouraging those I helped, to be kind and do the same.
This letter given by my tutee when I was in LTS serves as my reminder that for once in my life, I was able to make a difference.

Downing, Melanie Medalla says:

February 22, 2021 at 3:54 pm

Most Important Functions of Human Cell Parts:

 Cell membrane — separates the inside of the cell from its environment, shapes, and supports the cell structure.

 Cytoplasm — its a jelly-like fluid which contains many different organelles, each with a specialized function.

 Nucleus — the control center of the cell which contains DNA or genetic material and the nucleolus.

 Nuclear membrane — to protect the nucleus, which contains chromatin as a spread out form of DNA.

 Nucleolus — structure where ribosomes are made, it is also related to the production of RNA molecules needed to transmit and express the information coded in DNA.

 Ribosomes — important job of synthesizing or making proteins.

 Cytoplasm — jelly-like substance that maintains the pH and temperatures of all the organelles inside the cell.

 Rough endoplasmic reticulum — have ribosomes attached to it, and it participates in protein synthesis.

 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum — it does not have ribosomes attached to it, synthesizes lipids, and stores calcium in muscle cells.

 Vesicle — contains proteins inside, move substances between compartments inside the cells, and join with cell membranes to release contents.

 Golgi apparatus (Goldi body) — receives the vesicles, folds the proteins into usable shapes, adding other materials with proteins such as lipids or carbohydrates.

 Lysosome — are the garbage collectors that take-in damage or worn out cell parts. It is also filled with enzymes that break down this cellular debris.

 Mitochondrion (Mitochondria) — powerhouse of the cells, makes ATP molecules that provide the energy for all the cell activities.

 Cytoskeleton — maintains the shapes of a cell, and provides the internal cellular scaffolding.

 Proteins — regulate the movement of specific molecules inside-and-outside of the cell, and initiates changes in cell activity by binding and responding to chemical signals such as hormones.

Describe the structural arrangement and function of the membranes associated with each of the following eukaryotic organelles.

 Mitochondrion — is a membrane-bound organelle that generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell house’s biochemical reactions. Mitochondria are separated from the cytoplasm by the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane. Its structures are composed of double membrane-bound organelles containing a circular strand of DNA such as genes for producing mitochondrial proteins.

 Endoplasmic reticulum — this organelle can be smooth or rough depending on its specialization to produce proteins for the rest of the cell’s functions. The rER HAS small and round organelles called ribosomes attached to it, while the sER has NO ribosomes attached to it with a function of making proteins. It is known as a membrane enclosed passageway for transporting materials. This organelle is known to its appearance as road-like in the mountains like in Sierra Madre Mountain. The descriptions of the Rough endoplasmic reticulum has extensive interconnected membrane network that varies in shape such as cisternae, and tubules, ribosmomes are very obviously attached on cytoplasmic surface. On the other hand, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has the descriptions of an extensive interconnected membrane network and is lacking of ribosomes.

 Golgi apparatus — organelle which has a coral made from cheese-like appearance. Coordinates with Endoplasmic reticulum to receive the vesicles which facilitate the activities of the protein functions. The appearance of this eukaryotic organelle is a series of several elongated, flattened saclike membranous structures with its major functions known as it modifies, packages, and sorts materials that arrive from the Endoplasmic reticulum in transport vesicles, and forms secretory vesicles and lysosomes.

References:
*Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition.

*Mescher, A. Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Edition.

*Navarro A, Boveris A. The mitochondrial energy transduction system and the aging process. Cell Physiology. 2007. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17020935/

Mae R. Geslani says:

February 22, 2021 at 6:18 pm

The experiences I had in ICLS and the University led me to the perception that Silliman’s FAITH is all about infusing our knowldge and values to the people around. It is to spread positivity and allow growth for the community.

Ian Paul Guanzon says:

February 23, 2021 at 10:12 pm

Activity 1: The cell
MT30 LAB-D
Guanzon, Ian Paul G.

Ian Paul Guanzon says:

February 23, 2021 at 10:12 pm

Activity 1: The cell
MT30 LAB-D
Guanzon, Ian Paul G.

Landsey Joy Arnoco says:

February 23, 2021 at 10:52 pm

IMG_20210223_223130

Janina says:

February 23, 2021 at 11:55 pm

Being a student of ICLS taught me how to be passionate enough to help other people and that is what it keeps me going, whenever I feel like I am about to quit; I always think of my future patients. ICLS allowed me to understand the whole significance of being a Medical Technologist, to be a Sillimanian that possesses the FIRE that consumes a selfless heart, and to keep the FIRE burning I will put my entire self for the people whenever I make a step.✨

Janina says:

February 23, 2021 at 11:59 pm

Being a student of ICLS taught me how to be passionate enough to help other people and that is what it keeps me going, whenever I feel like I am about to quit; I always think of my future patients. ICLS allowed me to understand the whole significance of being a Medical Technologist, to be a Sillimanian that possesses the FIRE that consumes a selfless heart, and to keep the FIRE burning I will put my entire self for the people whenever I make a step.✨

Sarvia says:

February 24, 2021 at 9:25 am

Activity 1: The Cell
MT30 Lab C
Barotilla, Sarvia June A.

Khask Fortich says:

February 24, 2021 at 4:43 pm

Activity 1: The Cell
MT30- CD
Fortich,Khask

Annie Camille P. Jacalan says:

February 24, 2021 at 6:15 pm

MAIN FUNCTION OF THE PARTS AND ORGANELLES 1. Cell Membrane- Protects the cell from foreign objects in the external environment o Membrane Pore- allows ion and proteins to either pass or diffuse in or out the cell 2. Cytoplasm- Jelly-like fluid that fills the cell where organelles reside 3. Nucleus- DNA Storage, Transcription o Nucleolus- producing and assembling ribosomes o Chromatin- packaging DNA and protein, makes up chromosomes o Nuclear Membrane (envelope)- double-membrane that encloses the nucleus o Nucleoplasm- store DNA and facilitate activities within the nucleus o Nuclear Pore- regulates transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm 4. Mitochondrion- Generate energy for the cell’s biochemical reactions 5. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER)- Lipid production and Detoxification in the cell 6. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)- Protein production specifically for export out of the cell, contains attached Ribosomes 7. Golgi apparatus- Protein and lipid modification and packaging for export through its vesicles o Secretory vesicles- store and transport substances from part of a cell to another or from cell to cell 8. Ribosomes- Conversion of genetic code to protein molecules occur 9. Peroxisome- Contains oxidative enzymes and responsible for lipid destruction, security, and waste removal 10. Lysosome- Protein destruction for waste collection and recycling in the cell 11. Centrioles- Organizing microtubules located within a centrosome, which are responsible of the cell’s skeleton 12. Vacuole- Used for storage and usually contains minimal amounts of nutrients, water, and waste

Sofia Denise Asara says:

February 24, 2021 at 9:52 pm

The FIRE within me became brighter and brighter as the time went pass as an ICLS student. This is because of the opportunities that the school has given me to expand my knowledge, values and abilities, and take this learning into my own hands and use it to the greatest extent to help those in need. The experiences I had will never burn out and will be kept as an eternal flame in my mind for this helped me changed my perception of the world. As a Sillimanian, I will fulfill my goals and duties with a passionate heart and keep the FIRE burning then use this in whatever decision I make.

Ma. Evans Torres says:

February 25, 2021 at 4:50 am

FIRE means finding comfort in uncertainty, embracing growth, and constantly pushing myself so that I can create a better life not only for me but also for the people around me.

Jan Nymrho R. Inoferio says:

February 25, 2021 at 3:09 pm

FIRE instills in the heart of students the passion to lead and being of service to people, especially those who are in dire need of help. It pushes students to make a change in the community without stopping their love and faith in Christ.

Jaica Therese C. Memis says:

February 25, 2021 at 6:44 pm

As years passed by, I realized being A Medical Technology student takes a lot of courage and hard work. This ain’t just about getting good grades but also how you serve other people. FIRE for me is a complete package as a good and reliable Medical Technologist. This also represents how eager as a Medtech you are.

Jillian says:

February 25, 2021 at 9:41 pm

As the picture portrays, FIRE for me is a reminder for myself. That FIRE, not only represents the passion I have for serving other people, but also reminds me that life as a medical technologist will never be easy. That it will be a continuous learning of an updated knowledge in the medical field. That being a medical technologist will require you to have nigh duty, serving different kind of patients. And that no matter how hard it is, the FIRE must never be forgotten; the passion, the goal, and a good moral must never be forgotten.

Sophia Quinto says:

February 25, 2021 at 10:08 pm

FIRE for me is the passion of students that the ICLS program will enhance through their teachings.

Romeo Mayo says:

February 26, 2021 at 10:06 pm

FIRE – Faith in Instruction, Research and Extension
(During our Public Health Research discussion)

Ain Aijeleth Agir says:

February 28, 2021 at 8:44 am

illustration of epithelial tissues

Lorie Ynnah Ysabelle R. Ybañez says:

March 6, 2021 at 5:35 pm

In this video, Silliman University was featured in a reality show, Kris TV way back 2014. There are some facts about Silliman in this 4 minute video which I want to share with you guys.

Lorie Ynnah Ysabelle R. Ybañez says:

March 6, 2021 at 5:36 pm

Let me emphasize this rule —> “Nothing should block the church’s view all the way from sea” Isn’t that amaziiiing!!!

Ain Aijeleth Agir says:

March 7, 2021 at 11:50 pm

These are my illustrations of connective tissues.

Getaprofessor says:

March 15, 2021 at 12:59 pm

Amazing! 😮

Reyna May Venezuela says:

March 29, 2021 at 3:28 pm

Purrr

Reyna May Venezuela says:

March 29, 2021 at 3:28 pm

🤩🥰

Jib Andrei S. Tampus says:

March 31, 2021 at 5:02 pm

monke

Angelyn V. Duhig says:

March 31, 2021 at 5:04 pm

meet my baby <3

Xenn Buenavista says:

April 5, 2021 at 1:46 pm

amen!

Chrys Mark A. Umbac says:

April 5, 2021 at 1:50 pm

o:-)

Mary Anne Nicolas says:

April 8, 2021 at 2:14 pm

i like HAHAHA

Katherine Cortes says:

April 8, 2021 at 2:16 pm

Hi! I think I look like this hehe, make yours here: https://picrew.me/image_maker/26077

Alex André Yap says:

April 8, 2021 at 5:13 pm

kennnyyyyyyy!

Romeo Emmanuel A. Valera says:

April 15, 2021 at 4:06 pm

Wowiee

CaseyObate says:

April 20, 2021 at 4:13 pm

😍

Stefani Lynn Solutan says:

April 24, 2021 at 9:07 am

thank you!

Landsey Joy Arnoco says:

April 26, 2021 at 12:25 am

IMG_20210426_002027

Erika Marie Columnas says:

April 26, 2021 at 1:50 pm

*gunshot* HAHAHAHHA SORRY GI

Reyna May Venezuela says:

April 26, 2021 at 1:51 pm

HAHAHAHAHA OH NOEEE 😭

Getaprofessor says:

April 27, 2021 at 8:57 am

A very good illustration Yssa

Yssa Beldad says:

April 27, 2021 at 3:07 pm

Thank you sir 😊

Getaprofessor says:

April 27, 2021 at 4:01 pm

You’re welcome @sammie

Getaprofessor says:

April 30, 2021 at 4:00 pm

A very good illustration Louise!

Xenn Buenavista says:

May 1, 2021 at 8:31 am

WELCOME FELLOW KATUSOKS!
This is the Vision Statement of the KatusokLabKnows Organization!
Have an amazing day! <3

Xenn Buenavista says:

May 1, 2021 at 9:59 am

yiee lets gooo katusok <<3

Xenn Buenavista says:

May 1, 2021 at 10:06 am

yayy :)) lets go admin! hehhehe

Getaprofessor says:

May 1, 2021 at 3:00 pm

Great job! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

May 1, 2021 at 3:01 pm

Keep up the good work! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

May 1, 2021 at 3:01 pm

Great job! 🙂

Landsey Joy Arnoco says:

May 1, 2021 at 9:50 pm

https://getaprofessor.com/groups/mt-30-cd-lec/media/4755/

Getaprofessor says:

May 8, 2021 at 3:03 pm

Amazing! 😮

Getaprofessor says:

May 8, 2021 at 3:04 pm

one of the greatest leaders of our nation’s history

Getaprofessor says:

May 8, 2021 at 3:05 pm

Great job! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

May 9, 2021 at 4:55 pm

Keep up the good work @aikorivera

Getaprofessor says:

May 9, 2021 at 4:56 pm

You are doing great @justjhaynaiza

Getaprofessor says:

May 9, 2021 at 5:15 pm

Prions are forever! https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/artful-amoeba/prions-are-forever/

Getaprofessor says:

May 9, 2021 at 5:17 pm

Good illustration Kirk!

Wesley Britz R. Margaja says:

May 9, 2021 at 5:17 pm

yes sir!

Denzel B. Antigo says:

May 9, 2021 at 7:34 pm

Illustration for Stomach

Charlene Kaye Dumanjug says:

May 9, 2021 at 11:38 pm

This sounds interesting. More please <3

Denzel B. Antigo says:

May 12, 2021 at 1:50 pm

Here is an illustration of the kidney

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 12, 2021 at 4:16 pm

Hi everyone, please take time to look at the image above.
Laboratory Supplies are a necessity to confirm that the tests and experiments conducted and the conclusions reached are trustworthy and credible. Therefore, it is crucial that you purchase the best lab supplies in terms of brand and quality. Lab equipment must be bought only from quality manufacturers to ensure optimal performance, operator safety, and minimal maintenance costs.

Getaprofessor says:

May 12, 2021 at 6:12 pm

very informative! 🙂

Abigail Ygay says:

May 13, 2021 at 4:21 pm

How do we identify laboratory supplies from other equipment in the lab?

Lab supplies are used for conducting controlled and precise tests, research, and experiments in laboratories.

Labware, lab trays, and lab pans are used to transport, store, and hold material in the lab.

Lab utensils and instruments are used to measure, mix, sort, handle, dispense, and analyze lab materials precisely and efficiently.

Lab furniture and laboratory equipment such as scales, stands, centrifuges, and microscopes keep laboratories organized and allow them to function.

Lab chemicals and consumables help provide reliable, accurate results.

Kirk James Sayson says:

May 16, 2021 at 9:42 pm

Thank you, Sir!

Getaprofessor says:

May 17, 2021 at 12:43 pm

You’re welcome!

Getaprofessor says:

May 17, 2021 at 1:53 pm

Your Histology artwork is very good Yssa

Yssa Beldad says:

May 17, 2021 at 5:55 pm

Thank you sir 😊

Getaprofessor says:

May 17, 2021 at 7:38 pm

You’re welcome!

Jia Tabal says:

May 18, 2021 at 12:06 am

Hey guys! Take a look at here, know how microbiology surround 🙂

Cheevey O. Jocson says:

May 18, 2021 at 4:01 pm

Thank you so much!!
– ClickLab

Getaprofessor says:

May 18, 2021 at 5:06 pm

Good job! Maybe you can reach top 1! 🙂

Siyoung Chun says:

May 19, 2021 at 8:51 pm

Welcome everyone!

Here are some additional information on the main and special tests that our clinical chemists analyze in this laboratory.

Our main clinical analysis includes:

Main Tests
1) Monitoring enzyme activities
2) Spectrophotometry
3) Electrophoresis
4) Immunoassay
5) Blood and clinical urine tests

Special Tests
1) Automated rapid testing for high-volume clinical tests
2) Definitive tests for critical analytes in therapeutic drug monitoring and toxicology by mass-spectroscopic methods
3.) Hormone and tumor marker assays
4.) Biochemical tests for metabolic diseases, nutritional status, and lipid analysis
5.) Collaborates with the Division of Molecular Diagnostics in molecular analysis for genetic metabolic diseases

Julie May B. Ventolina says:

May 22, 2021 at 10:30 pm

Hello! Here is our updated organizational chart!

Charlene Kaye Dumanjug says:

May 23, 2021 at 12:05 am

Love this!! The best lab ever <3

Charlene Kaye Dumanjug says:

May 23, 2021 at 12:05 am

yaaass prevention is better than cure

Shanaia Regine Tonelete says:

May 23, 2021 at 7:06 pm

<3 <3 <3

John Michael Diacamos says:

May 23, 2021 at 10:57 pm

If your having difficulties accessing the video, kindly click the link below:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Yw9vajX_gp1gZBiPlq2OcuiOW0QOeiRh/view?usp=drivesdk

Getaprofessor says:

May 24, 2021 at 12:15 pm

Very good artwork for the cell @kirk

Angelika Alison Ong says:

May 24, 2021 at 11:20 pm

Woohoo!

Getaprofessor says:

May 25, 2021 at 2:10 pm

Great job! Congrats! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

May 25, 2021 at 2:45 pm

Very good artwork for the cell @agstvnrswld

Getaprofessor says:

May 27, 2021 at 10:25 am

A very informative picture! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

May 27, 2021 at 10:26 am

Hand washing is very important these day 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

May 27, 2021 at 12:47 pm

I’ve always believed in the benefits of virgin coconut oil. I take virgin coconut oil almost everyday since it also has other health benefits. Using povidone iodine mouthwash aside from cleaning your mouth also protects you from COVID-19, you can check out this article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1882761621000065

Getaprofessor says:

May 27, 2021 at 3:14 pm

It’s good that you were able to take these videos @hyacinth. Great memories! 🙂

Getaprofessor says:

May 27, 2021 at 3:15 pm

Nice video @shirm005! 🙂

Wesley Britz R. Margaja says:

May 31, 2021 at 2:35 pm

That is good to hear sir!

Getaprofessor says:

June 8, 2021 at 11:03 am

The video already plays well @xennmariebuenavista unlike when it was uploaded using google drive. Good job!

Xenn Buenavista says:

June 8, 2021 at 1:40 pm

Thank you sir! Have a great day as well.

Getaprofessor says:

June 9, 2021 at 7:13 pm

You’re welcome!

Getaprofessor says:

June 14, 2021 at 12:10 pm

Very nice video! Good job!

Elain Serion Balsamo says:

August 26, 2021 at 5:41 pm

nice one!

Jan Trisha Jumao-as Caballero says:

September 4, 2021 at 12:42 am

Thank you for this information; I've learned the five concrete steps in preventing high blood pressure. In addition, you can also manage your blood pressure by limiting the amount of sodium (salt) you consume and increase the amount of potassium in your diet. It is also critical to consume low-fat foods and plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

Glicy Lou D. Garinggo says:

September 13, 2021 at 5:35 pm

This is for the individual job description.

Vivien Jean A. Rosario says:

September 13, 2021 at 11:53 pm

Jerome Jay A. Jabel
President
-sets policies and strategic direction for the organization, both for the near term and for the foreseeable future. It’s his responsibility to ensure the organization follows its mission, policies and procedures that are in place.

Mark Khalil Gibran a. Camanian
Research Director
-ensures policy research coordination and quality control. Spearhead researches along with its objectives in the best strategical manner possible whilst overseeing the procedures and other administrative duties.

Aymer Adrian A. Arap
IT Director
-responsible for the management, strategy and execution of IT infrastructure for the organization.

Vivien Jean A. Rosario
Advocacy Director
-oversees the implementation of advocacy strategies of the organization. Analytical and interpersonal skills are required for this role, and must have initiative and work effectively under pressure independently and with a team.

Abigail Ygay says:

September 16, 2021 at 3:03 pm

Good afternoon, sir. Here is our organizational chart. Thank you!

Getaprofessor says:

September 16, 2021 at 4:10 pm

😮

Getaprofessor says:

September 16, 2021 at 4:11 pm

Good job!

Charlene Kaye Dumanjug says:

September 18, 2021 at 1:55 pm

Aww that’s our vice-director!! <3

Erika Andrino says:

September 18, 2021 at 1:57 pm

Yes, Ma’am! Bossing namo ni! c:

Charlene Kaye Dumanjug says:

September 18, 2021 at 2:01 pm

HAHAHAHAHHAH yieee kilig ko nimo, Vice!

Hyacinth Claire Acibes says:

September 19, 2021 at 5:48 pm

wow very clean

Jucelle Veranio says:

September 19, 2021 at 11:47 pm

For a more detailed information please click this link. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20046974#:~:text=%20Weight%20loss%20is%20one%20of%20the%20most,kilogram%20%28about%202.2%20pounds%29%20of%20weight%20you%20lose.

Joricka Faye Roca says:

September 20, 2021 at 1:58 pm

nice!

Carl Paulo says:

September 20, 2021 at 9:37 pm

Centers*

Mary Rechelle Rublico says:

September 21, 2021 at 4:42 pm

Char HAHAHAHAAHHA

John Harvey Rosales says:

September 21, 2021 at 4:43 pm

HOY

Getaprofessor says:

September 23, 2021 at 2:05 pm

Noted, John.

Elain Serion Balsamo says:

September 25, 2021 at 12:26 pm

AMAZING!

Jann Mercith Saromines says:

September 25, 2021 at 12:28 pm

niceeee!!!

Angel Diane Daniel says:

September 26, 2021 at 6:13 pm

ka creative ba yads oyyy

Joricka Faye Roca says:

September 26, 2021 at 10:53 pm

amazing

Joricka Faye Roca says:

September 26, 2021 at 10:54 pm

nice almond!

Hyacinth Claire Acibes says:

September 27, 2021 at 5:00 am

ka nami ba

Hyacinth Claire Acibes says:

September 27, 2021 at 9:06 am

wow outdoor bones

Getaprofessor says:

September 27, 2021 at 12:32 pm

Good! smiling skeleton

Getaprofessor says:

September 27, 2021 at 12:33 pm

Good illustration!

Getaprofessor says:

September 27, 2021 at 12:35 pm

very good illustration!

Altair John R. Egos says:

September 27, 2021 at 6:20 pm

Lahi ra sis

Altair John R. Egos says:

September 27, 2021 at 6:21 pm

Thank you yads

Dhanica Jhones Omalza says:

September 27, 2021 at 8:38 pm

Yes, created by Dhanica BHONES HAHAHAHA

Elain Serion Balsamo says:

September 27, 2021 at 11:15 pm

thanks missy!

Elain Serion Balsamo says:

September 27, 2021 at 11:16 pm

appreciate it jor! <3

John Harvey Rosales says:

September 28, 2021 at 9:02 am

naol blue ug ribs

John Harvey Rosales says:

September 28, 2021 at 9:03 am

CHADAA

John Harvey Rosales says:

September 28, 2021 at 9:04 am

naol kween

John Harvey Rosales says:

September 28, 2021 at 9:05 am

dzuh drawerist

Jah Provichado says:

October 5, 2021 at 3:24 pm

Rey Yzzabella N. Babia says:

October 16, 2021 at 7:55 am

This is our interactive video regarding the lessons given, more specifically on sebaceous glands.

Babia and Cagadas

Rosemehlyn Rizon Taraya says:

November 5, 2021 at 2:46 pm

Breakfast made by mama/papa ❤️
(Plus free kasaba pag matagal bumangon HAHHAHAHA)

Perrine Marika Kho says:

November 14, 2021 at 5:24 pm

Officer’s contact information:

Bomediano, Angelyn Evan S.
-Phone #: 09658730796
-Email: angelynsbomediano@su.edu.ph

Kho, Perrine Marika A.
-Phone #: 09985447475
-Email: perrineakho@su.edu.ph

Llanera, Aia Krystelle F.
-Phone #: 09997296433
-Email: aiafllanera@su.edu.ph

Nacional, Rhoda Christine J.
-Phone #: 09153004207
-Email: rhodajnacional@su.edu.ph

Nisperos, Maxine L.
-Phone #: 09190039284
-Email: maxinenisperos@su.edu.ph

Orlido, Anne C.
-Phone #: 09557860833
-Email: annecorlido@su.edu.ph

Rana, Tisha R.
-Phone #: 09472857535
-Email: tisharrana@su.edu.ph

Salvoro, Julianne Mae V.
-Phone #: 09950833379
-Email: juliannevsalvoro@su.edu.ph

Santos, Dan II S.
-Phone #: 09155329174
-Email: danssantos@su.edu.ph

Uy, Cassandra Maureen S.
-Phone #: 09056844144
-Email: cassandrasuy@su.edu.ph

Zerna, Dyanne Nicole
-Phone #: 09496214217
-Email: dyannezerna@su.edu.ph

Jasmine Leanne Z. Talpis says:

November 14, 2021 at 9:57 pm

Thank you for sharing this!! <3

Chrys Mark A. Umbac says:

November 25, 2021 at 7:41 pm

Parkinsonian gait is characterized by small shuffling steps and a general slowness of movement (hypokinesia), or even the total loss of movement (akinesia) in the extreme cases.

Patients with PD demonstrate reduced stride length, walking speed during free ambulation and cadence rate, while double support duration is increased.

Chrys Mark A. Umbac says:

November 25, 2021 at 7:43 pm

Parkinsonian gait is one of several motor symptoms that are the hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease, including slowness of movement and tremors. Motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease come from a lack of control over movements and difficulty initiating muscle movements.

Chrys Mark A. Umbac says:

November 25, 2021 at 7:44 pm

In Parkinson’s disease, nerve cells in a part of the brain called the basal ganglia start to die and produce less of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. The basal ganglia use dopamine to form connections between neurons. This means when there’s less dopamine, there are fewer connections.

The basal ganglia are responsible for making sure your body movements are smooth. When there aren’t as many connections in this area of the brain, it can’t do that job as well. This leads to Parkinsonian gait and the other movement symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

Princess Maranda says:

November 26, 2021 at 3:06 pm

Schizophrenia is a psychosis, a type of mental disorder marked by cognitive, perceptual, emotional, language, self-perception, and behavioral abnormalities. Hallucinations, delusions, self-neglect, disorganized speech, and aberrant feelings such as apathy and dissociation from emotions are all common.

Rhoda Christine J. Nacional says:

November 27, 2021 at 8:04 pm

References:

Magsambol, B. (2021). 6 in 10 Filipinos now willing to get vaccinated vs COVID-19 – Octa Research. Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/nation/filipinos-willing-get-vaccinated-against-covid-19-octa-research-survey-september-2021

COVID-19 Vaccines: Infographic. (n.d.). http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/coronavirus-vaccines-infographic

Coronavirus (COVID-19). (n.d.). Google News. https://news.google.com/covid19/map?hl=en-PH&state=7&mid=%2Fm%2F05v8c&gl=PH&ceid=PH%3Aen

Noah A. La Plana says:

February 16, 2022 at 11:08 pm

I was lucky enough to ask my sister who is working at a laboratory to take a picture of red blood cells. The cell is the basic unit of life, it makes up tissues, which make up the organ that makes up the organ systems. All of those things are the components of a living organism.

Rosemarie C. Abraham says:

February 20, 2022 at 9:08 am

Cells provide the structure and function that are responsible for everything that happens inside our bodies.

Eunice Lyle R. Peralta says:

February 20, 2022 at 10:56 pm

Wow beett!! Very witty madi HAHHAHAHA

Chrystal Angelica Avengoza says:

February 24, 2022 at 12:42 am

Unscanned sketch

IMG20220223225927

Ma Joanna Catherine Lopez says:

February 24, 2022 at 10:44 pm

Simple cuboidal epithelium may have secretory, absorptive, or excretory functions. This type of epithelium is found in the lining of your kidney tubules, collecting ducts of your pancreas, and salivary gland.

Stratified squamous epithelium consists of many layers of cells which make the tissue thick. It serves as protection against microorganisms from invading underlying tissue and/or protection against water loss. This type of epithelium is found in the epidermis of your skin, linings of oral cavity, throat, and vagina.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium are simple columnar cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the misleading impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section. It functions in secretion and movement. This type of epithelium is found in the lining of your upper respiratory tract.

Donna Rose Abad says:

February 26, 2022 at 11:36 am

Simple cuboidal epithelium is a single layer of cuboidal (cube-like) cells with large, spherical, and central nuclei. It is found on the ovaries, nephrons, renal tubule walls, eye, thyroid, and salivary glands.

Transitional epithelium, commonly known as urothelium, is a form of stratified epithelium that is found in the gastrointestinal tract. Stretching causes the transitional epithelium to alter shape (stretchable epithelium). When the transitional epithelium is relaxed, it appears cuboidal, and when it is stretched, it appears squamous.

Ciliated epithelium is a thin layer of tissue that is covered with hair-like features. These hairs, which are referred to as cilia, move back and forth to assist in the removal of particles from our bodies. It is found in women’s fallopian tubes and respiratory tract.

Ellaine Rose Bahonsua says:

February 26, 2022 at 10:37 pm

One of the 4 major tissues in the human body is the epithelial tissue. It is found in the respiratory, digestive, and oral cavities, among other locations in the body. It is made up of densely packed cells with limited extracellular space, an apical/free surface exposed to the internal body or external environment, and a basal surface coupled to a thin basement membrane connecting to connective tissue. They obtain nutrients from the apical surface or by diffusion over their basal surface from the underlying connective tissue since they are avascular. They are also capable of regeneration, which is crucial because they are prone to strain.

Jhoana Mae Eder says:

February 27, 2022 at 1:56 am

The body’s first line of defense against physical, chemical, and biological damage is epithelial tissues. An epithelium’s cells serve as bodily gatekeepers, limiting permeability by enabling selective material transfer across its surface. All substances entering the body must pass through first the epithelium.

1. Simple Squamous Epithelium – made up of a single layer of epithelial cells. They can be seen lining bodily cavities such as the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities, as well as in places where passive diffusion occurs, such as the glomeruli of the kidney and the alveoli of the respiratory system.

2. Simple Columnar Epithelium – It is made up of a single layer of tall and slender columnar epithelial cells with oval-shaped nuclei that are linked to the basement membrane in the basal region. Simple columnar epithelium lines the majority of the digestive tract organs in humans, including the stomach and intestines.

3. Transitional Epithelium – is a type of tissue that responds to stretching by changing shape (stretchable epithelium). When relaxed, the transitional epithelium appears cuboidal, and when stretched, it appears squamous.

Dennesse Mari M. Uy says:

February 27, 2022 at 8:11 pm

In one of Cleveland Clinic’s article, epithelium is defined as a body tissue type which covers the external and internal parts of the body, body cavities, and organs. They function according to their location, protection roles, secretion and absorption in the body. However, one concern for epithelial tissues is the potential or possibility to form or develop into cancers such as adenocarcinoma or papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Reyna May Venezuela says:

February 27, 2022 at 9:41 pm

Simple columnar epithelium – is a single layer of columnar epithelial cells which are tall and slender with oval-shaped nuclei located in the basal region, attached to the basement membrane. In humans, simple columnar epithelium lines most organs of the digestive tract including the stomach, and intestines. Ciliated columnar epithelium has many cilia which moves mucus and other substances via mucociliary clearance in the respiratory tract. It is present in the lining of the fallopian tubes, where currents generated by the cilia propel the egg cell toward the uterus. Ciliated columnar epithelium – forms the neuroepithelium of the ependyma that lines the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord. These cilia move the cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF). Simple cuboidal epithelium – consists of a single layer cells that are as tall as they are wide. The important functions of the simple cuboidal epithelium are secretion and absorption. This epithelial type is found in the small collecting ducts of the kidneys, pancreas, and salivary glands.

Mary Rose Tose says:

February 27, 2022 at 10:03 pm

Transitional Epithelium prevents microbial and crystal adherence to the bladder epithelium. This can be located in the ureter, bladder, and urethra.
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium allows the filtering and humidification of incoming air. This can be located in the linings of the trachea.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium’s function is to protect against microorganisms from invading the tissue. This can be located in the linings of the esophagus and vagina.

Pinkish Galvez says:

February 28, 2022 at 8:20 am

Epithelial tissues can be found all over the body. It covers all body surfaces, lining body cavities and hollow organs and making up most glandular tissue. They are responsible for various tasks like protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception. Examples include:

1. Transitional Epithelium
A transitional epithelium comprises numerous layers of cells that flatten out when stretched. It is responsible for lining the majority of your urinary tract and allowing your bladder to expand.

2. Simple Squamous Epithelium
This epithelium lines blood arteries and bodily cavities, controlling the entry of chemicals into the underlying tissue.

3. Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
This epithelium is often adapted for absorption and features apical cilia or microvilli. These are the cells lining your stomach and intestines.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

February 28, 2022 at 11:42 am

Epithelial tissues coat body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and make up the bulk of gland tissue. Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception are just a few activities they conduct.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

February 28, 2022 at 11:43 am

1. The transitional epithelium is a stratified tissue consisting of many cell layers wherein the cells can change form depending on the organ’s distention. The cells on the topmost layer appear to stretch and flatten when the organ is full of fluid. When the fluid pressure is low, they might also appear cuboidal with a rounded shape. This epithelium is typically found in the urinary bladder, ureters and urethra, and prostate glands ducts. Moreover, its main function is to act as an exceptionally effective permeability barrier, impenetrable to water and tiny molecules due to its placement in the excretory system.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

February 28, 2022 at 11:44 am

The simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells. This epithelial lines all blood vessels’ inner surface (endothelium), the wall of alveolar sacs in the lung, and the body cavities (mesothelium). The basic function of simple squamous epithelia is to allow gases and tiny molecules to diffuse more easily.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

February 28, 2022 at 11:45 am

3. The simple cuboidal epithelium consists of cells that are as high as they are broad in a single layer. Secretion and absorption are two important activities of this epithelium. The small collecting ducts of the kidneys, pancreas, and salivary glands all have this epithelial.

Rhoda Christine J. Nacional says:

February 28, 2022 at 11:53 am

Epithelial tissue is a type of body tissue found all over your body. It covers all body surfaces, line body cavities, and hollow organs. Moreover, it performs a wide variety of functions depending on where it’s located in your body, including protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, and diffusion. Some epithelial tissues are the following:

Rhoda Christine J. Nacional says:

February 28, 2022 at 11:54 am

1. Simple cuboidal epithelium is composed entirely of cuboidal epithelial cells. As the name implies, cuboidal epithelial cells are cuboidal in shape. It is primarily responsible for secretion, absorption, and excretion. This type of tissue can be found on the surface of the ovaries, salivary glands, parts of the eye, thyroid gland, pancreas, nephron lining, and renal tubule walls.

Rhoda Christine J. Nacional says:

February 28, 2022 at 11:54 am

2. Transitional epithelium comprises many layers of cells that flatten out when stretched. It serves two primary functions: a permeability barrier and regulates volume. Additionally, it lines most of your urinary tract and allows your bladder to expand.

Rhoda Christine J. Nacional says:

February 28, 2022 at 11:54 am

3. Ciliated columnar epithelial cells, as the name suggests, are rectangular-shaped and have between 200 to 300 hair-like protrusions called cilia. The cilia facilitate mucus and other substances clearance in the respiratory tract via mucociliary clearance. Ciliated columnar epithelial cells are usually located in the tracheal and bronchial regions.

Jan Christian M. Sienes says:

February 28, 2022 at 8:15 pm

Simply put, a simple cuboidal epithelium is an epithelium that is composed of cuboidal epithelial cells. The cuboidal epithelial cells have a cuboidal form, as implied by their name, which indicates that they are nearly as broad as they are tall in proportion to their size.
If you look at these cells from above, they have a square form. Furthermore, nucleus is frequently located in the middle of each cell, and it is big and spherical in shape.

Besides, the simple cuboidal epithelium is primarily engaged in the processes of secretion, absorption, and excretion of substances.
The surface of the ovaries, salivary glands, sections of the eye, thyroid gland, pancreas, the lining of the nephrons, and the walls of the renal tubules are all examples of this kind of tissue.

Jan Christian M. Sienes says:

February 28, 2022 at 8:59 pm

Transitional epithelium is a form of stratified epithelium composed of numerous layers of cells whose shape varies depending on the function of the organ.
When in a relaxed condition, the epithelium appears cubical or spherical, with the exception of the apical layer, which appears flattened when the epithelium is stretched.
This epithelium is almost exclusively found in the urinary system, which is why it is often referred to as “urothelium.”

Jan Christian M. Sienes says:

February 28, 2022 at 10:20 pm

Ciliated Epithelium is a thin tissue that contains hair-like structures on it called cilia that are important for transporting particles out of our body. Ciliated Epithelium is also known as ciliated epithelium or ciliated epithelium. Ciliates epithelial tissue may be found in our respiratory system as well as in the fallopian tubes of females.

Mycah Jane C. Pata says:

February 28, 2022 at 10:40 pm

– A single row of tall, closely packed cells oriented in a row is a simple columnar epithelium. These cells can be located in places with a high secretory function (such as the stomach wall) or in absorptive areas (such as the small intestines). Cellular extensions are present in them (e.g., microvilli in the small intestine, or the cilia found almost exclusively in the female reproductive tract).

– Simple cuboidal epithelium is made up of cells that are as tall as they are wide in a single layer. Secretion and absorption are two fundamental functions of the simple cuboidal epithelium. The small collecting ducts of the kidneys, pancreas, and salivary glands all have this epithelial type.

– When examined in cross section, they are simple columnar epithelial cells with nuclei that appear at varying heights, creating the false (thus pseudo) appearance that the epithelium is stratified.

Cilia are fine hair-like extensions of the apical (luminal) membrane found in pseudostratified epithelium. The epithelium is described as ciliated pseudostratified epithelium in this scenario. Ciliated epithelium can be found in the airways (nose, bronchi), as well as in the female uterus and fallopian tubes, where the cilia transport the ovum to the uterus.

Source:
Lumen (n.d.). Epithelial tissue. Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/epithelial-tissue/

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

February 28, 2022 at 10:56 pm

The simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a single layer of a cell approximately as tall as comprehensive. This epithelium line collects ducts and tubes and absorbs or secretes material into the vents or pipes.

The ciliated columnar epithelium has many cilia, which move mucus and other substances via mucociliary clearance in the respiratory tract. It is present in the lining of the fallopian tubes, where currents generated by the cilia propel the egg cell toward the uterus.

The function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium includes:
– The absorption and secretion of mucus.
– Protection from foreign particles (dust, pathogens, and allergens).
– Transporting materials such as hormones and enzymes.
Found most heavily along the respiratory tract, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells help trap and transport particles brought in through the nasal passages and lungs.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

March 2, 2022 at 1:51 pm

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium – This type of Epithelium is composed of 1 layer of cells and are roughly equal in height and breadth with a spherical and centrally placed nuclei. They are usually located in secretory ducts of small glands and kidney tubules. Their main function is allow secretion and absorbtion.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

March 2, 2022 at 1:51 pm

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium – The nuclei for this epithelium are found at different levels, giving a false impression that the cells are in many layers. All of the cells reach a basement membrane though their nuclei will lie in different levels. They are mainly located in larger respiratory airways of the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi. Their function is to secrete mucus which is moved with cilia.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

March 2, 2022 at 1:51 pm

Simple Squamous Epithelium – The cell types of this epithelium are flat and thin. Areas where this epithelium is found include the skin, capillary walls, glomeruli, pericardial lining, pleural lining, peritoneal cavity lining, and alveolar lining. This type of tissue is great in lining areas where passive diffusion of gases occur.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

March 2, 2022 at 2:11 pm

Epithelial tissues can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar in shape and may be arranged in single or multiple layers.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

March 2, 2022 at 2:13 pm

• Squamous epithelium has cells that are wider than their height.
• Cuboidal epithelium has cells whose height and width are approximately the same.
• Columnar epithelium has cells taller than they are wide.

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

March 2, 2022 at 4:22 pm

Simple squamous epithelium

Structure: This epithelium has only 1 layer and has thin flat cells.
Function: The main function of this type of tissue is facilitating the movement of viscera, active transport by pinocytosis, and secretion of biologically active molecules.
Location: the lining of vessels (endothelium) and serous lining of cavities: pericardium, pleura, peritoneum (mesothelium).

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

March 2, 2022 at 4:23 pm

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Structure: This is a single layer of cube-shaped cells.
Function: Its main function is covering and secretion.
Location: kidney tubules, covering of the ovary, thyroid

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

March 2, 2022 at 4:24 pm

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Structure: This tissue gives the appearance of looking like a stratified epithelium. However, it is only 1 layer with all cells adhering to the basal lamina. The reason for its stratified-looking appearance is the placement of nuclei at different levels.
Function: Its main functions are: protection, secretion, and cilia-mediated transport of particles trapped in mucus out of the air passages.
Location: Lining of trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

March 2, 2022 at 4:31 pm

Reference for descriptions: Mescher, A. L., & Uchôa, J. L. C. (2018). Junqueira's basic histology: Text and Atlas. McGraw-Hill Education.

Jhan Rea Erocido Catubay says:

March 2, 2022 at 6:56 pm

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Location in the body:
On the surface of the ovaries, the lining of nephrons, the walls of renal tubules, sections of the eye and thyroid, and salivary glands, simple cuboidal epithelium can be seen.
Function:
Simple cuboidal epithelium is made up of cells that are as tall as they are wide in a single layer. Secretion and absorption are two fundamental activities of the basic cuboidal epithelium. The small collecting ducts of the kidneys, pancreas, and salivary glands all have this epithelial type.

Jhan Rea Erocido Catubay says:

March 2, 2022 at 7:00 pm

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Location in the body:
The lining of blood vessels such as arteries, veins, and capillaries contains simple squamous epithelium. It can also be found lining the alveoli, or air sacs, of a human’s lungs.
Function:
This epithelia lines the inner surface of all blood arteries (endothelium), the alveolar sacs in the lung, and the body cavities (mesothelium). The basic function of simple squamous epithelia is to let gases and tiny molecules to diffuse more easily.

Jhan Rea Erocido Catubay says:

March 2, 2022 at 7:08 pm

Pseudostratified Epithelia

Location in the body:
Because ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia is primarily found in the larger respiratory airways of the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi,
pseudostratified epithelium is also known as respiratory epithelium.
Function:
The respiratory tract’s pseudostratified columnar epithelium aids in protection. Mucus secretion traps these foreign particles, which are then excreted from the body via sneezing or coughing. Mucus also adds moisture to the air we breathe in through our nose.

Chrystal Angelica Avengoza says:

March 2, 2022 at 11:57 pm

Simple Columnar Epithelium
It is a single layer of tall, slender columnar epithelial cells with oval-shaped nuclei that are connected to the basement membrane in the basal region. It is commonly located in the bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus. It allows absorption and secretes mucous and enzymes

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
It’s slender. It usually has two or three layers of cuboidal cells in it. This type is rather uncommon, affecting the lining of excretory ducts including salivary and sweat glands. Because it is not involved in absorption or secretion, its primary role is structural reinforcement.

Simple Columnar Epithelium
It’s made up of a single layer of scale-shaped cells. Simple squamous epithelium lines both the endothelial lining of blood vessels and the mesothelial lining of bodily cavities. Its function is to secrete lubricating substances, allowing diffusion and filtration.

Joshua Ayuban says:

March 3, 2022 at 12:12 am

Simple Squamous Epithelium Description: There is only one cell layer, and each cell is in direct touch with the basement membrane underneath it. Location: blood and lymphatic vessels, air sacs of lungs, lining of the heart Function: secrets lubricating substance, allows diffusion and filtration Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Description: is made up of a single layer of cuboidal cells with big, spherical nuclei at the center. Location: secretory ducts of small glands, kidney tubules Function: allows secretion and absorbtion Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Description: a single layer of tall, thin columnar epithelial cells with oval-shaped nuclei that are connected to the basement membrane in the basal area. Location: bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus Function: allows absorbtion, secretes mucous and enzymes

Donna Rose Abad says:

March 3, 2022 at 7:17 pm

Adipose tissue is a specialized connective tissue composed of lipid-rich cells called adipocytes. As it contains roughly 20-25 percent of total body weight in healthy persons, the main purpose of adipose tissue is to store energy in the form of lipids (fat).

Osseous tissue forms bones that allow the body to move by providing attachment sites for muscles and tendons to connect to. It also functions as structural support for the body’s interior structures, protects organs and tissues from harm, and serves as a site of mineral storage.

Elastic cartilage is identified by its dull yellow color. Its function is to change the shape of the cartilage in response to tension, compression, and bending before returning to its at-rest condition. It can be found in specific locations, primarily in the pinnae (or auricles) of the outer ear, where it helps to shape the folds that efficiently route sound waves towards the inner ear, as well as in the ear canal.

Reference:

Biology Dictionary (2019, April 26). Elastic Cartilage – Definition, Function And Location | Biology Dictionary. https://biologydictionary.net/elastic-cartilage/.

Kenhub. (n.d.). Adipose tissue: Definition, location, function | Kenhub. https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/adipose-tissue.

Study.com (2021, October 25). Connective & Bone Osseous Tissue | Function, Definition & Location |Study.com. https://study.com/learn/lesson/connective-bone-osseous-tissue-function-definition-location.html#:~:text=Osseous%20tissue%20has%20multiple%20functions,a%20site%20of%20mineral%20storage..

Ma Joanna Catherine Lopez says:

March 3, 2022 at 8:35 pm

Elastic connective tissue:
It is very elastic and its function is to maintain the shape of the structure while allowing flexibility. It is found in the external ear and in the epiglottis.

Hyaline cartilage:
Most abundant of all cartilage in the body. It provides strong support while providing pads for shock absorption. It is found in the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the cartilage of the nose, trachea, and larynx.

Blood:
Considered a specialized form of connective tissue. Blood is a bodily fluid in animals that delivers necessary substances, such as nutrients and oxygen, to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

Erika Marie Columnas says:

March 4, 2022 at 10:13 pm

The most common type of cartilage is the hyaline cartilage, which has a pearl-gray semitranslucent matrix with randomly arranged collagen fibrils but minimal elastin. It’s usually present on joint surfaces and in the cartilage that makes up the fetal skeleton.

Because it contains elastic fibres in addition to collagen, elastic cartilage, which is yellow in appearance, is more malleable than the other two types. The external ear, the auditory canal of the middle ear, and the epiglottis are all made up of it in humans.

Tendons, which are dazzling white in color and located between bone and muscle, have the strength to transmit large mechanical pressures due to their fibro-elastic structure.

References:
elastic cartilage | anatomy | Britannica. (2022). In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/elastic-cartilage

hyaline cartilage | anatomy | Britannica. (2022). In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/hyaline-cartilage
‌
Tendon Anatomy. (2012). Physiopedia. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Tendon_Anatomy

‌

Miguel Gatsi says:

March 5, 2022 at 11:19 pm

Bone (osseous) tissue is the structural and supportive connective tissue of the body that forms the rigid part of the bones that make up the skeleton. Overall, the bones of the body are an organ made up of bone tissue, bone marrow, blood vessels, epithelium, and nerves. Bone exerts important functions in the body, such as locomotion, support and protection of soft tissues, calcium and phosphate storage, and harboring of bone marrow. There are two types of bone tissue: compact and spongy. The names imply that the two types differ in density, or how tightly the tissue is packed together.

Miguel Gatsi says:

March 5, 2022 at 11:20 pm

Hyaline cartilage tissue (also referred to as hyaline connective tissue or hyaline tissue) is a type of a cartilage tissue. It is the most common type of cartilage characterized by a glossy and smooth appearance.

Miguel Gatsi says:

March 5, 2022 at 11:20 pm

Fibrocartilage is a particular type of connective tissue wherein the ground substance is cartilage. The fibrous and cartilaginous parts render this tissue extremely tough and versatile. The cell types found incorporates fibroblasts/cytes and chondroblasts/cytes. The matrix is to a great extent acidophilic due to the presence of large numbers of collagen (type I) fibers. The ground substance between the fibers is basophilic and contains chondroblasts/cytes within lacunae.

Fibrocartilage is found in the menisci of the stifle joint, symphyses (e.g., the pelvic symphysis), the annulus fibrosis of the intervertebral discs, and where ligaments and tendons attach to hyaline cartilage surfaces of joints.

Mary Cristine O. Abuso says:

March 6, 2022 at 1:09 pm

This is soo cute Natalie :>

Ellaine Rose Bahonsua says:

March 6, 2022 at 7:58 pm

Connective tissues are the most widespread and diverse among the human tissues. They are composed of three main components: protein fibers, cells, and ground substance. They perform multiple important functions, such as protection for internal organs, structural support, connecting and binding certain structures, storage of nutrients, transportation, and immune function. The three main classifications of connective tissue are the following: the connective tissue proper (ex. dense connective tissue), supporting connective tissue (ex. cartilage), and the fluid connective tissue (ex. blood).

Pinkish Galvez says:

March 6, 2022 at 11:20 pm

Connective tissue is a group of tissues that keep the body and its organs in shape while providing cohesive and internal assistance. Examples include:

1. Elastic cartilage is a form of cartilage that gives strength and elasticity to regions of the body, including the ears.

2. Adipose tissue is also known as body fat. It is present throughout the body. It’s present beneath the skin, around internal organs, between muscles, inside the bone marrow, and the breast tissue.

3. Hyaline cartilage has a shiny, smooth appearance which provides some cushioning and reduces friction between the bone ends.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

March 7, 2022 at 9:33 am

1.Elastic cartilage keeps the shape of some structures, such as the external ear, by providing elasticity and strength.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

March 7, 2022 at 9:55 am

2. Osseous tissue (bone) is a mineralized connective tissue that is hard and dense. There are different types of cells that make up bone tissue. Osteoblasts and osteocytes play a role in the production and mineralization of bone, while osteoclasts play a role in bone tissue resorption. The compact bone that has been decalcified has a completely different appearance than compact bone that still retains calcium salts in its matrix. The cell and matrix organization is not as clear.

Dennesse Mari M. Uy says:

March 7, 2022 at 9:59 am

Connective tissue has a lot of types such as bone, cartilage, fat, blood, and lymphatic tissues. Their primarily role is to maintain the form of the body and its organs as well as provide cohesion and internal support. They also have a role in filling spaces between organs and tissues and in providing metabolic support for other tissues and organs.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

March 7, 2022 at 10:02 am

3. Dense regular connective tissue mostly consists of type I collagen fibers. It can be found in ligaments, tendons, aponeurosis, and other body parts that require a lot of tensile strength. Collagen fibers are firmly packed together and aligned in a straight line.

Mary Rose Tose says:

March 7, 2022 at 11:56 am

Adipose tissue serves as a protection and also stores surplus nutrients in the form of neutral lipids and supplies nutrients to other tissues through lipolysis. This can be found in between muscles, behind the eyeballs, and directly beneath the skin.
Bone (decalcified) osseous tissue serves as a protection, supports internally and enabling movement of the body. This can be found mostly at the ends of the bone.
The elastic cartilage serves as a strength to organs and other body structures. This can be found in the ears.

Carl Paulo says:

March 7, 2022 at 5:26 pm

Epithelial tissue is made up of epithelial cells. The cells can be different shapes and can be arranged in a single layer or multiple layers depending on where they are in your body and what kind of functions they have. In biology, a cell is the smallest unit that can live on its own. Cells make up all living organisms and the tissues of your body. More than 30 trillion cells make up your body. Different types of epithelial cells based on shape include: Squamous epithelium: Squamous epithelial cells are flat and sheet-like in appearance. Cuboidal epithelium: Cuboidal epithelial cells are cube-like in appearance, meaning they have equal width, height and depth. Columnar epithelium: Columnar epithelial cells are column-like in appearance, meaning they are taller than they are wide.

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

March 7, 2022 at 8:19 pm

Dense regular connective tissue:

This is mostly filled with parallel collagen bundles with few fibroblasts that are aligned with collagen. It provides strong connections in the musculoskeletal system and allows for strong resistance against force. Some examples of this tissue type are ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses, and corneal stroma.

Elastic Cartilage:

Its major cells are chondrocytes and chondroblasts, with an ECM consisting of Type II collagen, aggrecan, and darker elastic fibers. Its primary function is to provide flexible shape and support of soft tissues. Examples of where it can be found are the external ear, external acoustic meatus, auditory tube, epiglottis, and other laryngeal cartilages.

(White) Adipose Tissue:

Its defining cells are adipocytes that are specialized for energy storage. The adipocytes of white fat are large cells with one big droplet, which pushes the nucleus and the remaining cytoplasm to the cell membrane. It is found in many organs throughout the body (20% of the body weight in adults). It can be found under the skin, around internal organs, and in the central cavity of bones.

References

Mescher, A. L., & Uchôa, J. L. C. (2018). Junqueira’s basic histology: Text and Atlas. McGraw-Hill Education.

Hernández, A. (2020). Adipose Tissue: What Is It, Location, Function, and More. Osmosis. Retrieved March 7, 2022, from https://www.osmosis.org/answers/adipose-tissue#:~:text=White%20adipose%20tissue%20is%20the%20predominant%20type%20of%20fat%20in,various%20parts%20of%20the%20body.:

Reyna May Venezuela says:

March 7, 2022 at 9:38 pm

Connective tissues bind structures together, provide a framework and support for organs and the entire body, store fat, transport substances, defend against disease, and aid in tissue repair. They can be found all over the body. Examples of these connective tissues are found in the photo, namely (1) Dense connective tissue, (2) Adipose connective tissue, and (3) Bone connective tissue

Jhoana Mae Eder says:

March 8, 2022 at 12:01 am

Connective tissues serve a variety of purposes, but their primary role is to protect, support, and connect other body tissues. As the name implies, connective tissue connects body parts. It can be found all over the body. It is the tissue type that is the most common and widely dispersed.

1. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (Elastic Cartilage) – Elastic cartilage, also known as yellow fibrocartilage, is a form of cartilage that gives specific portions of the body, such as the ears, both strength and elasticity.

2. Adipose Connective Tissue – is commonly called fat. It is, in essence, an adipose (fat) cells predominate in areolar tissue. Adipose tissue insulates the body and produces the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin. It is protected from bumps, as well as extremes of heat and cold.

3. Skeletal muscle tissue – is bundled into organs called skeletal muscles, which are linked to the skeleton, by connective tissue sheets. The so-called muscular system is made up of these muscles that may be controlled voluntarily (or consciously).

Erika Andrino says:

March 8, 2022 at 12:03 am

Elastic cartilage, which is a form of connective tissue, is one of three types of cartilage found in the human body. It is also recognized by its ability to snap back into an original form – or resting form – due to the addition of elastin fibers to the extracellular matrix. It is located in the pinna of the ear, external and internal auditory tubes, epiglottis, and larynx.

Erika Andrino says:

March 8, 2022 at 12:06 am

The primary osseous tissue function is to form bones that allow the body to move by providing attachment sites for muscles and tendons. It also provides support for internal structures, protects organs and tissues from damage, and serves as a site of mineral storage. The bone is made up of compact bone, spongy bone, and bone marrow. Compact bone makes up the outer layer of the bone. Spongy bone is found mostly at the ends of bones and contains red marrow. Bone marrow is found in the center of most bones and has many blood vessels.

Erika Andrino says:

March 8, 2022 at 12:06 am

Adipose tissue, also known as fat tissue or fatty tissue, is a connective tissue that is mainly composed of fat cells called adipocytes. Adipocytes are energy storing cells that contain large globules of fat known as lipid droplets surrounded by a structural network of fibers. It is found all over the body. It can be found under the skin (subcutaneous fat), packed around internal organs (visceral fat), between muscles, within bone marrow and in breast tissue.

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

March 8, 2022 at 6:21 pm

Connective tissues bind structures together, form a framework and support for organs and the body as a whole, store fat, transport substances, protect against disease, and help repair tissue damage. Connective tissues are characterized by an abundance of intercellular matrix with relatively few cells. Most connective tissues have a good blood supply but some do not.

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

March 8, 2022 at 6:22 pm

Hyaline cartilage is the glass-like (hyaline) and translucent cartilage found on many joint surfaces. It is also most commonly found in the ribs, nose, larynx, and trachea.

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

March 8, 2022 at 6:22 pm

Adipose tissues are connective tissue consisting mainly of fat cells (adipose cells, or adipocytes), specialized to synthesize and contain large globules of fat, within a structural network of fibres.

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

March 8, 2022 at 6:23 pm

This type of tissue contains a dense woven network of collagenous (and some elastic) fibres in a viscous matrix. It is found in joint capsules, in the connective tissue that envelops muscles (muscle fascia), and it forms dermis of skin. It is impact resistant.

Jucelle Veranio says:

March 8, 2022 at 6:29 pm

1. It is focus on the hyaline cartilage found in the larynx. The hyaline cartilage is a type of connective tissue that appears bluish white and glistening in a normal healthy joint. Its primary function is to provide some cushioning and minimize friction between the bone ends.
2. The slide is focus on the elastic cartilage found in the earlobe. Its functions are to change cartilage shape in response to tension, compression, and bending before returning to an at-rest state, and to provide a strong but flexible structure.
3. It is an adipose tissue found in the ureter of mammals. Adipose tissue, also known as fatty tissue, is a specialized connective tissue consisting of lipid-rich cells called adipocytes. Its main function is to store energy in the form of lipids (fat).

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

March 8, 2022 at 6:56 pm

Connective tissue, as its name suggests, has a linking function: it supports and links various tissues in the body. Connective tissue, unlike epithelial tissue, comprises cells distributed across an extracellular matrix of fibrous proteins and glycoproteins linked to a basement membrane. A ground substance, fibers, and cells are the main components of connective tissue.

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

March 8, 2022 at 6:59 pm

Adipose Tissue: Adipocytes are lipid-rich cells that make up this specialized connective tissue. Because it accounts for roughly 20-25 percent of total body weight in healthy people. The major roles of this type of specialized connective tissue are to store energy, protect organs, and contribute to the body's endocrine profile.

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

March 8, 2022 at 7:01 pm

Elastic Cartilage: A perichondrium is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage and is not attached to a joint. The elastic fibers of elastic cartilage can be seen when dyed. Elastic cartilage must be dyed specifically to reveal the elastic fibers.

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

March 8, 2022 at 7:03 pm

Reticular Connective Tissue: The supporting structure of the lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils), bone marrow, and liver is made up of loose connective tissue with reticular fibers as the most significant fibrous component. Reticular fibers (type III collagen) are too thin to stain in standard histological preparations, but they can be easily identified using procedures that include the glycosaminoglycan surface layer reducing silver from silver nitrate.

Ma. Disa Ricafort says:

March 8, 2022 at 8:42 pm

Connective tissue is essential as it provides a protective structural framework for other tissues. Moreover, it does much more than just connect the body parts. Its functions include binding, support, protection, insulation, storage, and transportation of substances throughout the body.
Connective tissue is extremely abundant in the body, with many different forms. Some of these include adipose tissue, cartilage, and osseous tissue.
Adipose connective tissue consists of fat cells, which store nutrients and insulate the body.
Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant and characterized by a glossy and smooth appearance. It is amorphous but firm and thus good at reinforcing and cushioning structures.
Osseous tissue or the bone is a hard and mineralized connective tissue. The matrix of bone is similar to cartilage in that there is lots of collagen, but there
are also inorganic calcium salts, which makes bone so hard.

Elijah Dave M. Cordova says:

March 8, 2022 at 10:31 pm

Elastic cartilage: The cartilage is an unusual connective tissue in that it is avascular, i.e., it has no blood vessels coursing through it. This is why cartilages do not heal very well. The cartilage found in the outer ear gets its elasticity from a gel containing elastin protein fibers that fill up its intercellular matter.

Elijah Dave M. Cordova says:

March 8, 2022 at 10:35 pm

Adipose tissue: The fat tissue is made of tightly packed adipose cells, each containing a large fat-filled vacuole. Its intercellular matter is made of small amounts of protein fibers these fat cells secrete. Adipose tissues provide reservoirs of food (for energy), support and protect the organs they enclose, and insulate to prevent heat loss and maintain optimum body temperature.

Elijah Dave M. Cordova says:

March 8, 2022 at 10:38 pm

Dense Regularly-Arranged Fibrous Connective Tissue – This fibrous connective tissue has its collagen arranged in a single direction, making it unidirectionally strong. This tissue is found in tendons, i.e., cords that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments, i.e., cords that connect bones together. It can also be found in the dura matter which encloses the brain and spinal cord, the fascia which encloses muscles, and the perichondrium and periosteum which enclose cartilage and bones.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

March 9, 2022 at 10:25 am

𝐒𝐊𝐄𝐋𝐄𝐓𝐀𝐋 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐂𝐋𝐄
The skeletal muscle fibers are the most common muscles in the body. They are characterized as 𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗴 𝗰𝘆𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹, 𝗺𝘂𝗹𝘁𝗶-𝗻𝘂𝗰𝗹𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱. Its 𝘃𝗼𝗹𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗹 lets you move your bones, which are vital in everyday activities.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

March 9, 2022 at 10:30 am

𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐃𝐈𝐀𝐂 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐂𝐋𝐄
Cardiac muscle tissues form the muscle surrounding the heart. They are 𝘀𝗵𝗼𝗿𝘁 𝗯𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗳𝗶𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘀, 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗮 𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗲, 𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝗹𝗼𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗻𝘂𝗰𝗹𝗲𝘂𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝗵𝗼𝘄 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗮𝘀 𝘀𝗸𝗲𝗹𝗲𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗰𝗹𝗲. However, contrary to the skeletal muscle, cardiac muscles have 𝗶𝗻𝘃𝗼𝗹𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗹 to maintain life as they play a role in the mechanical motion of pumping blood throughout the body.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

March 9, 2022 at 10:39 am

𝐒𝐌𝐎𝐎𝐓𝐇 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐂𝐋𝐄
Smooth muscle cells are 𝘀𝗽𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗹𝗲-𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗲𝗱 (𝗳𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺) 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗮 𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗲, 𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝗹𝗼𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗻𝘂𝗰𝗹𝗲𝘂𝘀. The name smooth muscle suits itself as they are 𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗱𝗼 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝘀𝗵𝗼𝘄 𝗮 𝗻𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲. Moreover, they have 𝗶𝗻𝘃𝗼𝗹𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗹.

This type of muscle tissue has various functions in the body. Smooth muscle tissues are essential in blood vessels to maintain blood pressure and flow. It is also important in the lungs to open and close airways and the gastrointestinal system that has a role in motility and nutrition collection.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

March 9, 2022 at 11:34 am

Elastic cartilage – sometimes referred to as yellow fibrocartilage, is a type of cartilage that provides both strength and elasticity to certain parts of the body, such as the ears. Within the outer ear, it provides the skeletal basis of the pinna, as well as the lateral region of the external auditory meatus.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

March 9, 2022 at 11:47 am

Adipose tissue – is a specialized connective tissue consisting of lipid-rich cells called adipocytes. As it comprises about 20-25% of total body weight in healthy individuals, the main function of adipose tissue is to store energy in the form of lipids (fat).

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

March 9, 2022 at 11:53 am

White fibrous tissue – is dense regular connective tissue that has a silvery white colour/appearance and is physically tough, yet pliable. It consists of fibroblasts interspersed among many collagen fibres which are often aligned in the same direction, forming a mechanically strong structure. It is present in many locations throughout the body, including skin (e.g. dermis), ligaments, tendons, cartilage and bones.

Joshua Ayuban says:

March 9, 2022 at 12:24 pm

Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Description: Contains densely packed collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles.
Location: Dense regular connective tissues can be in the form of your tendons and ligaments.
Function: Because of their strength and flexibility, they give a lot of protection to the structures that they bind and/or encapsulate.

Areolar Tissue
Description: is the most widely distributed solid connective tissue in the body.
Location: can be seen between the skin and muscles; in the bone marrow as well as around the blood vessels and nerves.
Function: It supports and protects organs, muscles, and a variety of other tissues. It also aids in binding the skin together.

Adipose Tissue
Description: a specialized connective tissue mainly composed of fat cells known as adipocytes.
Location: subcutaneous layer under the skin; around the heart, kidneys, and nerve tissue
Function: Energy storing, hormone production, thermal isolation,

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

March 9, 2022 at 2:42 pm

The Elastic cartilage a, described in Britannica, is yellow in appearance is more pliable than the other two forms because it contains elastic fibers and collagen. In humans, it makes up the external ear, the auditory tube of the middle ear, and the epiglottis. Want to know more? You can check this link for more information on Elastic cartilage: https://www.britannica.com/science/cartilage#ref213487

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

March 9, 2022 at 2:44 pm

What is Dense connective tissue? According to Rachel Baxter, a dense regular connective tissue comprises type I collagen fibers. It is found in areas of the body where large amounts of tensile strength are required, like ligaments, tendons, and aponeurosis. The collagen fibers are densely packed together and arranged in parallel. This arrangement allows the fibers to have excellent resistance to forces pulling along a single axis and gives some ability to stretch. Tendons and ligaments attach to bones, and the role of dense regular connective tissue is to transfer forces to bones. Read more: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/dense-connective-tissue

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

March 9, 2022 at 2:46 pm

Bone tissue is a tissue that gives strength and structure to bones. Bone comprises compact tissue (the hard, outer layer) and cancellous tissue (the spongy, inner layer that contains red marrow). Bone tissue is maintained by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts and cells that break down bone called osteoclasts. Bones also contain blood vessels, nerves, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. It is also called osseous tissue. More informations here:https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/bone-tissue

Carl Paulo says:

March 9, 2022 at 9:32 pm

connective tissue are a group of tissues in the body that maintain the form of the body and its organs and provide cohesion and internal support. The connective tissues include several types of fibrous tissue that vary only in their density and cellularity, as well as the more specialized and recognizable variants—bone, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, and adipose (fat) tissue.

Dinah Marie Cabrera says:

March 9, 2022 at 9:33 pm

1. ADIPOSE TISSUE, commonly known as “body fat,” is found in specific locations in the body which are called as “adipose depots”. It can be found around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow), in the intermuscular (Muscular system), beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), and in the breast (breast tissue). It functions as a fuel tank for the storage of triglycerides and lipids.
2. AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE found across the body, specifically under the epithelial cell layer of organ systems with external openings, like the digestive tract, respiratory system, and under the dermis of the skin. It connects epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues and supports organs in place. It also acts as a water and salt reservoir for the surrounding tissues.

3. ELASTIC CARTILAGE is found in the larynx, the external part of the ear (pinna), and the tube leading from the middle part of the ear to the throat (eustachian or auditory tube). It provides strength, elasticity, and maintains the shape of a certain structure such as the external ear.

Joanna Mae S. Canin says:

March 9, 2022 at 11:25 pm

1. Osseous/Bone Tissue
Bone tissue is a mineralized, viscous-elastic connective tissue that serves important functions in the body, including tissue support and protection, as well as mineral storage. The bone also take part in our bodies’ hematopoietic and mineral homeostasis processes.

2. Adipose Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue)
A tissue that also serves as filler tissue, cushions, supports, and insulates the body. Adipose tissue is a loose, connective tissue made up of sac-like adipose cells that specialize in fat storage. Adipose cells can be found in the subcutaneous layer of the skin, around the kidneys, within joint padding, and in the marrow of long bones.

3. Cartilage (Hyaline Cartilage)
Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that coats the surfaces of the bones in our joints and cushions them against impact to keep joint motion fluid. It is stiffer and less flexible than muscle tissue, but not as rigid as our bone. The most common type of cartilage in the body is the hyaline cartilage. The ends of the bone surfaces are coated with this smooth, transparent, glassy cartilage, which reduces friction in the joints. It is firmly attached to the bone and is in charge of allowing the bones in a joint to move freely.

Chrystal Angelica Avengoza says:

March 9, 2022 at 11:38 pm

Loose Connective Tissue
Many organs have loose connective tissue that works as a shock absorber as well as a tissue binder. It lets water, salts, and various nutrients to pass through to cells and tissues that are near or embedded. Fat storage cells make up the majority of adipose tissue, with little extracellular matrix.

Adipose Tissue
Adipose tissue is a loose collection of specialized cells called adipocytes buried in a network of collagen fibers that lies three layers under the skin. Its primary purpose in the body is to store lipids and triglycerides as a fuel source.

Bone Osseous Tissue
Bone tissue that provides strength and structure. Bone is made up of two layers: compact tissue (the hard outer layer) and cancellous tissue (the soft interior layer) (the spongy, inner layer that contains red marrow). Osteoblasts, which produce bone, and osteoclasts, which break down bone, keep osseous tissue in good shape.

Ma Joanna Catherine Lopez says:

March 10, 2022 at 5:18 pm

Skeletal muscle contains bundles of very long, multinucleated cells with cross-striations. Their contraction is quick, forceful, and usually under voluntary control. They are found in your skeleton.
Cardiac muscle also has cross-striations and is composed of elongated, often branched cells bound to one another at structures called intercalated discs that are unique to cardiac muscle. Contraction is involuntary, vigorous, and rhythmic. They are found in your heart.
Smooth muscle consists of collections of fusiform cells that lack striations and have slow, involuntary contractions. Their location is found in your G.I. tract, uterus, eyes, and blood vessels.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

March 10, 2022 at 6:30 pm

1. Skeletal muscle is muscle tissue attached to bones by tendons, which are bundles of collagen fibers. Whether you are moving your eyes or running a marathon, you are using skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscle tissue is the most common type of muscle tissue in the human body. By weight, an average adult male is about 42 percent skeletal muscles, and the average adult female is about 36 percent skeletal muscles.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

March 10, 2022 at 6:30 pm

2. Cardiac muscle is found only in the wall of the heart. It is also called myocardium. Contractions of cardiac muscle are involuntary, like those of smooth muscles. Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated because its filaments are arranged in sarcomeres inside the muscle fibers. However, in cardiac muscle, the myofibrils are branched at irregular angles rather than arranged in parallel rows (as they are in skeletal muscle)

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

March 10, 2022 at 6:30 pm

3. Smooth muscle is muscle tissue in the walls of internal organs and other internal structures such as blood vessels. When smooth muscles contract, they help the organs and vessels carry out their functions. Unlike the muscle fibers of striated muscle tissue, the myocytes of smooth muscle tissue do not have their filaments arranged in sarcomeres. Therefore, smooth tissue is not striated.

Reynavel E. Ciballos says:

March 10, 2022 at 11:37 pm

Skeletal muscle is an excitable, contractile tissue responsible for maintaining posture and moving the orbits, coupled with the appendicular and axial bones. It links to bones and the orbits by tendons. Excitable tissue reacts to stimuli via electrical impulses. Contractile tissue is able to create tension of force.

Cardiac muscle- The heart is made up of cardiac muscle tissue, also known as myocardium. The heart pumps blood across the body thanks to this muscular tissue, which contracts and relaxes uncontrollably.

Esophagus muscle tissue- Striated (voluntary) muscle makes up the majority of the upper portion of the esophagus. Striated and smooth (involuntary) muscles are found in the middle third, whereas smooth muscle is only seen in the bottom third. Two sphincters, or drawstring muscles, close the esophagus’s channels.

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

March 11, 2022 at 10:43 am

Skeletal Muscle: are muscles that attach to your bones and allow you to move and operate in a variety of ways. Skeletal muscles are voluntary, which means you have complete control over how and when they contract.

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

March 11, 2022 at 10:44 am

Cardiac Muscle: it can only be found in your heart, where it coordinates contractions to help your heart to pump blood via your circulatory system.

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

March 11, 2022 at 10:48 am

Smooth Muscle: also known as involuntary muscle, is distributed throughout the body and serves a variety of functions.

JeLoisyy says:

March 11, 2022 at 10:08 pm

Elastic Cartilage is commonly found in the ears, but it can also be found in the larynx and epiglottis

JeLoisyy says:

March 11, 2022 at 10:10 pm

Adipose tissues are commonly known as body fat and can be located in many areas of the body. It is found under the skin, around the internal organs, in the bone marrow, and in the breast tissues.

Pinkish Galvez says:

March 11, 2022 at 10:10 pm

Muscle tissue is classified into three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Each type of muscle tissue has its structure and function in the human body.

1. Smooth muscle is found all over the body. Its roles include moving food, involuntary regulation of respiration, secretion movement, and controlling blood circulation in arteries through a contraction.

2. Cardiac muscle tissue is a unique, well-organized tissue found only in the human heart. It keeps your heart pumping and the circulation flowing throughout the body.

3. Skeletal muscles contract and relax in response to voluntary nervous system impulses to bind to and move bones.

JeLoisyy says:

March 11, 2022 at 10:12 pm

Blood cells are found all over the body where there are capillaries. It is initially made in the bone marrow, the soft spongy material found in the center of the bones.

Clare Eulette B. Galleposo says:

March 11, 2022 at 10:30 pm

1. Elastic connective tissue is a type of thick connective tissue that has a lot of elastic fibers in addition to collagen fibers, allowing it to stretch back to its original length.

2. The most common type of cartilage is hyaline cartilage connective tissue, which has a glossy and smooth appearance and is mostly found around the bones of free-moving joints.

3. Blood is one of the connective tissues and the only liquid tissue in the body, weighing roughly 5 liters and accounting for 8% of body weight in an adult person.

Erika Marie Columnas says:

March 11, 2022 at 11:50 pm

The muscle tissue is composed of three types: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal.
1. Cardiac muscle cells are found in the heart’s walls and have a striped (striated) appearance. They are controlled involuntarily.
2. Smooth muscle fibers, with the exception of the heart, are found in the walls of hollow visceral organs (such as the liver, pancreas, and intestines), are spindle-shaped, and are under involuntary control.
3. Muscle fibers that are connected to the skeleton are known as skeletal muscle fibers. They have a striated appearance and are controlled by the user.

Reference:
Types of muscle tissue: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image. (2021). Medlineplus.gov. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19841.htm#:~:text=The%203%20types%20of%20muscle,cardiac%2C%20smooth%2C%20and%20skeletal.

Rosemehlyn Rizon Taraya says:

March 12, 2022 at 1:15 am

Clear copy of the poster and raw illustration of the animal cell is accessible through: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1KaKuXmi25G6OzkqKRvR5L4XZfkUwp-Sm?usp=sharing

Donna Rose Abad says:

March 12, 2022 at 12:32 pm

Cardiac muscle, found only in the myocardium, contracts in response to signals from the cardiac conduction system to make the heart beat. Cardiac muscle is made from cells called cardiocytes. Like skeletal muscle cells cardiocytes have a striated appearance, but their overall structure is shorter and thicker.

Skeletal muscles attach to and move bones by contracting and relaxing in response to voluntary messages from the nervous system. Skeletal muscle tissue is composed of long cells called muscle fibers that have a striated appearance. Muscle fibers are organized into bundles supplied by blood vessels and innervated by motor neurons.

Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs throughout the body. Smooth muscle contractions are involuntary movements triggered by impulses that travel through the autonomic nervous system to the smooth muscle tissue. The arrangement of cells within smooth muscle tissue allows for contraction and relaxation with great elasticity.

Source:
Visible Body (n.d.). Muscle Tissue Types | Learn Muscular Anatomy. Muscle Tissue Types | Learn Muscular Anatomy. Retrieved from https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/muscular/muscle-types

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

March 12, 2022 at 2:34 pm

1. SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE consists of small, closely packed fusiform cells that are mononucleated, with the nuclei centrally located. Compared to the other muscle tissue, it has no striations. This tissue is commonly found in the blood vessels, digestive and respiratory tracts, uterus, bladder, and other organs. Its key function is involuntary movements.

2. SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE has cells that are multinucleated, cylindrical, long, and striated, with their nuclei in a peripheral location adjacent to the sarcolemma. Its major locations are the muscular system, tongue, diaphragm, eyes, and upper esophagus. The key function of the said tissue is for voluntary movement.

3. CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE has cells that are aligned in a branching arrangement, mononucleated, cylindrical, and striated, with its nucleus being centrally located. The cells are linked by adherent and gap junctions at prominent intercalated discs. The tissue’s major location is the heart. Its key function is the automatic or involuntary pumping of blood.

Reference:

Mescher, A. L., & Uchôa, J. L. C. (2018). Junqueira’s basic histology: Text and Atlas. McGraw-Hill Education.

Duchess Mariss Cloma says:

March 12, 2022 at 4:28 pm

Muscle is one of the most abundant tissues in animals and humans. It is composed of cells with the ability to contract and therefore provide a particular movement to different parts of the body.

There are three types of muscle tissue in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Each of these muscle tissue types has a specific structure and function. While skeletal muscle is controlled voluntarily by the somatic nervous system, smooth and cardiac muscle tissues are controlled involuntarily by the autonomic nervous system.

Source: https://theory.labster.com/muscle_tissue/

Duchess Mariss Cloma says:

March 12, 2022 at 4:55 pm

Since I can’t upload large file here in Getaprofessor, for a clearer picture, here is the link:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ePO4lhMemBOWIuQMDgTo1DZbVxnlDMFj/view?usp=sharing

Barbara Zaragoza says:

March 12, 2022 at 6:14 pm

Cardiac Muscle has the property of contraction in a vigorous, rhythmic, and involuntary manner. This type of muscle tissue has striations and intercalated discs which makes this unique among the three.

Barbara Zaragoza says:

March 12, 2022 at 6:16 pm

Smooth Muscle is composed of fusiform cells and lacks striations. It has the property of slow and involuntary contractions.

Barbara Zaragoza says:

March 12, 2022 at 6:17 pm

Skeletal Muscle like the Cardiac muscle has striations. However, it is multinucleated with a contraction of a quick, forceful, and voluntary manner.

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

March 12, 2022 at 9:27 pm

Cardiac Muscle

Dyanne Nicole Zerna says:

March 12, 2022 at 10:11 pm

1.) Skeletal muscle is also referred to as voluntary muscle since it may be controlled consciously or voluntarily in accordance to nerve cell inputs. It is similar to the cardiac muscle which is sometimes known to as striated (“striped”) due to its streaked or striped appearance under the microscope.

2.) Cardiac muscle is located solely in the heart and, while it is striated the same as skeletal muscle, it works involuntarily. Cardiac and the majority of smooth muscles are autorhythmic, meaning it may contract spontaneously in the absence of nervous or hormonal stimuli.

3.) Smooth muscle is present all over the body, including the walls of hollow organs like the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems, tubes such as blood vessels and airways, as well as other areas like the interior of the eye.

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

March 12, 2022 at 10:14 pm

Skeletal muscle fibers are cylindrical, multinucleated, striated, and under voluntary control.

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

March 12, 2022 at 10:15 pm

Smooth muscle cells are spindle shaped, have a single, centrally located nucleus, and lack striations.

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

March 12, 2022 at 10:15 pm

Cardiac muscle has branching fibers, one nucleus per cell, striations, and intercalated disks. Its contraction is not under voluntary control.

Dyanne Nicole Zerna says:

March 12, 2022 at 10:17 pm

Types of muscle tissue. (n.d.). https://content.byui.edu/file/a236934c-3c60-4fe9-90aa-d343b3e3a640/1/module7/readings/type_muscle_tissue.html

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

March 12, 2022 at 10:42 pm

According to my source found: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325530#:~:text=Cardiacmuscletissueormyocardium,pumpingbloodaroundthebody. Cardiac muscle tissue, or myocardium, is a specialized muscle tissue that forms the heart. This muscle tissue, which contracts and releases involuntarily, keeps the heart pumping blood around the body.

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

March 12, 2022 at 10:44 pm

Skeletal muscle is one of the three significant muscle tissues in the human body. Each skeletal muscle consists of thousands of muscle fibers wrapped together by connective tissue sheaths. The individual bundles of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle are known as fasciculi. This is according to: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537236/#:~:text=Skeletalmuscleisoneof,muscleareknownasfasciculi.

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

March 12, 2022 at 10:45 pm

What is a Mammalian Smooth Muscle Tissue? The muscle tissue in mammals and other higher animals is usually described as either striated, cardiac, or smooth, depending on its function and appearance. The most studied of these types of tissue is a striated muscle, but a significant body of information has been compiled on smooth and cardiac muscles as well.

Miguel Gatsi says:

March 12, 2022 at 11:25 pm

Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the heart, where it performs coordinated contractions that allow your heart to pump blood through your circulatory system. Intercalated disc – supports the synchronized contraction of cardiac tissues. It bonds muscle cells together and transmits signals between cells. Branching – where the cardiac Muscle separates into different segment Striations – are highly organized tissues that create force and contraction as support for the pumping of blood into the body Nucleus – the cardiac muscle only contains one nucleus which houses the genetic material of the cell

Miguel Gatsi says:

March 12, 2022 at 11:25 pm

Skeletal Muscle – voluntary or striated muscle, consists of muscle fibers, which are long, cylindrical and with multinucleated cells. This muscle is for fast and rapid contractions. This picture is a striated muscle with nuclei that is under the skeletal muscle (muscle tissue). The skeletal muscle is a form of striated muscle tissue that is under voluntary control of the somatic nervous system. Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones by bundles of collagen givers known as tendons. The skeletal muscle moves the body and is responsible for locomotion.

Miguel Gatsi says:

March 12, 2022 at 11:26 pm

Smooth muscle is made up of cells that contain a single central nucleus. The cells stick together and are connected by specialized cell junctions, called gap junctions. The cells are spindle shaped, and the nucleus is central.

Angelyn Evan Bomediano says:

March 13, 2022 at 12:16 am

The human body has 600 muscles. Muscles do everything from pumping blood to lifting large weights or giving birth. Muscles contract or relax to motion. This movement may be voluntary (meaning made consciously) or unconscious (involuntary).

Muscles are classified as follows:

Skeletal muscle — connective tissue that provides movement. The musculoskeletal system includes muscles and bones (also known as the locomotor system). The biceps and triceps on either side of the upper arm are examples of opposing skeletal muscle pairs. Voluntary muscles are skeletal muscles that are controlled by our conscious mind. Microscope images of the muscle tissue seem striped or striated.

Smooth muscle is found in the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels such as arteries. Smooth muscle is layered and contracts in waves along its length. Smooth muscle motion occurs without our conscious awareness, hence the phrase involuntary muscle.

Cardiac muscle: the heart’s own muscle. The heart contracts and relaxes automatically.

Reference
Muscles. (n.d.). Better Health Channel – Better Health Channel. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/muscles

Hannah Isabel Ancheta says:

March 13, 2022 at 1:15 am

On the left is the cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle has branching fibers, one nucleus per cell, striations, and intercalated disks. Its contraction is not under voluntary control.

Hannah Isabel Ancheta says:

March 13, 2022 at 1:16 am

The drawing on the center is the skeletal muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle fibers are cylindrical, multinucleated, striated, and under voluntary control.

Hannah Isabel Ancheta says:

March 13, 2022 at 1:16 am

The one on the right is the smooth muscle tissue. Smooth muscle cells are spindle shaped, have a single, centrally located nucleus, and lack striations. They are called involuntary muscles.

Rhamises Ragpa says:

March 13, 2022 at 1:26 am

Skeletal muscle fibers – long cylindrical, multinucleated, striated, voluntary

Cardiac muscle – short branching fibers, single, centrally located nucleus, striated, involuntary

Smooth muscle – spindle-shaped (fusiform) cells, single, centrally located nucleus, involuntary control, striated, uniform appearance

Derrick Ocaña says:

March 13, 2022 at 7:06 am

Body fat is a term used to describe adipose tissue. It can be found in every part of the body. It’s found beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), between muscles, in bone marrow, and in breast tissue. The adipose tissue is a key metabolic organ in maintaining energy homeostasis throughout the body. The brown adipose tissue accumulates lipids for cold-induced adaptive thermogenesis, whereas the white adipose tissue serves as a key energy reservoir for other organs.

Derrick Ocaña says:

March 13, 2022 at 7:08 am

Elastic connective tissue is a type of dense connective tissue that contains a lot of elastic fibers in addition to collagen fibers, allowing it to stretch back to its original length. This type of connective tissue can be found in tendons and ligaments.

Derrick Ocaña says:

March 13, 2022 at 7:10 am

Fibrous connective tissue, or FCT, is one of the different types of connective tissue. Collagen, a protein known for providing strength and stability, makes up the majority of this high-strength, slightly stretchy tissue. Collagen can be found in almost every part of our body that provides support, including our muscles, bones, and skin. Water and polysaccharides, which are complex strands of carbohydrates that also provide support, are the other two main components of FCT. Fibrous connective tissue’s primary function is to provide support and shock absorption to our bones and organs. A histological section of fibrous connective tissue is shown on the next slide. Collagen fibers are the pink fibers that run through the tissue.

Elijah Dave M. Cordova says:

March 13, 2022 at 10:01 am

Muscle tissue cells (myocytes) exhibit contractility to produce motion. These cells are also excitable, i.e., they respond to stimuli. Muscle movements are either voluntary or involuntary.

1. Skeletal Muscle
a. Structure: It comprises long cylindrical fibers and it has many peripheral located nuclei. These muscles are striated.
b. Function: These muscles voluntarily move, produce heat, and protect the organs.
c. Location: They are attached to bones and around entry and exit sites of the body, e.g., mouth and anus.

2. Cardiac Muscle
a. Structure: It is short, striated, and has a single central nucleus. It has branching fibers and intercalated disks.
b. Function: It involuntarily contracts to pump blood.
c. Location: It is found in the heart.

3. Smooth Muscle
a. Structure: It is short, spindle-shaped, has no evident striation, and has a single nucleus in each fiber.
b. Function: It involuntarily moves food, control respiration, controls secretion, and regulates blood flow in arteries by contraction.
c. Location: It is found in the walls of major organs and passageways of the body.

Reference:
Biga, L. M., Dawson, S., Harwell, A., Hopkins, R., Kaufmann, J., LeMaster, M., Matern, P., Morrison-Graham, K., Quick, D., & Runyeon, J. (2019, September 26). 4.4 Muscle Tissue. Oregonstate.education; OpenStax/Oregon State University. https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/4-4-muscle-tissue/

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

March 13, 2022 at 2:52 pm

1.Skeletal muscles are voluntary, which means that you control when and how they would move. The nerves present in your somatic nervous system send signals that promote productivity. For instance, you use skeletal muscles in your neck, arm, and shoulder when you reach for a book on a shelf.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

March 13, 2022 at 2:59 pm

2. Cardiac muscles are involuntary, which means you cannot control them. Also, you can only find it in your heart. They aid in blood circulation throughout your body by assisting your heart. Your autonomic nervous system control these involuntary muscles. Thus, they work without your intervention and cannot consciously control them.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

March 13, 2022 at 3:05 pm

3. Smooth muscles are also involuntary, which means they are uncontrollable. Your organs, arteries, digestive tract, and certain body parts consist of smooth muscle. The autonomic nervous system controls them as well. For instance, the muscles in the urinary system help remove waste and harmful substances from your body.

Ellaine Rose Bahonsua says:

March 13, 2022 at 3:18 pm

Muscle tissues are made up of cells that can contract when stimulated so that they can generate a force, which produces movement. There are three types of muscle tissue, namely the (1) cardiac muscle tissue, (2) skeletal muscle tissue, and the (3) smooth muscle tissue.

Cardiac muscle tissue is short, often branching, and has striations. They have one or two nuclei and are connected by intercalated discs.

Skeletal muscle tissue is made up of long cylindrical cells called skeletal muscle fibers that multinucleated, striated, parallel to one another and are unbranched.

Smooth muscle tissue is not striated and has cells that are short and tapered at the ends.

Mycah Jane C. Pata says:

March 13, 2022 at 8:12 pm

Muscle tissue is made up of cells that has the ability to shorten or contract in order to move bodily components. Skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue are three types of muscle tissue.

– Skeletal muscle are cylindrical, multinucleated, and straited.
– Smooth muscle are spindle-shaped, lack striations, and have single, central nucleus. Also, it is called involuntary muscle.
– Cardiac muscle has striations, intercalated disks, branching fibers and one nucleus per cell.

Reference:
NIH (n.d.). Muscle Tissue. Retrieved from https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/tissues/muscle.html

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

March 13, 2022 at 9:00 pm

Here are two of the many distinctions to differentiate the three muscle tissues:
1. Shape
Cardiac muscle: branching fibers
Smooth muscle: spindle-shaped
Skeletal muscle: cylindrical
2. Nucleus
Cardiac muscle: one nucleus per cell
Smooth muscle: one nucleus and it is centrally located
Skeletal muscle: multinucleated

Trisha Teves says:

March 13, 2022 at 9:10 pm

Hyaline cartilage provides mechanical support for the respiratory tree, nose, articular surfaces, and developing bones. Elastic cartilage has abundant elastic fibers in addition to collagen, making the matrix much more elastic than hyaline cartilage. Elastic cartilage supports structures subjected to frequent deformation, including the larynx, epiglottis, and external ear. Fibrocartilage has features of both dense connective tissue (an abundance of thick collagen fibers) and cartilage (a prominent glycosaminoglycan matrix). It is tough and deformable, appropriate for its role in intervertebral disks and insertions of tendons.

References:
Hyaline cartilage. (n.d.). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/hyaline-cartilage

Diane Llanera says:

March 13, 2022 at 9:14 pm

Muscle tissue is made up of cells with the unique capacity to shorten or contract in order to cause bodily components to move. The tissue is densely packed with cells and has a good supply of blood vessels.

Diane Llanera says:

March 13, 2022 at 9:14 pm

Skeletal muscle – Skeletal muscle is one of the human body's three major muscle tissues. Thousands of muscle fibers are bound together by connective tissue sheaths in each skeletal muscle.

Diane Llanera says:

March 13, 2022 at 9:14 pm

Cardiac muscle – Cardiac muscle (also known as heart muscle or myocardium) is one of three forms of muscle tissue found in vertebrates. The other two are skeletal and smooth muscle. It is an involuntary, striated muscle that makes up the majority of the heart's wall tissue.

Diane Llanera says:

March 13, 2022 at 9:14 pm

Smooth muscle – Smooth muscle is a non-striated, involuntary muscle that lacks sarcomeres and thus no striations. Smooth muscle is classified into two types: single-unit and multiunit. The entire bundle or sheet of smooth muscle cells contracts as a syncytium within single-unit muscle.

Ponciano Y. Daclan III says:

March 13, 2022 at 10:28 pm

Skeletal Muscle Tissue (Center Illustration) – striated, voluntary control. The skeletal movements are controlled by this type of muscle, which is linked to the bone. The skeletal muscles are controlled by the peripheral component of the central nervous system (CNS). These muscles can be controlled voluntarily or consciously. The muscle fiber, which has numerous nuclei, is the fundamental unit. These muscle fibers are striated (meaning they have transverse streaks) and function independently of one another. Movement, heat production, and posture are the three main functions of skeletal muscle.

Ponciano Y. Daclan III says:

March 13, 2022 at 10:29 pm

Cardiac Muscle Tissue (Left Illustration) – striated, involuntary control. The autonomic nervous system also controls the type of muscle found in the heart’s walls. Like smooth muscle, the cardiac muscle has a single central nucleus, but it is also striated like skeletal muscle. The heart muscle cell is shaped like a rectangle. Cardiac muscle contractions are involuntary, powerful, and regular.

Dennesse Mari M. Uy says:

March 13, 2022 at 10:30 pm

Muscles tissues are categorized into three: skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissues. Generally, these tissues have the ability to contract which is important in production of body movements and are as well supplied with blood vessels.

1. Cardiac muscle tissue – contraction of this is not voluntary. It has branching fibers, striations and intercalated disks.
2. Skeletal muscle – contraction is controlled voluntarily. It is multinucleated, striated and cylindrical.
3. Smooth muscle – contraction is involuntary. Cells are spindle-shaped and has an eccentric nucleus.

Ponciano Y. Daclan III says:

March 13, 2022 at 10:30 pm

Smooth Muscle Tissue (Right Illustration) – nonstriated, involuntary control.The autonomic nervous system regulates the type of muscle present in the walls of hollow internal organs such as blood vessels, the gastrointestinal tract, the bladder, and the uterus. Smooth muscle is incapable of cognitive control and hence operates spontaneously. The spindle-shaped nonstriated (smooth) muscle cell has one central nucleus. Smooth muscle contracts slowly and in a regular pattern.

Dennesse Mari M. Uy says:

March 13, 2022 at 10:31 pm

Reference: National Cancer Institute. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/tissues/muscle.html#:~:text=Muscle%20tissue%20is%20composed%20of,well%20supplied%20with%20blood%20vessels.

Reyna May Venezuela says:

March 13, 2022 at 10:56 pm

Muscle tissue is made up of cells with the unique capacity to shorten or contract in order to cause bodily components to move.
The tissue is densely packed with cells and has a good supply of blood vessels.
Because the cells are long and slender, they are sometimes referred to as muscle fibers, and they are typically grouped in bundles or layers surrounded by connective tissue.
Muscle tissue contains contractile proteins such as actin and myosin.

Skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue are the three types of muscle tissue.

Jhoana Mae Eder says:

March 14, 2022 at 10:36 am

Muscle tissues are the soft tissues that make up the many types of muscles found in most animals and allow them to contract. Skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue are the three types of muscle tissue.

1. Cardiac Muscle Tissue – it is in control with the autonomic nervous system and the the type of muscle found in the heart’s walls. Like smooth muscle, the cardiac muscle has a single central nucleus, but it is also striated like skeletal muscle.

2. Skeletal Muscle Tissue – The skeletal movements are controlled by this type of muscle, which is linked to the bone. The skeletal muscles are controlled by the peripheral component of the central nervous system (CNS). These muscles can be controlled voluntarily or consciously.

3. Smooth Muscle Tissue – The autonomic nervous system controls smooth muscle, which is located in the walls of hollow internal organs such as blood vessels, the gastrointestinal tract, the bladder, and the uterus. Smooth muscle is incapable of conscious control and hence functions involuntarily. Non-striated.

Maxine says:

March 14, 2022 at 7:18 pm

Muscle tissue is made up of cells with the unique ability to shorten or contract in response to the movement of body components. The tissue is densely cellular and well-vascularized. Skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue are all types of muscle tissue.

Muscle Tissue. (n.d.). National Cancer Institute. Retrieved March 14, 2022, from https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/tissues/muscle.html#:~:text=Muscle%20tissue%20is%20composed%20of,well%20supplied%20with%20blood%20vessels.

Jan Christian M. Sienes says:

March 14, 2022 at 8:12 pm

Muscle tissue is a specialized tissue found in animals that acts by contracting and applying forces to various sections of the body. Muscle tissue is present in humans as well.

Most of your body’s muscles are made up of skeletal muscles (sometimes referred to as voluntary muscles). Tendons and skin connect skeletal muscles to bones. Assistance with bodily movements is their responsibility. Skeletal muscle is multinucleated, striated and cylindrical.

Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and, although it is striated in the same way as skeletal muscle, it works involuntarily. It is in charge of the heart’s capacity to pump blood efficiently. Cardiac muscle has branching fibers, striations, and intercalated disks.

When you don’t move your body, your muscles are called smooth muscles. They don’t have sarcomers, so they don’t have stripes. Body parts that have smooth muscle, such as hollow organs and tubes like blood vessels and airways, as well as other parts of the body like the inside of your eye all have this type of muscle.

Mary Rose Tose says:

March 14, 2022 at 10:34 pm

The cardiac muscle tissue makes the works to keep pumping the heart through involuntary movements. This can be found in the walls of the heart.
The smooth muscle tissue helps with the digestion process and collection of all nutrients in the body. This can be found in the intestines, pancreas, and liver.
The skeletal muscle tissue is attached to the bones and moves along the bones that contracts and relax in response to voluntary movements or messages from the nervous system. This can be found between the bones.

Erika Andrino says:

March 15, 2022 at 12:53 am

Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the heart. Highly coordinated contractions of cardiac muscle pump blood into the vessels of the circulatory system. Similar to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated and organized into sarcomeres, possessing the same banding organization as skeletal muscle.

Erika Andrino says:

March 15, 2022 at 12:55 am

The majority of the muscles in your body are skeletal muscles, which found throughout our body – in between our bones. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles, meaning you control how and when they move and work.

Erika Andrino says:

March 15, 2022 at 12:56 am

Smooth muscle makes up your organs, blood vessels, digestive tract, skin and other areas. Smooth muscles are involuntary. The autonomic nervous system controls them.

Jucelle Veranio says:

March 15, 2022 at 11:48 pm

Smooth muscle is an involuntary, non-striated, and uni-nucleated muscle tissue found within the walls of major organs and passageways such as the esophagus, intestines, stomach, blood vessels, bladder, and urethra.

On the other hand, cardiac muscle is also involuntary and uni-nucleated but striated. It is distinguishable by the presence of intercalated discs. It is found only in the heart.

Skeletal muscle is also striated like the cardiac muscle. However, it is multi-nucleated and voluntary. It is attached to the bones which allows the voluntary movement of the body.

Joshua Ayuban says:

March 16, 2022 at 4:44 am

Smooth Muscle
Description: composed of grouped, fusiform muscle cells with weak, involuntary contractions.
Function: specialized for slow, steady contractions by the autonomic nervous system. Allows organs to perform movements.
Location: walls of hollow organs, passageways, tracts, eye, and skin

Skeletal Muscle
Description: composed of large, elongated, multinucleated fibers with strong, quick contractions.
Function: responsible for all body movements by the voluntary nervous system such as chewing, writing, dancing.
Location: all throughout the body, attached between bones

Cardiac Muscle
Description: composed of irregular, branched cells bound together by intercalated discs with strong involuntary contractions
Function: coordinated contractions that allow your heart to pump blood through your circulatory system.
Location: Heart

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

March 16, 2022 at 4:17 pm

Cardiac muscle tissue, like skeletal muscle tissue, looks striated or striped. The bundles are branched, like a tree, but connected at both ends. Unlike skeletal muscle tissue, the contraction of cardiac muscle tissue is usually not under conscious control, so it is called involuntary.

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

March 16, 2022 at 4:17 pm

Skeletal muscle looks striped or “striated” – the fibres contain alternating light and dark bands (striations) like horizontal stripes on a rugby shirt. In skeletal muscle, the fibres are packed into regular parallel bundles.

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

March 16, 2022 at 4:17 pm

Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle cells are small. They are spindle shaped and have no striations. Instead, they have bundles of thin and thick filaments.

Trisha Teves says:

March 16, 2022 at 5:41 pm

Skeletal muscle fibers are cylindrical, multinucleated, striated, and under voluntary control. They comprise 30 to 40% of our total body mass. These muscles connect to your bones and allow us to perform a wide range of movements and functions.

References:
Muscle tissue. (n.d.). Welcome to SEER Training | SEER Training. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/tissues/muscle.html

Skeletal muscle: What is it, function, location & anatomy. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21787-skeletal-muscle

Trisha Teves says:

March 16, 2022 at 5:44 pm

Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped, have a single, centrally located nucleus, and lack striations. These muscles are found all over the body, performing several vital functions of the body, and controlled by the nervous system.

References:
Muscle tissue. (n.d.). Welcome to SEER Training | SEER Training. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/tissues/muscle.html
Smooth muscle. (2021, June 24). Biology Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online. https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/smooth-muscle

Trisha Teves says:

March 16, 2022 at 5:47 pm

Cardiac muscle has branching fibers, one nucleus per cell, striations, and intercalated disks. It differs from skeletal muscle in that it exhibits rhythmic contractions and is not under voluntary control.

References:
Cardiac muscle | Definition, function, & structure. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/cardiac-muscle
Muscle tissue. (n.d.). Welcome to SEER Training | SEER Training. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/tissues/muscle.html

Clare Eulette B. Galleposo says:

March 16, 2022 at 6:51 pm

Skeletal muscle: Skeletal muscles make up 30 to 40% of your total body weight. They’re the muscles that attach to your bones and allow you to move and operate in a variety of ways. Skeletal muscles are voluntary, which means you have complete control over how and when they contract.

Clare Eulette B. Galleposo says:

March 16, 2022 at 6:52 pm

Smooth muscle: Smooth muscle, also known as involuntary muscle, is a type of muscle that has no cross stripes when viewed under a microscope. It aids with digestion and nutrient collection in the stomach and intestines. It can be found throughout the urinary system, where it aids in the removal of pollutants and maintains electrolyte balance.

Clare Eulette B. Galleposo says:

March 16, 2022 at 6:52 pm

Cardiac muscle: Cardiac muscle is a striated muscle tissue that only exists in the heart and is important for the heart’s capacity to pump blood.

Chrystal Angelica Avengoza says:

March 16, 2022 at 8:11 pm

Cardiac muscle
It uses involuntary movements to keep your heart flowing. This is one trait that distinguishes it from controllable skeletal muscle tissue. Pacemaker cells are specialized cells that help it achieve this. These are in charge of your heart’s contractions.

Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle can be found all over the body, performing a number of roles. It aids with digestion and nutrient collection in the stomach and intestines. It can be found throughout the urinary system, where it aids in the removal of pollutants and maintains electrolyte balance.

Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscles contract and relax in response to voluntary nervous system impulses to attach to and move bones. Long cells called muscle fibers make up skeletal muscle tissue, which has a striated appearance.

Carl Paulo says:

March 16, 2022 at 8:52 pm

Muscle tissue is composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts. The tissue is highly cellular and is well supplied with blood vessels. The cells are long and slender so they are sometimes called muscle fibers, and these are usually arranged in bundles or layers that are surrounded by connective tissue. Actin and myosin are contractile proteins in muscle tissue.

Muscle tissue can be categorized into skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle fibers are cylindrical, multinucleated, striated, and under voluntary control. Smooth muscle cells are spindle shaped, have a single, centrally located nucleus, and lack striations. They are called involuntary muscles. Cardiac muscle has branching fibers, one nucleus per cell, striations, and intercalated disks. Its contraction is not under voluntary control.

Dinah Marie Cabrera says:

March 16, 2022 at 9:38 pm

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE: This type of tissue muscle contract and relax in response to voluntary messages from the nervous system. They are attached between bones by tendons and are striated and it’s long and thin multinucleated fibres are crossed with a regular pattern of fine red and white lines, giving the muscle a characteristic appearance.

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE: This is a specialized type of muscle tissue that forms the heart. This tissue muscle, which contracts and releases involuntarily, is responsible for keeping the heart pumping blood around the body.

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE: This type of muscle tissue can be found all over the body, performing a number of functions. It aids with digestion and nutrient collection in the stomach and intestines. It can also be found throughout the urinary system, where it aids in the removal of toxins and maintains electrolyte balance.

Erika Marie Columnas says:

March 16, 2022 at 9:55 pm

Cerebellum – a region of the brain that is involved in almost every bodily activity. This portion of the brain aids with driving, throwing a ball, and walking across a room. People’s eye movement and vision are also helped by the cerebellum.

Spinal cord – from the bottom part of the brain to the lower back, the spinal cord is a lengthy bundle of nerves and cells. It relays information from the brain to the rest of the body.

Sympathetic ganglion – These ganglia are essentially a collection of postganglionic neuron cell bodies that are normally found outside of the CNS. Postganglionic neurons and their fibers make up postganglionic components. The axons exit the ganglia and project to visceral effectors, where the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is released.

References:
Leopold, C. (2018, August 31). Everything you need to know about the cerebellum. Medicalnewstoday.com; Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/313265

Nall, R. (2019, November 12). A guide to the spinal cord: Anatomy and injuries. Medicalnewstoday.com; Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326984

Peripheral nervous system. (2016). Kenhub. https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/sympathetic-nervous-system#:~:text=These%20ganglia%20are%20actually%20a,they%20release%20the%20neurotransmitter%20norepinephrine.

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Kenneth Oliver Iyoy says:

March 16, 2022 at 9:59 pm

Skeletal muscle appears to be striped or “striated”. It looks like a rugby shirt with horizontal stripes of light and dark striations. There are parallel bundles of fibers in the muscle.

Kenneth Oliver Iyoy says:

March 16, 2022 at 10:00 pm

Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle appears striated or striped. The bundles are arranged in a tree-like fashion, but they are joined at the ends by twine. As opposed to skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle contractions are involuntary since they are not under conscious control.

Kenneth Oliver Iyoy says:

March 16, 2022 at 10:01 pm

Smooth muscle cells are smaller than those in skeletal muscle. Striations are absent from their spindle-like appearance. Instead, they are made up of a variety of filaments, both thin and thick.

Derrick Ocaña says:

March 16, 2022 at 10:03 pm

Cardiac muscle tissue can only be found in your heart, where it performs coordinated contractions that enable your heart to pump blood throughout your circulatory system. Cardiac muscle tissue uses involuntary movements to keep your heart pumping. This is one feature that distinguishes it from controllable skeletal muscle tissue. Pacemaker cells are specialized cells that help it do this. These are in charge of your heart’s contractions. Pacemaker cells receive signals from your nervous system that tell them whether to speed up or slow down your heart rate. The pacemaker cells in your heart are linked to other cardiac muscle cells, allowing them to send and receive signals. This causes a wave of cardiac muscle contractions, which produces your heartbeat.
Source: https://www.healthline.com/health/cardiac-muscle-tissue#function

Derrick Ocaña says:

March 16, 2022 at 10:21 pm

Thousands of muscle fibers are wrapped together by connective tissue sheaths in each skeletal muscle. Fasciculi are the individual bundles of muscle fibers that make up a skeletal muscle. Epimysium is the outermost connective tissue sheath that surrounds the entire muscle. The connective tissue sheath covering each fasciculus is known as perimysium, and the innermost sheath surrounding individual muscle fiber is known as endomysium. Each muscle fiber is made up of several myofibrils, each of which contains multiple myofilaments. Sarcomeres, the fundamental contractile unit of skeletal muscle, are formed when myofibrils are bundled together in a unique striated pattern. The skeletal muscle’s primary functions are controlled by the intrinsic excitation-contraction coupling process.
Source: Anatomy, skeletal muscle – StatPearls – NCBI bookshelf. (2021, September 5). National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537236/#:~:text=Skeletal%20muscle%20is%20one%20of,muscle%20are%20known%20as%20fasciculi

Seladi-Schulman, J. (n.d.). Cardiac muscle tissue: Function, structure, conditions, and pictures.

Derrick Ocaña says:

March 16, 2022 at 10:26 pm

Smooth muscle, also called involuntary muscle, is the muscle that shows no cross stripes under microscopic magnification. It is made up of narrow spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus in the center. Smooth muscle tissue, unlike striated muscle, contracts slowly and automatically. It constitutes much of the musculature of internal organs and the digestive system.
Source: Smooth muscle. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/smooth-muscle

Joanna Mae S. Canin says:

March 16, 2022 at 11:54 pm

1. Skeletal muscle – is a specialized tissue that connects bones and allows them to move. The musculoskeletal system is made up of skeletal muscles and bones (also known as the locomotor system). Skeletal muscle is usually divided into opposing pairs, such as the front and rear of the upper arm’s biceps and triceps. Skeletal muscles are also known as voluntary muscles since they are within our conscious control. The tissue appears striped when seen under a microscope, therefore it’s also known as striated muscles.
2. Cardiac muscle – is the heart’s muscle. It’s made up of irregularly branching cells that are linked longitudinally by intercalated discs and exhibit powerful, involuntary contractions. There are striations as well.
3. Smooth muscle – is a type of muscle that may be found in a variety of internal organs, including the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels, including arteries. Smooth muscle is composed of multilayered sheets that contract in waves along the structure’s length. Smooth muscle action happens without our conscious knowledge, hence it’s also known as involuntary muscle.

Donna Rose Abad says:

March 17, 2022 at 10:00 am

The cerebellum controls and coordinates nerve impulses between the brain and muscles. The cerebellum gets information from the brain stem, spinal cord, and cerebrum. The cerebellum uses this input to coordinate and govern voluntary movements.

The spinal cord is a long tissue tube. It connects your brain and lower back. The spinal cord transmits nerve messages from the brain to the body. These nerve messages help you feel and move. Damage to the spinal cord can impair movement and function.

Sympathetic ganglia are important for transmitting information to the body about stress and approaching danger, and they are also responsible for the fight-or-flight reaction.

Reference:

Cleveland Clinic (n.d.). Spinal Cord: Function, Anatomy and Structure. Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21946-spinal-cord

Medicine LibreTexts (2018, June 21). 14.2B: Autonomic Ganglia – Medicine LibreTexts; Medicine LibreTexts. Retrieved from https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/14%3A_Autonomic_Nervous_System/14.2%3A_Structure_of_the_Autonomic_Nervous_System/14.2B%3A_Autonomic_Ganglia

Verywell Mind (2020, May 16). The Location and Function of the Cerebellum in the Brain. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-cerebellum-2794964

Pinkish Galvez says:

March 18, 2022 at 2:42 pm

Nervous Tissue can be found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is in charge of coordinating and controlling various bodily functions. It is made up of neurons and neuroglia, which are supporting cells. The following are some examples:

1. Astrocytes are star-shaped cells that conduct various functions, including axon guidance and synaptic support, blood-brain barrier control, and blood flow regulation.

2. Ependymal cells are ciliated cells that play an essential part in CSF balance, brain metabolism, and waste removal from the brain.

3. Motor neurons are in charge of transmitting impulses from the central nervous system to muscles, causing movement. They secrete neurotransmitters, which cause muscular activity.

Jhoana Mae Eder says:

March 18, 2022 at 6:45 pm

The nerve tissue, also known as nervous tissue, is the major component of our nervous system. It keeps track of and regulates the body’s functions. Nervous tissue makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, which are specialized for being stimulated to carry stimuli from one part of the body to another rapidly. The CNS and PNS of the nervous system are made up of nervous tissue. Nervous tissue made up of two types of cells: neurons and glial cells. Dendrites, cell body, axon, and nerve terminals make up the dendrites. Chemical neurotransmitters are secreted by neurons and are responsible for activating other neurons in response to stimuli. Synapsis is the presence of specialization at axonal terminals. Nerve cells have a lengthy lifespan and cannot be divided or replaced (except memory cells)

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

March 19, 2022 at 10:56 pm

The 𝐒𝐏𝐈𝐍𝐀𝐋 𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐃 is a cylindrical structure at the central nervous system situated in the vertebral canal. It consists of gray and white matter. It forms a vital link between the brain and the rest of the body thereby controlling various parts of the body.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

March 19, 2022 at 10:59 pm

The 𝐂𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐔𝐌 coordinates muscular activity and maintains posture and equilibrium. It has three distinct layers: molecular layer, ganglionic layer or Purkinje cell layer, and granular layer.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

March 19, 2022 at 11:04 pm

𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐕𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐒 also called an 𝐚𝐱𝐨𝐧, is a portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body. They are enclosed in a myelin sheath, which causes impulse transmission.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

March 19, 2022 at 11:05 pm

Sources:
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2011, September 26). axon. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/axon

https://sisu.ut.ee/histology/blood-brain-barrier

Reyna May Venezuela says:

March 20, 2022 at 1:04 am

Nervous tissue makes up the spinal cord.
Neurons, nervous system support cells termed glia, and blood vessels make up the inside of the spinal cord.Neurons are the fundamental building blocks of neural tissue.
The embryonic ectoderm, the layer that covers the embryo and eventually becomes the epidermis, produces nerve tissue.
Neurons and glia are the two cell types that make up nervous tissue.
The processing of information from the external and internal environments is the primary function of nerve tissue, which then initiates a response.
It is also in charge of respiration, digestion, cardiac blood pumping, blood flow management, endocrine system control, and a variety of other critical tasks.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

March 20, 2022 at 1:09 am

1. Neurons. They are cells considered to be the basis of nervous tissue. They are responsible for the electrical signals that communicate information about sensations, and that produce movements in response to those stimuli, along with inducing thought processes within the brain.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

March 20, 2022 at 1:10 am

2. Cerebellum. Also called the “little brain,” it is a structure that is located at the back of the brain, underlying the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. Historically, the cerebellum has been considered a motor structure, because cerebellar damage leads to impairments in motor control and posture and because the majority of the cerebellum’s outputs are to parts of the motor system.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

March 20, 2022 at 1:10 am

3. Spinal Cord. This is the pathway for messages sent by the brain to the body and from the body to the brain. The peripheral nervous system is the network of nerves strands that branch off from the left and right sides of the spinal cord through openings between each vertebra on the spinal canal. These nerve pairs spread throughout your body to deliver commands from your brain and spinal cord to and from parts of your body.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

March 20, 2022 at 1:11 am

REFERENCES:
•https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s3/chapter05.html#:~:text=The%20cerebellum%20is%20important%20for,changes%20in%20load%20upon%20muscles.
•https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/12-2-nervous-tissue
•https://www.uab.edu/medicine/sci/faqs-about-spinal-cord-injury-sci/what-does-the-spinal-cord-do

Ellaine Rose Bahonsua says:

March 20, 2022 at 2:07 pm

The major tissue of the nervous system is nervous tissue. They are in charge of directing movement, transmitting and receiving messages throughout the body, and regulating other biological activities. The neurons and neuroglia are the two basic types of nervous tissue. Neuroglia, unlike neurons, do not send electrical impulses; nonetheless, neuroglia perform a variety of additional roles, including supporting and safeguarding neurons.

The cerebellum is responsible for maintaining balance by making postural changes.

The spinal cord sends and receives nerve messages from your brain to your body. Damage to your spinal cord can compromise your mobility and function because these nerve impulses allow you to sense feelings and move your body.

The fight-or-flight response is triggered by sympathetic ganglia, which convey information to the body about stress and approaching danger.

Miguel Gatsi says:

March 20, 2022 at 5:46 pm

This is a Nervous tissue. The large, cauliflower-like cerebellum projects dorsally from under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. Like the cerebrum, the cerebellum has two hemispheres and a convoluted surface. The cerebellum provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and controls our balance, thus body movements are smooth and coordinated. It monitors body position and the amount of tension in various body parts. When needed, the cerebellum sends messages to initiate the appropriate corrective measures.

Miguel Gatsi says:

March 20, 2022 at 5:47 pm

The spinal cord is the the major column of nerve tissue that is connected to the brain and lies within the vertebral canal and from which the spinal nerves emerge. Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves originate in the spinal cord: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. The spinal cord and the brain constitute the central nervous system. The spinal cord consists of nerve fibers that transmit impulses to and from the brain. Like the brain, the spinal cord is covered by three connective-tissue envelopes called the meninges. The space between the outer and middle envelopes is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear colorless fluid that cushions the spinal cord against jarring shock. Also known simply as the cord. In addition, the spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.

Miguel Gatsi says:

March 20, 2022 at 5:47 pm

CEREBELLUM, Scanning Objective, H&E stain.
The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.
MOLECULAR LAYER.
The outer molecular layer is synaptic and therefore contains many axons of granule cells and and dendrites of the Purkinje cells with least density of cells.
PURKINJE LAYER.
The middle layer (Purkinje cell layer) consists of a single layer of large pear-shaped Purkinje cells.
GRANULAR LAYER.
The inner granular layer contains many, tightly packed granule cells and Golgi type II cells.
WHITE MATTER.
The inner medulla of white matter does not contain any cell bodies and therefore will stain a lighter colour in comparison to the grey matter cortex. It contains nerve fibers, supporting neuroglial cells and small blood vessels.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

March 20, 2022 at 6:36 pm

1. Sympathetic ganglion triggers a fight or flight response. It also transmits messages to the body about stress and approaching danger.
2. Cerebellum aids in coordination and mobility in motor abilities, particularly those involving the hands and feet. It also supports the maintenance of good posture, balance, and equilibrium.
3. Spinal cord link your brain and your lower back. Your spinal cord is where nerve signals travel from your brain to your body. These signals contribute to feelings and body movement. Any impairment in your spinal cord might influence your ability to move and function.

Duchess Mariss Cloma says:

March 20, 2022 at 7:37 pm

The first picture is the cerebellar cortex. The cerebellar cortex is divided into three layers. At the bottom lies the thick granular layer, densely packed with granule cells, along with interneurons, mainly Golgi cells but also including Lugaro cells and unipolar brush cells. In the middle lies the Purkinje layer, a narrow zone that contains the cell bodies of Purkinje cells and Bergmann glial cells. At the top lies the molecular layer, which contains the flattened dendritic trees of Purkinje cells, along with the huge array of parallel fibers penetrating the Purkinje cell dendritic trees at right angles.

Duchess Mariss Cloma says:

March 20, 2022 at 7:48 pm

The second picture is the cerebral cortex. The different cell types that constitute the gray matter of the cerebral cortex are distributed in six layers, with one or more cell types predominant in each layer. Although there are variations in the arrangement of cells in different parts of the cerebral cortex, distinct layers are recognized in most regions. Horizontal and radial axons associated with neuronal cells in different layers give the cerebral cortex a laminated appearance

Duchess Mariss Cloma says:

March 20, 2022 at 7:49 pm

The third picture is the spinal cord tissue. A small section of the white matter and the gray matter of the anterior horn of the spinal cord are
illustrated at a higher magnification. The gray matter of the anterior horn contains large, multi-polar motor neurons (2, 3). These are characterized by numerous dendrites (5, 6) that extend in different directions from the perikaryon (cell bodies). In some sections of the neurons, the nucleus (8) is visible with its prominent nucleolus (8). In other neurons, the plane of section has missed the nucleus and the perikaryon appears empty (2). Located in the vicinity of the motor neurons are the small, light-staining, supportive cells, the neuroglia (7)

Duchess Mariss Cloma says:

March 20, 2022 at 7:52 pm

Source: diFIORE’S ATLAS OF HISTOLOGY WITH FUNCTIONAL CORRELATIONS by Victor P. Eroschenko, PhD

Barbara Zaragoza says:

March 20, 2022 at 9:16 pm

Nodes of Ranvier (the picture with a hairy-like appearance) are in between the spaces of the myelin sheath. This is where the electricity can be conducted in the cell’s environment thus, the electrical signal sent will then propagate towards the axon.

Barbara Zaragoza says:

March 20, 2022 at 9:19 pm

Sources:
Mescher, A. L. (2016). Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, Fourteenth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/12-2-nervous-tissue
https://study.com/academy/lesson/nodes-of-ranvier-function-and-definition.html

Harmona Abonales says:

March 20, 2022 at 10:01 pm

The cerebellum is responsible for maintaining balance by making postural corrections. It modifies signals to motor neurons based on input from vestibular receptors and proprioceptors to accommodate changes in body posture or muscle stress. Source: https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s3/chapter05.html#:~:text=Thecerebellumisimportantfor,changesinloaduponmuscles.

Harmona Abonales says:

March 20, 2022 at 10:01 pm

The dorsal root ganglion is a cluster of sensory neurons' neuronal cell bodies which carry sensory impulses. The peripheral nervous system sends sensory neural impulses to the central nervous system through the dorsal root ganglion. Source: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/dorsal-root-ganglion

Harmona Abonales says:

March 20, 2022 at 10:02 pm

The spinal cord is a long stretch of tissue that resembles a tube. It is the link between the brain and lower back. Nerve signals travel from your brain to your body via the spinal cord. These nerve signals aid in the perception of feelings and the movement of the body. Source: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21946-spinal-cord#:~:text=Itconnectsyourbrainto,affectyourmovementorfunction.

Mycah Jane C. Pata says:

March 20, 2022 at 10:15 pm

The nervous system is utilized to send information quickly from one area of the body to another.

– Spinal cord’s primary job is to transmit nerve signals from the brain to the rest of the body.
– The cerebellum is responsible for balance, movement, and coordination.
– Sympathetic ganglia form lengthy chains on either side of the spinal cord. They transmit information about tension/stress, approaching danger, and the fight-or-flight reaction.

Diane Llanera says:

March 20, 2022 at 10:34 pm

The cerebellum, commonly known as the "little brain" because it resembles a miniature cerebrum, is in charge of balance, movement, and coordination.

Diane Llanera says:

March 20, 2022 at 10:34 pm

Motor neurons (MNs) are neuronal cells that influence a range of downstream destinations in the central nervous system (CNS).

Diane Llanera says:

March 20, 2022 at 10:34 pm

The brain, spinal cord, and nerves all include nerve tissue. It is in charge of coordinating and controlling various bodily functions.

Nikko Monter says:

March 20, 2022 at 10:41 pm

References:
Lumen Learning. (2019). Nervous Tissue | Boundless Anatomy and Physiology. Lumenlearning.com. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/nervous-tissue/

National Cancer Institute. (2019). Nervous Tissue | SEER Training. Cancer.gov. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/tissues/nervous.html

Nikko Monter says:

March 20, 2022 at 10:43 pm

Photo references:
https://i0.wp.com/getaprofessor.com/wp-content/uploads/rtMedia/groups/561/2022/03/Picture1.jpg?resize=624%2C851&ssl=1&1647787345

https://i0.wp.com/getaprofessor.com/wp-content/uploads/rtMedia/groups/561/2022/03/4.png?resize=358%2C492&ssl=1&1647787346

https://i0.wp.com/getaprofessor.com/wp-content/uploads/rtMedia/groups/561/2022/03/275095036_1002867503666545_6734881206229439475_n.png?resize=800%2C963&ssl=1&1647787349

Ponciano Y. Daclan III says:

March 20, 2022 at 11:48 pm

Spinal Cord- The spinal cord is a long, tube-shaped length of tissue. It connects the brain with the lower back. The spinal cord transmits nerve messages from your brain to your body. The experience of feelings and the movement of the body are both aided by these nerve signals.

Ponciano Y. Daclan III says:

March 20, 2022 at 11:49 pm

Cerebellum- It is a structure at the back of the brain that lies beneath the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. It is also known as the “little brain.” Because cerebellar injury causes problems in motor control and posture, and because the majority of the cerebellum’s outputs are to components of the motor system, the cerebellum has traditionally been regarded a motor structure.

Ponciano Y. Daclan III says:

March 20, 2022 at 11:49 pm

Neuron- Neurons are nerve cells with specialized functions that create and conduct nerve impulses. Dendrites, the cell body, and an axon make up a typical neuron.

Ponciano Y. Daclan III says:

March 20, 2022 at 11:49 pm

References:

“Nervous Tissue | SEER Training.” SEER Training, training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/tissues/nervous.html#:%7E:text=Nervous%20tissue%20is%20found%20in,emotions%2C%20memory%2C%20and%20reasoning. Accessed 20 Mar. 2022.

Guy-Evans, Olivia. “Cerebellum: Functions, Structure, and Location | Simply Psychology.” SimplePsychology, 12 Apr. 2021, http://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-the-cerebellum.html.

Boundless. “Nervous Tissue | Boundless Anatomy and Physiology.” Lumen Learning, courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/nervous-tissue. Accessed 20 Mar. 2022.

Angelyn Evan Bomediano says:

March 20, 2022 at 11:59 pm

Our bodies contain nerve tissue such as in our brains. It coordinates and controls several bodily functions. It induces muscle contraction, raises environmental awareness, and influences emotions, memory, and thinking. To perform all of this, nerve cells must be able to interact via electrical nerve impulses. Neurons are the cells in the nervous system that generate and conduct impulses. These cells have dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. The cell body is the major component of the cell that performs general activities. Dendrites are cytoplasmic extensions that transport impulses to the cell body. An axon sends impulses away from the cell body.

Nervous tissue contains cells that do not transmit impulses but rather support neuronal activity. The neuroglia are glial cells (neuroglial cells). Glia cells bind and insulate neurons. Some phagocytize germs, while others bind blood arteries to neurons to deliver nutrients.

References
Nervous tissue. (n.d.). Welcome to SEER Training | SEER Training. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/tissues/nervous.html

Angelyn Evan Bomediano says:

March 21, 2022 at 12:03 am

1. Neurons vary considerably in size and form. Because human brains are so enormous, the smaller rat brain is explored here.
2. On either side of the spinal cord, sympathetic ganglia form lengthy chains. They transmit information regarding danger, stress, and the fight-or-flight response.
3. The spinal cord’s primary job is to transmit nerve messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

References
Histology guide. (n.d.). Histology Guide – virtual microscopy laboratory. https://histologyguide.com//slidebox/06-nervous-tissue.html

Angelyn Evan Bomediano says:

March 21, 2022 at 12:15 am

Muscle tissue is made up of cells that can shorten or contract to move the bodily components. The tissue is very cellular and blood vessel-rich. Muscle fibers are long, slender cells organized in bundles or layers surrounded by connective tissue. Muscle actin and myosin are contractile proteins.

Muscle tissue is divided into three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.Sm

Smooth Muscle. The autonomic nervous system controls the muscle present in hollow internal organs such blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, bladder, and uterus. Smooth muscle is uncontrollable and hence unconsciously acts. The nonstriated (smooth) muscle cell has a single nucleus. Smooth muscle contracts slowly.

Cardiac Muscle. The autonomic nervous system controls the heart’s wall muscle. Like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle is striated like skeletal muscle. The heart muscle cell is square. Cardiac muscle contractions are automatic, powerful, and rhythmic.

Skeletal Muscle. This muscle attaches to bone and controls skeletal motions. The peripheral CNS controls the skeletal muscles. These muscles are voluntarily controlled. The basic unit is the nucleated muscle fiber. These striated muscle fibers function independently of one another. Skeletal muscle functions include movement, heat production, and posture. Muscle tissue has five functional characteristics:
1. Irritability-responsiveness to stimuli.
2. Conductivity-transmitting impulses.
3. Extensibility-stretchability
4. Elasticity-recovery of original length after stretching.
5. Shortening ability

References
National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Muscle Tissue. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/tissues/muscle.html#:~:text=Muscle%20tissue%20is%20composed%20of,well%20supplied%20with%20blood%20vessels

Reynavel E. Ciballos says:

March 21, 2022 at 7:25 am

Neurons and glial cells are the two kinds of cells that make up nervous tissue. Neurons are the most common sort of cell that people identify with the nervous system. They are in charge of the calculation and communication provided by the nervous system. They are electrically active and provide chemical messages to certain cells. Glial cells, also known as glia, are known to support nervous tissue. Despite ongoing study on the enlarged role that glial cells may play in signaling, neurons are still thought to be the foundation of this function. Neurons are crucial, yet they cannot operate without the assistance of glia.

Source: https://uta.pressbooks.pub/histology/chapter/neurons-and-neuroglia/#:~:text=Nervous%20tissue%20is%20composed%20of,that%20the%20nervous%20system%20provides.

Dyanne Nicole Zerna says:

March 21, 2022 at 7:32 am

Autonomic ganglia. (2020, August 14). Medicine LibreTexts. https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/14%3A_Autonomic_Nervous_System/14.2%3A_Structure_of_the_Autonomic_Nervous_System/14.2B%3A_Autonomic_Ganglia

Histology guide. (n.d.). Histology Guide – virtual microscopy laboratory. https://histologyguide.com//slidebox/06-nervous-tissue.html

Nervous tissue. (2017, April 28). Biology Dictionary. https://biologydictionary.net/nervous-tissue/

(n.d.). Wiley Online Library | Scientific research articles, journals, books, and reference works. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dneu.20875

Dennesse Mari M. Uy says:

March 21, 2022 at 8:34 am

Nervous tissues are one of the most vital tissues in the human body mainly because it is found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Their roles include to coordinate and control a number of body activities. From muscle contractions, awareness of the environment, emotions, memory, and even reasoning, they are all stimulated by nervous tissues. These tissues communicate through electrical nerve impulses generated and conducted by nerve cells called neurons.

Dennesse Mari M. Uy says:

March 21, 2022 at 8:35 am

Source: National Cancer Institute

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

March 21, 2022 at 9:50 pm

The Spinal Cord: – is the nerve that connects the brain to the lower back – It transports nerve messages from the brain to the body and back. These nerve signals aid in the perception of feelings and the movement of the body.

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

March 21, 2022 at 9:52 pm

Cerebellum: – learning how to move – body position awareness – equilibrium and balance – synchronization of tiny movements

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

March 21, 2022 at 9:54 pm

Nerve Fibers: – make it possible for neurons to communicate with one another – aid in the transmission of messages to and from the brain

Jan Christian M. Sienes says:

March 21, 2022 at 10:56 pm

The brain, spinal cord, and nerves all include nerve tissue. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling a variety of body activities. It encourages muscle contraction, increases awareness of one’s environment, and is involved in emotions, memory, and intellect.

Spinal Cord- The major purpose of the spinal cord is to convey nerve messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

Sympathetic ganglion- Sympathetic ganglia are critical for relaying information to the body about stress and impending danger, as well as for initiating the fight-or-flight response.

Mammal Cerebellum- The cerebellum is involved in motor skills such as coordination and movement, particularly those involving both feet and hands. Additionally, it aids in the preservation of proper posture, balance, and equilibrium.

Erika Andrino says:

March 21, 2022 at 11:54 pm

Sympathetic ganglia form long chains on either side of the vertebral column. Sympathetic Ganglion deliver information to the body about stress and impending danger, and are responsible for the fight-or-flight response.

Erika Andrino says:

March 21, 2022 at 11:55 pm

The cerebellum — also called the "little brain" because it looks like a small version of the cerebrum — is responsible for balance, movement, and coordination. The cerebellum, the second largest portion of the brain, is located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum.

Erika Andrino says:

March 21, 2022 at 11:56 pm

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. Areas within the cerebrum control muscle functions and also control speech, thought, emotions, reading, writing, and learning.

Ma. Disa Ricafort says:

March 22, 2022 at 7:09 am

Sympathetic Ganglia – These are the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. They are scattered along the sympathetic chain (paravertebral ganglia) and the abdominal plexus (prevertebral ganglia). They bring information from the brain to the body regarding perceptions of danger.
Cerebellum – The cerebellum does look like a miniature version of the brain as it protrudes from under the posterior and inferior region of the cerebral cortex. Although the cerebellum has many functions, it is primarily associated with movement. Specifically, it seems to be involved with facilitating movement by detecting errors that occur in the course of a movement and correcting them, so the movement appears fluid and achieves its intended goal. The cerebellum is also involved with motor learning to reduce the likelihood errors in movement will occur again in the future.
Nerve fibers – These may be present in unifascicular or multifascicular peripheral nerve trunks or in central nervous tracts, which help to send signals to and from the brain.

Aia Krystelle Llanera says:

March 22, 2022 at 11:42 am

Nervous or the nerve tissue is the main tissue of our nervous system. It monitors and regulates the functions of the body. Nervous tissue consists of two cells: nerve cells or neurons and glial cells, which helps transmit nerve impulses and also provides nutrients to neurons. Brain, Spinal Cord, and nerves are composed of nervous tissue, they are specialized for being stimulated to transmit stimulus from one to another part of the body rapidly. Structure Of Nervous Tissue

Elijah Dave M. Cordova says:

March 22, 2022 at 7:38 pm

Cerebellum: The cerebellum is considered the youngest brain region. It is known as the “little brain”, but it makes up 85% of the brain’s weight. Among the major structures comprising the central nervous system (CNS) is the cerebellum. Its surface layer or thick cortex is made of gray matter while white matter makes up its deeper regions. The cerebellum plays a role in maintaining balance, planning appendageal movements, and motor learning.

Sympathetic Ganglion: Sympathetic ganglia are the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. Responsible for the fight-or-flight response, these ganglia deliver information to the body in times of stress and impending danger. They are found close to either side of the spinal cord in long chains. The have around 20,000-30,000 nerve cell bodies.

Cerebral Cortex: This is a sharply folded region of the CNS which coordinates muscular activity throughout the body. The neurons of the cerebral cortex work to integrate sensory information and initiate voluntary motor responses. It has the following layers:
a. A thick outer molecular layer with scattered neuronal cell bodies
b. A thin middle layer consisting of very large Purkinje cells whose dendrites extend as branching baskets of nerve fibers
c. A thick inner granular layer made of densely packed neurons

REFERENCES:
Mescher, A. (2018). Junqueira’s basic histology : text and atlas (15th ed.). Mcgraw Hill Education.
Vedantu. (2021, April 14). Cerebellum. VEDANTU; Vedantu. https://www.vedantu.com/biology/cerebellum

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

March 23, 2022 at 3:22 pm

1. CEREBRUM: The cerebrum is the biggest part of the brain. It is divided into two cerebral hemispheres. It is responsible for muscle functions, control speech, thought, emotions, reading, writing, and learning.

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/cerebrum

2. CEREBELLUM: It is the part of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the brain stem. It controls balance for walking and standing and other motor functions.

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/cerebellum

3. SPINAL CORD: The spinal cord is a column of nerve tissue that runs from the base of the skull down the center of the back. It is covered by 3 thin layers of protective tissue called membranes. The spinal cord and membranes are surrounded by the vertebrae. The spinal cord and the brain make up the central nervous system (CNS). Spinal cord nerves receive and send messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/spinal-cord

Carl Paulo says:

March 23, 2022 at 3:46 pm

Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. It stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning. To do all these things, cells in nervous tissue need to be able to communicate with each other by way of electrical nerve impulses. The cells in nervous tissue that generate and conduct impulses are called neurons or nerve cells. These cells have three principal parts: the dendrites, the cell body, and one axon. The main part of the cell, the part that carries on the general functions, is the cell body. Dendrites are extensions, or processes, of the cytoplasm that carry impulses to the cell body. An extension or process called an axon carries impulses away from the cell body.

Nervous tissue also includes cells that do not transmit impulses, but instead support the activities of the neurons. These are the glial cells (neuroglial cells), together termed the neuroglia. Supporting, or glia, cells bind neurons together and insulate the neurons. Some are phagocytic and protect against bacterial invasion, while others provide nutrients by binding blood vessels to the neurons.

Dinah Marie Cabrera says:

March 23, 2022 at 9:53 pm

CEREBELLUM: The cerebellum (which is Latin for “little brain”) is a major structure of the hindbrain that is located near the brainstem. This part of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements. It is also responsible for a number of functions including motor skills such as balance, coordination, and posture.

CEREBRAL CORTEX: The cerebral cortex is a sheet of neural tissue of the brain that covers the outer portion of the cerebrum. It has up to six layers of nerve cells and is covered by the meninges and is responsible for thinking, perceiving, producing, and understanding language.

SPINAL CORD: The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure composed entirely of nerve tissue that stretches from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the vertebral column’s lumbar region. This structure carries nerve signals from your brain to your body and vice versa so that you will be able to move and feel sensations such as pain and pressure.

Joshua Ayuban says:

March 23, 2022 at 11:39 pm

Spinal Cord
It is a long pipe-like structure that emerges from the medulla oblongata and runs through the backbone’s vertebral column. It forms a connecting link between the brain and the PNS. Provides structural support and builds a body posture and facilitates flexible movements.

Cerebellum
The cerebellum, which is positioned near the brainstem, is a significant part of the hindbrain. The voluntary motions are coordinated by this area of the brain.

Nerve Tissue
The main tissue of our nervous system. It can be found in both the CNS and PNS. It monitors and regulates the functions of the body.

Chrystal Angelica Avengoza says:

March 23, 2022 at 11:52 pm

Cerebral Cortex
The tissue in your cerebral cortex is called neural tissue and it is the outermost layer of your cerebrum. The cerebral cortex is the central nervous system’s greatest neuronal integration location. Attention, perception, awareness, thought, memory, language, and consciousness all rely on it.

Spinal Cord
Nervous tissue makes up the spinal cord. Neurons, nervous system support cells termed glia, and blood vessels make up the inside of the spinal cord. Neurons are the fundamental building blocks of neural tissue. The spinal cord is a long, tube-like ring of tissue. It is the link between your brain and your lower back. Nerve signals travel from your brain to your body via your spinal cord. These nerve signals aid in the perception of feelings and the movement of the body.

Cerebellum
The cerebellum is made up of a white matter-covered cortex and a fluid-filled ventricle. It is likewise separated into two hemispheres like the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum is divided into two sections: the cerebellar cortex and the cerebellar cortex. The cerebellar cortex is a layer of folded tissue that contains the majority of the cerebellum’s neurons. Its main function is to coordinate movement and balance. It may also influence cognitive skills such as language and attention.

Joanna Mae S. Canin says:

March 24, 2022 at 12:17 am

Gray Matter and White Matter – Gray matter and white matter are two types of components found in the nervous system. Gray matter comprises a high number of neuron cell bodies, which seem to be gray in preserved tissue but pink or light brown in live tissue. White matter, on the other hand, is mostly made up of axons and is named after the color of the fatty insulation known as myelin that covers many axons. All of the PNS nerves, as well as most of the inside of the brain and spinal cord, are white matter. Gray matter is seen in clusters of neurons and cortical layers that line the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord.

Cerebrum – Gray matter and white matter make up the cerebrum or the front of the brain. The cerebrum, the biggest region of the brain, controls temperature and starts and directs movement. Speech, judgment, thinking and reasoning, problem-solving, emotions, and learning are all facilitated by other parts of the cerebrum. Vision, hearing, touch, and other senses are also among the other functions.

Cerebellum – The cerebellum (also referred to as the “little brain”) is a fist-sized region of the brain situated behind the head, above the brainstem, and below the temporal and occipital lobes. It has two hemispheres. The inner area communicates with the cerebral cortex, while the outer area contains neurons. Its job is to keep posture, balance, and equilibrium by coordinating voluntary muscle movements.

Spinal cord – The spinal cord is a long band of tissue that resembles a tube. It has a cylindrical shape to it. It is the link between your brain and your lower back. Nerve impulses go from your brain to your body via your spinal cord. These nerve impulses aid in the perception of feelings and the movement of the body. Because it is so sensitive, any injury to your spinal cord can have an impact on your mobility and function.

Rosemarie C. Abraham says:

March 24, 2022 at 5:21 pm

The circulatory system also helps your body get rid of waste products.

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

March 25, 2022 at 12:41 am

1. ARTERIES carry blood away from the heart towards other parts of the human body. Blood is pumped from the heart’s ventricles into large arteries that branch into smaller arteries until the branching results in arterioles.

The arterial wall consists of 3 layers.
A. TUNICA INTIMA: The innermost layer is simple squamous epithelium surrounded by a connective tissue basement membrane with elastic fibers.
B. TUNICA MEDIA: The middle layer is mostly smooth muscle and is most often the thickest layer. It provides support and changes vessel diameter to regulate blood flow and pressure.
C. TUNICA ADVENTITIA: The outermost layer attaches the vessel to the surrounding tissue. This layer is connective tissue with elastic and collagenous fibers.

2. VEINS carry blood toward the heart. After blood passes through the capillaries, it enters the venules. From the venules, it flows into larger veins until it reaches the heart. The vein’s wall has the same 3 layers as the arteries. However, there is less smooth muscle and connective tissue. This makes the walls of veins thinner and capable of holding more blood.

3. VENA CAVA: It is the largest vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body. The vena cava has 2 parts: the superior and the inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest. The inferior vena cava carries blood from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis

In large veins such as the vena cava, the tunica adventitia may be the thickest layer.

Sources of information:
https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cardiovascular/blood/classification.html
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/vena-cava
https://www.teleflex.com/en/usa/arrowUniversity/vascular/cvc/section2/2.html

Derrick Ocaña says:

March 25, 2022 at 6:48 pm

Oligodendrocytes are considered to be the myelinating glia of the central nervous system. Axonal myelination promotes axonal integrity by allowing for rapid saltatory conduction of nerve impulses.
Source: Oligodendrocyte, astrocyte, and Microglia crosstalk in myelin development, damage, and repair. (n.d.). Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2016.00071/full#:~:text=Oligodendrocytes%20are%20the%20myelinating%20glia,and%20contributes%20to%20axonal%20integrity

Derrick Ocaña says:

March 25, 2022 at 6:51 pm

Ependymal cells are ciliated-epithelial glial cells that form along the surface of the brain’s ventricles and the spinal canal from radial glia. They are involved in the homeostasis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain metabolism, and the removal of waste from the brain.
Source: Single cell Transcriptomics of Ependymal cells across age, region and species reveals cilia-related and metal ion regulatory roles as major conserved Ependymal cell functions. (n.d.). Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.703951/full#:~:text=Ependymal%20cells%20are%20ciliated%2Depithelial,of%20waste%20from%20the%20brain

Derrick Ocaña says:

March 25, 2022 at 6:55 pm

Satellite cells are mononucleated cells wedged themselves between the muscle fiber’s basement membrane and plasma membrane. They function as stem cells and are in charge of skeletal muscle growth and development. In response to injury, are able to re-enter the cell cycle, producing new cells to repair and create nascent muscle fibers while preserving a small population for future regenerative demands. Muscle growth and repair in response to stresses such as exercise, injury, or disease are both regulated by this protein. Satellite cells’ exact role in the development of muscle fiber atrophy with age is unknown.
Source: Satellite cell. (n.d.). Physiopedia. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Satellite_Cell#:~:text=repair%20and%20remodeling.-,Satellite%20cells,and%20development%20of%20skeletal%20muscles

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

March 25, 2022 at 9:47 pm

Nervous tissue is the term for groups of organized cells in the nervous system, which is the organ system that controls the body’s movements, sends and carries signals to and from the different parts of the body, and has a role in controlling bodily functions such as digestion. Nervous tissue is grouped into two main categories: neurons and neuroglia. Neurons, or nerves, transmit electrical impulses, while neuroglia do not; neuroglia have many other functions including supporting and protecting neurons.

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

March 25, 2022 at 9:47 pm

Oligodendrocytes are types of neuroglia found in the central nervous system of invertebrates and vertebrates that functions to produce myelin, an insulating sheath on the axons of nerve fibres.

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

March 25, 2022 at 9:47 pm

The cerebrum is the uppermost part of the brain. It contains two hemispheres split by a central fissure. The cerebrum itself contains the major lobes of the brain and is responsible for receiving and giving meaning to information from the sense organs, as well as controlling the body

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

March 25, 2022 at 9:48 pm

The cerebellum (which is Latin for “little brain”) is a major structure of the hindbrain that is located near the brainstem. This part of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements. It is also responsible for a number of functions including motor skills such as balance, coordination, and posture.

Elisha Kristin Pasco says:

March 25, 2022 at 10:01 pm

The dorsal root ganglion contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons that bring information from the periphery to the spinal cord. These neurons are pseudounipolar and contain an axon-like process that bifurcates with one branch extending toward the periphery and the other branch heading toward the grey matter of the spinal cord. Fibers heading toward the periphery leave the ganglion through the spinal nerve, where they run together with motor fibers. Fibers leading to the spinal cord travel through the dorsal root.

Elisha Kristin Pasco says:

March 25, 2022 at 10:13 pm

The motor end plate is a point of junction of a motor nerve fiber and a muscle fiber. The motor endplate is a modified area of the muscle membrane at which the synapse occurs. It has two specializations: (1.) The presence of junctional folds provide a large surface area where acetylcholine from the synaptic end bulb can interact because (2.) the junctional folds contains tens of millions of acetylcholine receptors which are very important when ion channels are activated. When the acetylcholine binds with the receptors it enables sodium to flow into the muscle fiber. The sodium starts an electrical impulse that causes your muscle to contract and shorten.

Elisha Kristin Pasco says:

March 25, 2022 at 10:19 pm

Basket cells are inhibitory neurons that can be found in the neocortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus. These cells form baskets of axonal arborizations onto and around the somata of target neurons.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

March 26, 2022 at 7:14 am

𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐒 carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. They have thick walls with muscle tissue to withstand blood pressure. Its distinct structure allows them to adjust their diameter to maintain blood pressure and to control blood flow.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

March 26, 2022 at 7:18 am

𝐕𝐄𝐈𝐍𝐒 carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart. They have thinner walls because the pressure in veins is so much lower compared to the arteries. Veins can widen (dilate) as the amount of fluid in them increases. They use valves, particularly the legs in the veins, to keep the blood flowing.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

March 26, 2022 at 7:21 am

𝐕𝐄𝐍𝐀 𝐂𝐀𝐕𝐀 is the largest vein in the body that transports blood to the heart from other areas of the body. It has two parts namely the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. The former carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest, while the latter carries blood from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

March 26, 2022 at 7:23 am

Sources:
Gupta, J. & Shea, M. (2019). Biology of the Blood Vessels. Retrieved from https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/biology-of-the-heart-and-blood-vessels/biology-of-the-blood-vessels#v29655131

National Cancer Institute (n.d.) Vena cava. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/vena-cava

Valerie Loyd V. Tan says:

March 26, 2022 at 2:37 pm

ARTERIES are blood vessels that convey oxygenated blood away from the heart. To endure blood pressure, they have robust walls with muscle tissue. They can vary their diameter to regulate blood pressure and manage blood flow because of their unique structure.

The largest vein in the body, the VENA CAVA, carries blood from different parts of the body to the heart. It is divided into two sections: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. Blood is carried from the head, neck, arms, and chest by the former, while blood is carried from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis by the latter.

VEINS transport deoxygenated blood to the heart. Because the pressure in veins is so much lower than in arteries, they have thinner walls. As the volume of fluid in the veins grows, they can widen (dilate). They use valves to keep the blood moving, notably in the veins of the legs.

Reference: Gupta, J. & Shea, M. (2019). Biology of the Blood Vessels. Retrieved from https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/biology-of-the-heart-and-blood-vessels/biology-of-the-blood-vessels#v29655131

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

March 26, 2022 at 4:11 pm

1. Heart. Your heart is at the center of your circulatory system. It is an organ about the size of your fist that pumps blood through your body. It is made up of multiple layers of tissue. This system is a network of blood vessels, such as arteries, veins, and capillaries, that carries blood to and from all areas of your body. Also, your heart’s electrical system controls the rate and rhythm of your heartbeat. A healthy heart supplies your body with the right amount of blood at the rate needed to work well. If disease or injury weakens your heart, your body’s organs will not receive enough blood to work normally.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

March 26, 2022 at 4:11 pm

2. Vena cava. A large vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body. The vena cava has two parts: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest. The inferior vena cava carries blood from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis. The vena cava is the largest vein in the body.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

March 26, 2022 at 4:11 pm

3. Artery. Arteries are elastic, muscular tubes. These blood vessels operate at a high pressure to help transport oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and deliver oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body. Arteries branch repeatedly to form microscopic arteries, known as arterioles, to distribute blood into capillary beds. Capillaries are blood vessels that carry blood to the body’s organs at a microscopic level.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

March 26, 2022 at 4:12 pm

SOURCES:
•https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279250/
•https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart
•https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/vena-cava
•https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/arteries#definition

Dennesse Mari M. Uy says:

March 27, 2022 at 12:06 am

The circulatory system is responsible for pumping blood from the heart to the lungs in order to get oxygen. Its main function is to supply oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to muscles, tissues, organs and throughout the system through a network of arteries and veins called blood vessels. Cleveland Clinic as well gave emphasis to another essential role of the circulatory system which is to help organs secrete waste so that it will be eliminated by the body.

Dennesse Mari M. Uy says:

March 27, 2022 at 12:06 am

Source: ClevelandClinic.Org. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21775-circulatory-system

Rhamises Ragpa says:

March 27, 2022 at 1:30 pm

The blood vessels that transport oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body’s tissues are known as arteries. Each artery is a muscular tube with three layers of smooth tissue lining it:

The intima is the inner layer of the artery, which is lined with a smooth tissue called endothelium.

The media is a layer of muscle that allows arteries to handle the heart’s high pressures.

The adventitia is a connective tissue that connects arteries to surrounding tissues.

Rhamises Ragpa says:

March 27, 2022 at 1:32 pm

Veins are a type of blood vessel that transports deoxygenated blood back to your heart from your organs. The walls of your veins are divided into three layers:

Tunica externa. This is the thinnest and most outer layer of the vein wall. Connective tissue makes up the majority of it. The tunica externa also contains vasa vasorum, which are microscopic blood vessels that feed blood to the vein walls.

Tunica media. The tunica medium is the layer in the middle. It’s really thin and has a lot of collagen in it. Collagen is a protein that is found in connective tissue.

Tunica intima. This is the most inner layer. A single layer of endothelial cells and connective tissue makes up this structure. One-way valves can be found in this layer, especially in the veins of your arms and legs. Blood cannot flow backward through these valves.

Rhamises Ragpa says:

March 27, 2022 at 1:36 pm

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that carry blood, nutrients, and oxygen to cells throughout the body. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in your vascular system.

Rhamises Ragpa says:

March 27, 2022 at 1:37 pm

Sources:
https://www.webmd.com/heart/picture-of-the-arteries
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21788-continuous-capillaries
https://www.healthline.com/health/venous-system#vein-structure

Donna Rose Abad says:

March 27, 2022 at 6:42 pm

Vena Cava is a large vein that delivers blood to the heart from different parts of the body. The vena cava is divided into two parts: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava is the larger of the two. The superior vena cava is responsible for transporting blood from the head and neck to the arms and chest.

Veins are blood vessels that deliver blood to the heart. The majority of veins return deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the heart; the pulmonary and umbilical veins, on the other hand, return oxygenated blood to the heart.

Arteries are strong, muscular blood arteries that transport oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. They are capable of withstanding a great deal of strain and pressure generated by your blood flow but do not carry a significant volume of blood.

Cleveland Clinic (n.d.). Blood Vessels: Types, Anatomy, Function & Conditions. Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21640-blood-vessels

NCI (n.d.). Vena Cava. Dictionary of Cancer Terms. National Cancer Institute. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/vena-cava

Wikipedia (2017, November 1). Vein – Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein#:~:text=Veins%20are%20blood%20vessels%20in,oxygenated%20blood%20to%20the%20heart.

Maxine says:

March 27, 2022 at 8:28 pm

Both arteries and veins contain three distinct layers. The innermost layer, which is immediately in contact with the blood, is formed of stretchy tissue. The middle layer is composed of muscular tissue, which assists blood vessels in maintaining their form. Lastly, the outer layer is also elastic, which enables vessels to expand and contract easily in response to changes in blood flow.
Arteries and veins (also termed blood vessels) are muscular tubes through which your blood flows. Blood is carried away from the heart by arteries to the rest of the body. Veins return blood to the heart. The superior and inferior vena cava are your major veins. Your superior vena cava is responsible for transporting blood from your upper body to your heart. Your inferior vena cava transports blood from all locations underneath your heart.

References:
Brennan, D. (2021, November 27). The Difference Between Arteries and Veins. WebMD. Retrieved March 27, 2022, from https://www.webmd.com/heart/difference-between-arteries-and-veins
Mescher, A. (2010). Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text & Atlas (12th ed.). Mc Graw Hill.

Barbara Zaragoza says:

March 27, 2022 at 11:18 pm

Sources:

Circulatory system – Better Health Channel. (2012). Vic.gov.au. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/circulatory-system

‌How does the blood circulatory system work? (2019, January 31). Nih.gov; Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279250/

‌Seladi-Schulman, J. (2020, February 17). What Makes Up Your Circulatory System and How Does It Work? Healthline; Healthline Media. https://www.healthline.com/health/circulatory-system#fast-facts

‌

Duchess Mariss Cloma says:

March 27, 2022 at 11:43 pm

The wall of the artery (1) is much thicker and contains more smooth muscle fibers than the wall of the vein (4). The innermost layer tunica intima of the artery (1) is stained dark because of the thick internal elastic lamina (1a). The thick middle layer of the muscular artery, the tunica media (1b), contains several layers of smooth muscle fibers, arranged in a circular pattern, and thin dark strands of elastic fibers (1b). On the periphery of the tunica media (1b) is the less conspicuous external elastic lamina (1c). Surrounding the artery is the connective tissue tunica adventitia (1d), which contains both the light-staining collagen fibers (2) and the dark-staining elastic fibers (3). The wall of the vein (4) also contains the layers tunica intima (4a), tunica media (4b), and tunica adventitia (4c). However, these three layers in the vein (4) are not as thick as those in the wall of the artery (1). Surrounding both vessels are capillary (5), arteriole (7), venule (6), and cells of the adipose tissue (8). Present in the lumina of both vessels (1, 4) are numerous erythrocytes and leukocytes

Duchess Mariss Cloma says:

March 27, 2022 at 11:44 pm

Source: diFIORE’S ATLAS OF HISTOLOGY WITH FUNCTIONAL CORRELATIONS (ELEVENTH EDITION)

Raniah Macaundas says:

March 28, 2022 at 12:10 am

• Arteries are thick, muscular layer blood vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. The aorta is the largest artery in the body and it branches into smaller arteries (arterioles) as it travels from the heart to the tissues.

Raniah Macaundas says:

March 28, 2022 at 12:11 am

• Veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart. The contraction of muscles keeps the venous blood back to the heart. The largest veins are the superior and inferior vena cava. Superior vena cava carries blood from the head, neck, arm, and chest whereas the inferior vena cava transports blood from the abdomen, legs, and feet.

Jhan Rea Erocido Catubay says:

March 28, 2022 at 12:29 am

Arteries – play a major role in nourishing organs with blood and nutrients. Arteries are always under high pressure. To accommodate this stress, they have an abundance of elastic tissue and less smooth muscle.

Jhan Rea Erocido Catubay says:

March 28, 2022 at 12:31 am

Capillaries – its purpose plays the central role in the circulation, delivering oxygen in the blood to the tissues, and picking up carbon dioxide to be eliminated.

Jhan Rea Erocido Catubay says:

March 28, 2022 at 12:32 am

Veins – are used to pump much-needed blood back to the heart.

Raniah Macaundas says:

March 28, 2022 at 12:32 am

• Capillaries are the smallest type of blood vessels that carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood between arteries and veins.

Raniah Macaundas says:

March 28, 2022 at 12:33 am

Sources:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21775-circulatory-system
https://www.webmd.com/heart/difference-between-arteries-veins-capillaries

Ellaine Rose Bahonsua says:

March 28, 2022 at 6:25 am

The heart, blood arteries, and blood make up the circulatory system, often known as the cardiovascular system. It carries oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to all of the body’s cells, as well as waste materials created by metabolic processes to other organs for disposal. The heart supplies the “muscle” that allows blood to circulate throughout the body. The pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit are the two circuits that circulate blood in the body.

Arteries – carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
Veins – carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart to be pumped to the lungs to become oxygenated
Vena Cava – the body’s biggest vein and delivers blood from different parts of the body to the heart. The superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava are the two portions of the vena cava. Blood is carried from the head, neck, arms, and chest through the superior vena cava. The inferior vena cava transports blood from the legs, foot, and abdominal and pelvic organs.

Harold Peregrino says:

March 28, 2022 at 12:42 pm

A valve consists of a fold (i.e., cusp or leaflet) of the tunica intima which extend into the lumen of the vessel. In this example, two open leaflets are shown along with a third leaflet whose opening is not within the plane of the section.

Harold Peregrino says:

March 28, 2022 at 12:43 pm

Muscular Artery – has a tunica intima with a prominent internal elastic lamina and tunica media with a prominent smooth muscle component.

Harold Peregrino says:

March 28, 2022 at 12:44 pm

Medium Vein – the companion vein has less distinct layers than the artery.

Pinkish Galvez says:

March 28, 2022 at 1:04 pm

All cells in the body require oxygen, nourishment, and waste removal. The circulatory system performs these vital functions. The heart, blood, and blood vessels operate in tandem to provide service to the body. The network of arteries, veins, and capillaries transports carbon dioxide into the lungs and collects oxygen. Furthermore, the blood transports food nutrients from the small intestine to all cells.

– Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
– Veins transport deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.
– The Vena Cava is a large vein that delivers blood from other body parts to the heart. The vena cava has two parts: the superior vena cava, which transports blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest, and the inferior vena cava, which transports blood from the legs, foot, and abdominal and pelvic organs.

References:
Better Health Channel. (2012). Circulatory system. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/circulatory-system
Cleveland Clinic. (2021). Circulatory System: Anatomy and Function. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21775-circulatory-system#:%7E:text=Veins%3A%20These%20blood%20vessels%20return,and%20arms)%20to%20the%20heart.

Miguel Gatsi says:

March 28, 2022 at 2:27 pm

An artery is a vessel that carries blood away from the heart and toward other tissues and organs. Arteries are part of the circulatory system, which delivers oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body.

Miguel Gatsi says:

March 28, 2022 at 2:27 pm

A large vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body. The vena cava has two parts: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest.

Miguel Gatsi says:

March 28, 2022 at 2:28 pm

Capillaries (CAP-uh-lair-eez) are tiny blood vessels that transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in your vascular (blood vessel) system. Continuous capillaries are the most common type of capillary in your body.

Kyle Angelo G. Tapia says:

March 28, 2022 at 4:30 pm

Correction: That is for the subject MT 30 – C. Thank you!

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

March 28, 2022 at 5:29 pm

Veins, on the other hand, have thinner walls and less defined layers than arteries. The third layer, the tunica adventitia, is the thickest of the three.

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

March 28, 2022 at 5:29 pm

A huge vein is the Vena Cava. It has a thinner wall than the aorta and fewer identifiable layers.

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

March 28, 2022 at 5:29 pm

Blood is transported from the heart to the systemic and pulmonary circulations via arteries. The tunica medium is the thickest layer, and it has a lot of elastic tissue in it.

Ma. Disa Ricafort says:

March 28, 2022 at 6:19 pm

Arteries are blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood (except the pulmonary artery) from the heart to the tissues of the body, which have thick muscular walls and a narrow lumen. They are like balloons or pressure reservoirs, able to expand and recoil with every heartbeat. If they were rigid like pipes, they’d eventually leak or burst after being battered by so many waves of pressure.

Veins carry blood away from the tissues and towards the heart and have thin walls. Their internal lumen is larger than that of the arteries. This is due to the fact that they contain blood under low pressure. They also have valves that prevent the blood from flowing backwards.

Capillaries serve as a bridge between your arterial and venous systems. They may be small, but these are where the vital exchange of materials actually happens. Capillary walls are made of just a single layer of epithelial tissue, which form only the tunica intima, so they’re able to deliver the oxygen and other nutrients in your blood to their cellular destinations through diffusion.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

March 28, 2022 at 7:13 pm

1. The superior and inferior vena cava are two main branches that transport oxygen-depleted blood to the heart’s right side. The anterior vena cava (superior) drains the body’s head end. On the other hand, the posterior vena cava (inferior) empties the body’s tail or back end.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

March 28, 2022 at 7:16 pm

2. The arteries’ purpose is to transport oxygenated blood to the body’s organs and cells. It has a bright red color and flows away from the heart.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

March 28, 2022 at 7:22 pm

3. A vein is a blood vessel in charge of transporting oxygen-depleted blood from the body back to the heart. It has a dark appearance due to the deoxygenated form of hemoglobin.

Mycah Jane C. Pata says:

March 28, 2022 at 7:42 pm

Circulatory system’s function is to transport oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout your body’s muscles, tissues, and organs.

– The vena cava is responsible for transporting deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body to the heart, where it is reoxygenated before continuing to the lungs.
– Arteries are narrow, muscular tubes that transport oxygenated blood from the heart to all parts of the body.
– Veins carry blood back to your heart.

Reference:
Christiansen, S. (2019). The Anatomy of the Superior Vena Cava. Retrieved from https://www.verywellhealth.com/superior-vena-cava-5097375#:~:text=The%20vena%20cava%20plays%20a,the%20lungs%20to%20be%20reoxygenated.
Cleveland Clinic (2021). Circulatory System: Anatomy and Function. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21775-circulatory-system#:~:text=Veins%3A%20These%20blood%20vessels%20return,and%20arms)%20to%20the%20heart.

Dyanne Nicole Zerna says:

March 28, 2022 at 8:01 pm

Blood vessels, arteries, capillaries, veins, vena cava, central veins. (n.d.). LHSC. https://www.lhsc.on.ca/critical-care-trauma-centre/blood-vessels-arteries-capillaries-veins-vena-cava-central-veins

Circulatory system: Anatomy and function. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21775-circulatory-system#

Ian Jay B. Francisco says:

March 28, 2022 at 10:00 pm

The cell is the basic unit of life. It is the smallest functional unit of all organisms. Together, cells make up the tissues of the human body that vary in their structure and function.

The nucleus is the control center of the cell that houses the cell’s genetic material. Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus that is involved in the synthesis of ribosomes.

When the genetic material in the form of mRNA goes out of the nucleus, it is accommodated by the ribosomes which translate the genetic code to produce proteins. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is studded with ribosomes while the smooth ER is in charge of assembling lipids. The Golgi body modifies and sorts the products of the ER.

The mitochondrion is the powerhouse of the cell wherein major metabolic processes that lead to the production of energy occur. Lysosomes carry digestive juices that play a role in breaking down cell debris.

The microfilaments and microtubules are the cell’s cytoskeleton which provides structural support. These organelles float in the cytoplasm, which is bound by a protective membrane called the plasma membrane.

Ian Jay B. Francisco says:

March 28, 2022 at 10:05 pm

The epithelium protects your body’s outer skin and internal pathways. Its functions include protection and absorption of nutrients. It also secretes fluids in our stomach, intestines, trachea, and other body pathways.

This tissue covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and produces glands. Specialized epithelia act as receptors for specific senses. Their quantity and closeness allow them to segregate connective tissues from free surfaces.

Some of these free surfaces include the outer surface of internal organs. Cavity linings, tubes, and ducts are also free surfaces. The epithelial extracellular matrix is minimal and lacks organization.

Epithelia form sheets. On each membrane, there is one detached surface or edge. This apical surface faces the outside of the body or an internal organ cavity.

The epithelium’s anchoring, or basal surface, rests atop a structureless material. The cells deep in the epithelium secrete this material called the basement membrane.

They are avascular, meaning epithelial tissues have no blood supply of their own. Instead, they rely on capillary diffusion for their blood supply. As a result, epithelial cells regenerate with ease if they are well-nourished.

You can classify epithelia according to (1) the shape of the cells and (2) the presence of layers.

According to shape:
• Squamous: These appear as flattened, keratinized, or nonkeratinized. You can find them in capillary walls and the skin.
• Cuboidal: These cube-shaped cells are present in the kidney’s nephrons. You can observe their involvement in secretion and absorption.
• Columnar: Rectangular cells with cilia make up the inner lining of the gut tube.

According to the number of layers:
• Simple: One cell layer.
• Stratified: Two or more layers.
• Pseudostratified: It looks stratified in cross-section despite a single layer.

Ian Jay B. Francisco says:

March 28, 2022 at 10:06 pm

Connective tissue connects body parts. Among all the tissues, it is the most widespread. They protect, support, and bind other body tissues.

You can observe vascularization in most connective tissues, although there are exceptions. For example, tendons and ligaments have limited blood supply, while cartilages are avascular. As a result, injuries to these structures take longer to heal.

Its components are the cells and the extracellular matrix. This matrix is a nonliving substance located outside the cells. The ground substance and protein fibers make up this extracellular matrix.

Differences in the tissues arise due to cell type, fiber type, and matrix fiber count. These are the types of connective tissue in the human body:
• Bone: Its cells are osteocytes that sit in cavities called lacunae. It has a very hard matrix that contains calcium salts and collagen fibers.
• Cartilage: It has more flexibility than bone, and its cells are chondrocytes. You can find this in only a few locations in the body.
• Dense connective tissue: The main matrix component is collagen fibers. Tendons, ligaments, and the dermis are of this connective tissue type.
• Loose connective tissue: Softer yet contains more cells and fewer fibers. Areolar, adipose, and reticular are its main types.
• Blood: A nonliving fluid matrix called blood plasma surrounds its cells. Blood fibers are soluble proteins that only appear during coagulation.

Ian Jay B. Francisco says:

March 28, 2022 at 10:07 pm

Muscle tissue is extensible and elastic, meaning it is stretchable and undergoes reshaping. Muscle cells are special in that they are contractile. Actin and myosin filaments slide together to contract.

The hallmark of this type is its well-organized cell bundles. Their fiber bundles are all parallel and different from the surrounding connective tissue. Thus, you can classify the contractile units of this muscle according to appearance.

• Skeletal muscle: The skeletal muscle controls the body’s voluntary movements. Skeletal muscle contraction is quick and powerful, with large, cylindrical, elongated cells.
• Cardiac muscle: Gap junctions coordinate the involuntary movement of the heart muscle. Intercalated disks are a major property of heart muscle tissue. As a result, cardiac muscle fibers branch and extend.
• Smooth muscle: Smooth muscle tissue surrounds arteries and tubular organs like the intestine. These cells are spindle-shaped with a single nucleus with slow, weak involuntary movements.

Ian Jay B. Francisco says:

March 28, 2022 at 10:13 pm

People associate neurons with nervous tissue. Irritability and conductivity are the two main functional features of all neurons.

Neurons have a distinct structure. It allows a single neuron to send an impulse to distant body parts.

The nervous system is so much more than neurons. A unique set of supporting cells — neuroglia — helps the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Dendrites and axons are two types of processes in neurons. Dendrites carry electrical currents toward the cell body, and axons generate and send impulses away from the cell body and often release a neurotransmitter, which helps the brain communicate with other parts of the body, such as the spinal cord.

Anne Orlido says:

March 28, 2022 at 10:45 pm

The aorta transports oxygenated blood throughout the body. The Vena Cava drains deoxygenated blood from the body and returns it to the heart. While your arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body’s tissues.

Reyna May Venezuela says:

March 28, 2022 at 11:31 pm

Your cardiovascular tissue plays a crucial function in the delivery of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, blood cells, and hormones via the circulatory system, which helps to keep the human body in a state of homeostasis.

Jhoana Mae Eder says:

March 29, 2022 at 6:31 am

The circulatory system’s major job is to transport oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout our body’s muscles, tissues, and organs. The circulatory system also removes waste from cells and organs so that our body can eradicate it.

Erika Marie Columnas says:

March 29, 2022 at 8:32 am

1. Artery – The blood channels that transport oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body’s tissues are known as arteries. Each artery is a muscular tube coated by smooth tissue and has three layers: the intima, the inner layer lined by smooth tissue called endothelium, and the adventitia, the outer layer lined by smooth tissue called endothelium.

2. Capillaries – Blood, nutrients, and oxygen are transported to cells in your organs and bodily systems via microscopic blood capillaries. The smallest blood vessels in your vascular (blood vessel) system are capillaries. The most frequent type of capillary in your body is continuous capillaries.

3. Vena cava – A big vein that delivers blood from other parts of the body to the heart. The superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava are the two portions of the vena cava. Blood is carried from the head, neck, arms, and chest by the superior vena cava.

References:
Continuous Capillaries: Anatomy and Function. (2021). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21788-continuous-capillaries#:~:text=Capillaries%20(CAP%2Duh%2Dlair,of%20capillary%20in%20your%20body.

‌NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. (2022). National Cancer Institute; Cancer.gov. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/vena-cava
‌
WebMD. (2012, February 20). Picture of the Arteries. WebMD; WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/heart/picture-of-the-arteries#:~:text=The%20arteries%20are%20the%20blood,a%20smooth%20tissue%20called%20endothelium

‌

Aia Krystelle Llanera says:

March 29, 2022 at 8:51 am

The circulatory system, also called cardiovascular system, is a vital organ system that delivers essential substances to all cells for basic functions to occur. Also commonly known as the cardiovascular system, is a network composed of the heart as a centralised pump, bloods vessels that distribute blood throughout the body, and the blood itself, for transportation of different substances.

Sera C. Silot says:

March 29, 2022 at 9:44 am

Your circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular or vascular system, transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to your cells for use in energy, growth, and repair. Your circulatory system also removes carbon dioxide and other wastes that your cells do not require.

Reference: dealthdirect. (2021). Circulatory system. Retrieved from https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/circulatory-system

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

March 29, 2022 at 11:58 am

Your body has a network of blood vessels over 60,000 miles in length. This amazing circulatory system includes three types of blood vessels — arteries, veins, and capillaries. Each plays an important role in carrying blood throughout your body.

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

March 29, 2022 at 11:58 am

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from your heart. They have thick walls and a muscular layer that keeps your blood moving. Arteries can be as wide as a nickel (about two centimeters). They are the largest type of blood vessel in your body.

The aorta is the largest artery in your body. The aorta carries blood from your heart to your organs. Arteries have smaller branches called arterioles. Both arteries and arterioles change in size to maintain your body’s blood pressure level.

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

March 29, 2022 at 11:58 am

Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards your heart and are often located close to your skin. Veins don’t have a muscular layer like arteries do, so they rely on valves to keep your blood moving. Veins start as tiny blood vessels called venules, which become full-size veins as they come closer to your heart.

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

March 29, 2022 at 11:59 am

Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards your heart and are often located close to your skin. Veins don’t have a muscular layer like arteries do, so they rely on valves to keep your blood moving. Veins start as tiny blood vessels called venules, which become full-size veins as they come closer to your heart.

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

March 29, 2022 at 11:59 am

Reference:

Nicola, S. (n.d.). What’s the Difference Between Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries? WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/heart/difference-between-arteries-veins-capillaries#:~:text=Veins%20are%20closer%20to%20the

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

March 29, 2022 at 8:52 pm

Erythrocytes are the most abundant of blood cells, accounting for approximately 99% of all blood cells. They are biconcave disc-shaped cells that lack a nucleus. Erythrocytes have a globulin protein called hemoglobin on their surface for oxygen to bind to.

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

March 29, 2022 at 8:52 pm

The blood is the mobile component of the circulatory system. Blood is bright red when oxygenated and dark red/purple when deoxygenated. Blood consists of a cellular element suspended in a liquid called plasma.

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

March 29, 2022 at 8:53 pm

Veins are formed with the union of muscular venules. In comparison to arteries, veins have a relatively thin wall and a larger lumen.

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

March 29, 2022 at 8:54 pm

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They have thick walls and a narrow lumen, to resist the high pressure from the blood being forced out of the heart. As the arteries travel toward the more peripheral tissues, they begin a process of segmentation, decreasing in diameter and wall thickness with each division.

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

March 29, 2022 at 8:55 pm

If you wanna check out more information about the circulatory system, you may check this link out.
—-) https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/circulatory-system

Happy Learning!!

Joshua Ayuban says:

March 30, 2022 at 3:52 am

Artery
These are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body. It has three layers with the middle layer made up of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in the outer and inner layers. It has a broad, circular lumen.

Vein
These are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart. The arteries and veins connect the heart to the body and thus circulate the blood. It is also made up of three layers similar to the artery, but it has a wider lumen.

Capillary
Capillaries are the tiniest blood arteries in the body. They transport oxygenated blood from arteries to bodily tissues and return deoxygenated blood to veins. Capillaries are therefore an important component of the circulatory system, acting as a bridge between arteries and veins.

Dinah Marie Cabrera says:

March 30, 2022 at 11:25 pm

ARTERIOLES are blood vessels positioned on the arterial side of the vascular tree, proximal to the capillaries and in conjunction with the terminal arteries. They are referred to as the main resistance vessels since they distribute blood flow into the capillary beds.

VENULES are the smallest veins. It receive blood from capillaries and aids in the exchange of oxygen and nutrients for water-soluble compounds.

ELASTIC ARTERIES are those closest to the heart (aorta and pulmonary arteries) have a greater proportion of elastic tissue in the tunica media than muscular arteries. One of its functions is to receive the heart’s high-pressure blood and gently push it forward.

Dinah Marie Cabrera says:

March 30, 2022 at 11:35 pm

ADIPOSE TISSUE, commonly known as “body fat,” is found in specific locations in the body which are called as “adipose depots”. It can be found around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow), in the intermuscular (Muscular system), beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), and in the breast (breast tissue). It functions as a fuel tank for the storage of triglycerides and lipids.
AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE found across the body, specifically under the epithelial cell layer of organ systems with external openings, like the digestive tract, respiratory system, and under the dermis of the skin. It connects epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues and supports organs in place. It also acts as a water and salt reservoir for the surrounding tissues.
ELASTIC CARTILAGE is found in the larynx, the external part of the ear (pinna), and the tube leading from the middle part of the ear to the throat (eustachian or auditory tube). It provides strength, elasticity, and maintains the shape of a certain structure such as the external ear.

Joanna Mae S. Canin says:

March 31, 2022 at 12:15 am

Arteries – Arteries are muscular and elastic tubes that must carry blood under high pressures caused by the heart’s pumping motion. The pulse, which may be felt over an artery at the skin’s surface, is caused by the alternate expansion and contraction of the arterial wall when blood is forced into the arterial system via the aorta by the beating heart.

Veins – These are a type of blood vessel that transports deoxygenated blood back to your heart from your organs. These are not the same as the arteries that carry oxygenated blood from your heart to the rest of your body.

Capillaries (Sinusoidal) – Sinusoidal capillaries (or sinusoids) possess a discontinuous endothelium and basement membrane. The sinusoids’ lumens are big and irregularly shaped (15 to 30 m in diameter). Big gaps allow large macromolecules and cells to freely exchange. Sinusoidal capillaries can be found in several organs, including the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.

Derrick Ocaña says:

March 31, 2022 at 5:56 am

Vena Cava is a large vein that carries blood from other parts of the body to the heart. The superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava are the two parts of the vena cava. Blood is carried from the head, neck, arms, and chest by the superior vena cava. The inferior vena cava transports blood from the legs, feet, and abdominal and pelvic organs. The vena cava is the body’s largest vein.
Source: NCI Dictionary of cancer terms. (n.d.). National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/vena-cava

Derrick Ocaña says:

March 31, 2022 at 6:00 am

When we say capillary, the walls of these tiny blood vessels are very thin. The blood’s oxygen and nutrients can pass through the walls and into the organs and tissues. Waste products are also removed from your tissues by capillaries. Oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste in capillaries.
Source: Blood vessels: Types, anatomy, function & conditions. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21640-blood-vessels#:~:text=Capillaries%3A%20These%20tiny%20blood%20vessels,for%20carbon%20dioxide%20and%20waste

Derrick Ocaña says:

March 31, 2022 at 6:05 am

Arteries are thin, muscular tubes that transport oxygenated blood from the heart to all parts of the body. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. It originates in the heart and travels up the chest (ascending aorta) before entering the stomach (descending aorta).
Source: Circulatory system: Anatomy and function. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21775-circulatory-system#:~:text=Arteries%3A%20Arteries%20are%20thin%2C%20muscular,the%20stomach%20(descending%20aorta)

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

March 31, 2022 at 12:05 pm

Toad Skin – Frogs use their skin as the first line of defense against pathogens in the environment. Their skin is composed of epidermal and dermal layers, in which each layer highly consists of epithelial and fibroblastic cells, respectively.

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

March 31, 2022 at 12:06 pm

Cat Skin – The largest organ in a cat’s body is the skin. It could take up about 12-24% of their body weight, depending on the specie and age. The skin provides protection to cats against the environment. It helps in regulating temperature and give cats a sense of touch. Cat skin is composed of three main layers: the epidermis or outer layer, dermis or middle layer, and subcutis or the innermost layer. Along with these layers are hair and claws which serves as skin appendages of cats.

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

March 31, 2022 at 12:06 pm

Human Hair – Humans develop different types of hairs. The first hair to develop that started from the third to fourth month of fetal life is called the lanugo. This type of hair is downy and slender. It is followed by down hair or vellus, which is fine, short, and unpigmented. It develops during the first few months of infancy. During puberty, this is supplemented by the terminal hair which is longer, coarser, and more heavily pigmented. Terminal hair develops in the armpits, genital regions, and for males, on the face or sometimes on the trunk and limbs. Hairs on the scalp which are the densest and longest, usually have an average total number between 100,000-150,000. The rate of hair growth in humans is about 0.5 in (13mm) per month.

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

March 31, 2022 at 12:07 pm

References:

Kim, J. & Dao, H. (2021). Physiology, Integument. NCBI. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554386/#:~:text=The%20integumentary%20system%20includes%20the,D%2C%20and%20detection%20of%20stimuli

Moriello, K. (2018). Structure of the Skin in Cats. MSD Manual: Veterinary Manual. Retrieved from https://www.msdvetmanual.com/cat-owners/skin-disorders-of-cats/structure-of-the-skin-in-cats#:~:text=The%20skin%20has%203%20main,and%20subcutaneous%20muscles%20and%20fat.

Schreiber, B. (n.d.). hair: anatomy. Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/hair-anatom

Varga, J., Bui-Marinos, M. & Katzenback, B. (2019). Frog Skin Innate Immune Defenses: Sensing and Surviving Pathogens. frontiers. Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.03128/full

Dennesse Mari M. Uy says:

March 31, 2022 at 3:47 pm

The integumentary system is known for having the largest organ of the body which serves as a barrier for physical protection between external and internal environments. Moreover, it has the function for temperature regulation, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of Vitamin D, and detection of stimuli. The system includes the following organs: skin, hypodermis, associated glands, hairs, and nails.

Source: Physiopedia. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Integumentary_System

Carl Paulo says:

March 31, 2022 at 4:44 pm

The cardiovascular system transports blood to and from the heart to all tissues of the body. Its main function is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients, and metabolic waste products. It is also involved in temperature regulation, hormone distribution, and immune function.
The cardiovascular system is composed of the following structures:

Heart – pumps blood through the system
Arteries – vessels that deliver blood to tissues
Capillaries – networks of small vessels that perfuse tissues
Veins – vessels that return blood to the heart
Blood vessels are found in all tissues of the body with very few exceptions, such as epithelia and cartilage.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

March 31, 2022 at 5:30 pm

𝐇𝐚𝐢𝐫 is consist of columns of dead keratinized cells.

It has three layers: A central 𝗺𝗲𝗱𝘂𝗹𝗹𝗮, or core (not seen in fine hairs), is surrounded by a keratinized 𝗰𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗲𝘅, and the outer third layer, which is highly keratinized and forms the thin hard 𝗰𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗹𝗲 on the outside of the hair. These keratinized layers are made by proliferating cells in the hair matrix at the base of the hair follicle.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

March 31, 2022 at 5:33 pm

The 𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐩 covers the surface of the head, which extends from the top of the forehead across to the epicranial aponeurosis of the head. Laterally, it reaches down to the external auditory meatus and zygomatic arch (cheekbone of the skull). The scalp consists of 5 distinct layers: the skin, connective tissue, epicranial aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, and pericranium (periostium).

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

March 31, 2022 at 5:39 pm

𝐏𝐚𝐥𝐦𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐤𝐢𝐧, together with plantar skin, is thicker than the body’s other skin. It is consist of a stratum lucidum that appears lucid or clear. Moreover, it is a smooth, clear, thin layer, just superficial to the stratum granulosum. The keratinocytes in this layer are derived from the stratum granulosum and mainly consist of keratin fibers. They are flat and densely packed.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

March 31, 2022 at 5:42 pm

Sources:
Histology Guide (n.d.) Hair. Retrieved from https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/skin/hair.php

Baxter, R. (2022). Scalp and hair histology. Retrieved from https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/histology-of-the-scalp-and-the-hair

Organ Level — Skin (Epidermis and Dermis) Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cuny-csi-ap-1/chapter/organ-level-skin-epidermis-and-dermis/

Elisha Kristin Pasco says:

March 31, 2022 at 9:21 pm

The right ventricle is composed of three layers. The endocardium which is the inner surface of the endothelim supported by connective tissue fibers. The myocardium or cardiac muscle which is reposnible for the pumping action of the heart. Lastly, the epicardium which is an outer surface of mesothilial cells supported by dense irregular connective tissue.

Elisha Kristin Pasco says:

March 31, 2022 at 9:21 pm

The elastic arteres are large vessels that convey blood from the heart to systemic and pulmonary circulations. During systole, the high pressure causes the wall to distend, the walls then deflate during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle enabling the blood to move through the arteries.

Elisha Kristin Pasco says:

March 31, 2022 at 9:22 pm

Large vein or the brachiocephalic veins have thinner walls than arteries with less distinct layers. These veins are large venous structures located within the thorax, originating from the union of the subclavian vein witht he internal jugular vein. It drains blood from the head and neck, upper limbs and the upper part of the thorax.

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

March 31, 2022 at 11:07 pm

1. HAIR: Hair is an EPIDERMAL APPENDAGE. It forms in hair follicles wherein keratinocytes proliferate rapidly and undergo keratinization to form the medulla, cortex, and cuticle of a hair root.

Human hair does not have much protective value. Eyelashes, eyebrows, and ears and nostril hairs have obviously useful functions, and scalp hair can provide some protection from the Sun. It also has other functions like sensory input and thermoregulation.

2. SKIN: It is the largest single organ of the body. Also known as the integument or cutaneous layer, the skin is composed of:

– EPIDERMIS is an epithelial layer of ectodermal origin. It protects against friction and water loss.

– DERMIS is a layer of mesodermal connective tissue. It houses nerve endings, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, and hair follicles. Moreover, its composition of connective tissue provides elasticity to the skin.

– Beneath the dermis is the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer, which is not considered part of the integument. It is composed of areolar and adipose connective tissue

3. SWEAT GLANDS: It is an EPIDERMAL APPENDAGE. Sweat glands develop as long epidermal invaginations embedded in the dermis. There are two types of sweat glands, eccrine and apocrine, with distinct functions, distributions, and structural details.

– ECCRINE sweat glands are widely distributed in the skin and are most numerous on the foot soles. It provides an important mechanism for cooling the body.

– APOCRINE sweat glands are largely confined to skin of the axillary and perineal regions. Their development depends on sex hormones and is not complete and functional until after puberty.

The secretory components of apocrine glands have much larger lumens than those of the eccrine glands. The drawing is representative of the ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND as the lumen is narrow.

References:

Mescher, A. L., & Uchôa, J. L. C. (2018). Junqueira’s basic histology: Text and Atlas. McGraw-Hill Education.

Internet sources:

https://www.britannica.com/science/human-skin/Hair
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/hair/

Reynavel E. Ciballos says:

April 1, 2022 at 12:43 am

Both literally and figuratively speaking, the integumentary system is the bodily system that surrounds you, or the system that protects you. Look in the mirror to see it, look anyplace on your body to see it, and look about you in the outside world to see it, and you will find it. It is the system that can instantaneously tell us if someone is young or elderly, what ethnicity or color someone belongs to, or whether he or she has just returned from a vacation.

It also provides us with a great level of protection from injury and helps us to perceive our immediate surroundings. The integumentary system is comprised of the skin and its appendages, subcutaneous tissue, deep fascia, mucocutaneous junctions, and the breasts, to name a few components of the body. These components, as well as some clinical observations concerning them and the integumentary system as a whole, will be discussed in length in this article.

source: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/integumentary-system

Valerie Loyd V. Tan says:

April 1, 2022 at 1:28 am

The surface epidermis and the deeper dermis are the two layers that make up the skin. The epidermis is the strong outer layer of the skin that protects it from the elements. It’s made up of four to five layers of stratified squamous epithelial cells. The stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale are the fundamental layers, which go from superficial to deep.

Hair is made up of epidermis and dermis roots. The hair shaft, which is visible on the outside, and the hair follicle, which is hidden beneath the skin, are the two parts of its construction. The hair follicle is a complex structure that houses the hair bulb, which divides to lengthen the hair shaft vertically.

The scalp extends from the top of the forehead to the epicranial aponeurosis of the skull, covering the entire surface of the head. It reaches down to the external auditory meatus and zygomatic arch on the lateral side (cheekbone of the skull). The skin, connective tissue, epicranial aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, and pericranium are the five layers that make up the scalp (periosteum).

Reference: Dao, Kim, H. J. (2021, May 9). Physiology, Integument. https://Www.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/. Retrieved April 1, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554386/#:~:text=The%20integumentary%20system%20includes%20the,D%2C%20and%20detection%20of%20stimuli.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 1, 2022 at 2:17 pm

The first Image shows the layers of the epidermis in Thick part of the skin. We can find these on the palm of our hands and the soles of our feet. The Epidermis is compose of six layers. These are Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale, and the Dermis. The stratum lucidum layer is only found in think skin and not in thin skin.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 1, 2022 at 2:21 pm

The second picture is the longitudinal section of hair root. It is where we can find the Matrix, Medulla, and Cortex. Also the surrounding epithelial and connective tissue sheaths.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 1, 2022 at 2:27 pm

The third one is the Sebaceous* gland. It secreted oil mixture of lipids called SEBUM. This oil helps in maintaining the stratum corneum and the hair shaft. It also has weak antibacterial and antifungal property.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 1, 2022 at 2:28 pm

Source: Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas

Miguel Gatsi says:

April 1, 2022 at 7:10 pm

Under the Integumentary category
– this slide shows the picture of toad skin under the microscope. The objective used is HPO.
I would like to thank the frog for sacrificing his body

Miguel Gatsi says:

April 1, 2022 at 7:11 pm

Skin is very important part of our body. It functions as a protective coat. Its main function is to act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. It also protects our body from diseases and regulates our temperature.

Miguel Gatsi says:

April 1, 2022 at 7:11 pm

The integumentary system is the set of organs forming the outermost layer of an animal’s body. It comprises the skin and its appendages, acting as a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain the body of the animal.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

April 1, 2022 at 7:58 pm

1. Skin. The skin is the body’s largest organ, made of water, protein, fats, and minerals. Your skin protects your body from germs and regulates body temperature. Nerves in the skin help you feel sensations like hot and cold.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

April 1, 2022 at 7:58 pm

2. Hair. A component of the integumentary system that extends downward into the dermal layer where it sits in the hair follicle. The presence of hair is a primary differentiator of mammals as a unique class of organisms. In humans, it is a cherished and highly visible indicator of health, youth, and even class. It also has a sensory function, and acts to protect from cold and UV radiation.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

April 1, 2022 at 7:59 pm

3. Nail. The nail is a flexible plate of horny tissue, made up of keratin, i.e., epidermic cells formed in the root of the nail and hardened. The nail originates in the matrix as part of the epidermis, or outer layer of the skin. It hardens and thickens through a process called “keratinization”, becoming less firmly attached to the nail bed. As growth continues, the nail becomes thinner and again fixes itself firmly to the nail bed, taking on a pinkish tone.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

April 1, 2022 at 7:59 pm

SOURCES:
• https://www.physio-pedia.com/Integumentary_System
• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/10978-skin
• https://mavala.com.au/mavacademy-anatomy-nails

Shanaia Regine Tonelete says:

April 1, 2022 at 8:57 pm

The microscopic photo (the one with an arrow) is a human brown skin under the HPO lens.

Ryeza Dayola says:

April 1, 2022 at 11:33 pm

Skin covers the outer surface of the body and is the largest organ. Skin and it’s accessory structures (hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nails) make up the integumentary system. Its primary functions are to protect the body from the environment and prevent water loss. Skin is classified into two types: Thick skin which covers the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. On the other hand, thin skin covers the rest of the body. Scalp hairs arise from hair follicles extending deep into the dermis. Hair follicles are invaginations of the epidermis that form multilayered cylinders of cells.

Reference: https://histologyguide.com//slidebox/11-skin.html

Ellaine Rose Bahonsua says:

April 3, 2022 at 10:08 am

The skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands make up the integumentary system. The skin is only a few millimeters thick, but it is the body’s biggest organ. The typical person’s skin weighs about ten pounds and covers over 20 square feet. The skin is the body’s exterior layer and serves as a barrier against toxins, illness, UV radiation, and physical harm. Hair and nails grow out of the skin to strengthen it and protect it from the elements. damage. Sweat, oil, and wax are produced by the exocrine glands of the integumentary system to cool, protect, and moisturize the skin’s surface.

Rosemarie C. Abraham says:

April 3, 2022 at 10:19 am

The skin consists of two layers, the epidermis and the dermis. The
epidermis is a tough outer layer that serves as the first line of defense against the external environment. It is composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells that further break down into 4-5 layers. From the superficial to the deep, the primary layers are the stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.

Rosemarie C. Abraham says:

April 3, 2022 at 10:23 am

The dermis is the underlying connective tissue framework that underpins the epidermis. It is further divided into two layers-the superficial papilla dermis and the deep reticular layer. The dermis as a whole contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, sweat glands, hair follicles, and various other structures embedded in connective tissue.

Rosemarie C. Abraham says:

April 3, 2022 at 10:24 am

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554386/

Rhamises Ragpa says:

April 3, 2022 at 8:13 pm

The skin is the body’s biggest and heaviest organ. It must cover the full outside of the body, from the top of a person’s head to the end of their toes, in order to operate as a protective barrier.

Rhamises Ragpa says:

April 3, 2022 at 8:13 pm

The nail serves to protect the fingers and toes from harm. It also aids in the perception of touch.

Rhamises Ragpa says:

April 3, 2022 at 8:14 pm

A hair follicle is a tunnel-shaped structure located in the skin’s epidermis (outer layer). Hair begins to grow at the base of a hair follicle. The protein cells that make up the hair root are supplied by blood from surrounding blood veins.

Rhamises Ragpa says:

April 3, 2022 at 8:14 pm

Sources:
https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-integumentary-system-anatomy-and-function-5114485
https://www.healthline.com/health/hair-follicle#anatomy

Pinkish Galvez says:

April 3, 2022 at 9:12 pm

The integumentary system, comprising skin, hair, nails, and numerous sweat glands, is the largest organ in the human body. It serves as the body’s exterior covering, protecting it from infections, abrasion, chemical burns, and radiation exposure. The skin and its related tissues are also responsible for retaining bodily fluids, removing waste, and regulating the
body’s temperature.

Reference:

BD Editors. (2019, October 5). Integumentary System. Biology Dictionary. https://biologydictionary.net/integumentary-system/

Barbara Zaragoza says:

April 3, 2022 at 9:52 pm

Sources:
Kim, J. Y., & Dao, H. (2021, May 9). Physiology, Integument. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554386/#:~:text=The%20integumentary%20system%20is%20the,glands%2C%20hair%2C%20and%20nails.

‌Integumentary System | Biology for Majors II. (2022). Lumenlearning.com. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/integumentary-system/

Duchess Mariss Cloma says:

April 3, 2022 at 11:12 pm

Skin and its derivatives and appendages form the integumentary system. In humans, skin derivatives include nails, hair, and several types of sweat and sebaceous glands. Skin, or integument, consists of two distinct regions, the superficial epidermis, and deep dermis. The superficial epidermis is nonvascular and lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with distinct cell types and cell layers. Inferior to the epidermis is the vascular dermis, characterized by dense irregular connective tissue. Beneath the dermis is hypodermis or a subcutaneous layer of connective tissue and adipose tissue that forms the superficial fascia seen in gross anatomy

Ponciano Y. Daclan III says:

April 3, 2022 at 11:23 pm

The skin and its specialized derivatives, such as hairs, nails, sweat, and sebaceous glands, make up the integumentary system. The mammary glands and teeth are also considered integumentary system components.

References:

The Integumentary System: Your Skin, Hair, Nails, and Glands. (2021, 15 november). Verywell Health. Geraadpleegd op 3 april 2022, van https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-integumentary-system-anatomy-and-function-5114485

BD Editors. (2019, 5 oktober). Integumentary System. Biology Dictionary. Geraadpleegd op 3 april 2022, van https://biologydictionary.net/integumentary-system/

Shanaia Regine Tonelete says:

April 4, 2022 at 10:16 am

Found in hollow organs such as your intestines and stomachs.

Shanaia Regine Tonelete says:

April 4, 2022 at 10:16 am

Original post: https://getaprofessor.com/members/camelapidor/activity/5038/

Angelyn V. Duhig says:

April 4, 2022 at 10:20 am

Smooth muscle, also called involuntary muscle, muscle that shows no cross stripes under microscopic magnification. It consists of narrow spindle-shaped cells with a single, centrally located nucleus. Smooth muscle tissue, unlike striated muscle, contracts slowly and automatically. It constitutes much of the musculature of internal organs and the digestive system.

Angelyn V. Duhig says:

April 4, 2022 at 10:20 am

A stratified squamous epithelium consists of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane. Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane; the other layers adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity. Stratified squamous epithelia usually have protective funtions: protection against easy invasion of underlying tissue by microorganisms and protection against water loss.

The slide shows an example of stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelia from the esophagus. The surface cells of non-keratinized epithelia are living cells. Non-keratinized surfaces must be kept moist by bodily secretions to prevent them from drying out. They usually secrete mucus as an additional protective and lubricating layer which is why they are seen in the esophagus and in parts of the female reproductive system.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

April 4, 2022 at 1:36 pm

1. Hair follicles assist in wound healing by releasing epithelial stem cells.
2. The epidermis is your body’s top skin layer. It cushions your tissues and internal organs, makes your skin stay hydrated, forms new skin cells, and determines your skin colors.
3. Sweat glands can be present in your forehead, armpits, palms, and feet soles. Sweat is water that contains salts. Its role is to regulate body temperature. The skin surface cools when the water in sweat evaporates.

Donna Rose Abad says:

April 4, 2022 at 2:46 pm

Apocrine glands enter into the hair follicle and extend to the skin’s surface. Apocrine glands develop in areas with a high amount of hair follicles, such as the scalp, armpits, and groin.

Eccrine glands cover the majority of your body and open directly onto the skin’s surface.

Sebaceous glands are responsible for the production and secretion of sebum, a complex oil composed of triglycerides and fatty acid breakdown products, wax esters, squalene, cholesterol esters, and cholesterol. Sebum lubricates the skin, protecting it from friction and increasing its resistance to moisture.

Reference:

Mayo Clinic (n.d.). Sweat glands – Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperhidrosis/multimedia/sweat-glands/img-20007980

PubMed Central (PMC)(2011, March 1). An update on the role of the sebaceous gland in the pathogenesis of acne – PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3051853/

Dyanne Nicole Zerna says:

April 4, 2022 at 3:58 pm

Reference:
The integumentary system: Your skin, hair, nails, and glands. (n.d.). Verywell Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-integumentary-system-anatomy-and-function-5114485

Ryeza Dayola says:

April 4, 2022 at 4:46 pm

The digestive system takes in food, digests and absorbs nutrients, and eliminates the remaining waste material. The digestive system can be divided into the digestive tract (oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine) and associated digestive organs (salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).

Tongue – covered by a specialized mucosa that contains multiple types of papillae and taste buds. This specimen has excellent examples of foliate papillae and taste buds.

Esophagus – a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. The wall of the esophagus is composed of the four layers characteristic of the gastrointestinal tract.

Colon – composed of the four layers characteristic of the gastrointestinal tract. However, neither villi nor plicae circularis are present and goblet cells become more frequent.

Reference: https://histologyguide.com//slidebox/14-gastrointestinal-tract.html

Maxine says:

April 4, 2022 at 6:30 pm

The integumentary system is the body’s largest organ, forming a physical barrier between the exterior and interior environments it protects and maintains. The epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails comprise the integumentary system. Apart from its barrier function, this system is involved in a variety of complex procedures such as body temperature regulation, cell fluid management, vitamin D synthesis, and stimulus detection.
Kim, J., & Dao, H. (2021, May 9). Physiology, Integument. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554386/#:~:text=The%20integumentary%20system%20includes%20the,D%2C%20and%20detection%20of%20stimuli.

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

April 4, 2022 at 6:51 pm

Hair follicle: It's found in the skin's dermal layer and is made up of 20 different cell types, each with its own set of functions. The hair follicle regulates hair growth via a complicated interaction between hormones, neuropeptides, and immune cells.

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

April 4, 2022 at 6:53 pm

Epidermis: The epidermis is your body's outermost layer of skin. It defends your body from injury, keeps it moisturized, generates new skin cells, and includes melanin, which gives your skin its color.

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

April 4, 2022 at 6:55 pm

Apocrine sweat gland: which are frequently found near hair follicles, discharge a fatty sweat into the gland tubule on a regular basis. Emotional stress causes the tubule wall to contract, causing the fatty discharge to be expelled to the skin, where it is broken down into odorous fatty acids by local bacteria.

Mycah Jane C. Pata says:

April 4, 2022 at 8:20 pm

The integumentary system is the body’s largest organ, designed to protect and maintain the internal environment by forming a physical barrier between the external and internal environments. The epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, related glands, hair, and nails are all part of the integumentary system.

Epidermis – is the outermost layer of the skin, provides waterproofing and acts as a barrier of infection.
Eccrine Sweat Glands – are simple glands that have coiled tubular structure. Also, it is a thermoregulatory, releasing sweat to maintain a constant body temperature through evaporative cooling.
Hair Follicle – is a tube-shaped sheath that surrounds and nourishes the part of the hair that is beneath the skin.

Reference:
Anatomy of the Skin (2022). Retrieved from https://training.seer.cancer.gov/melanoma/anatomy/
Kim, J. Y., & Dao, H. (2021, May 9). Physiology, Integument. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554386/#:~:text=The%20integumentary%20system%20is%20the,glands%2C%20hair%2C%20and%20nails.
Sweat glands. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/histology-of-the-sweat-glands
The Skin (2022). Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/the-skin/

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Reyna May Venezuela says:

April 4, 2022 at 9:10 pm

The integumentary system is the body’s largest organ, serving to protect and maintain the internal environment by acting as a physical barrier between the external and internal environments. The epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, glands, hair, and nails are all part of the integumentary system. This system regulates body temperature, maintains cell fluid, synthesizes Vitamin D, and detects stimuli in addition to its barrier function. To carry out these activities, the many components of this system collaborate—for example, body temperature regulation is accomplished through thermoreceptors, which regulate peripheral blood flow, perspiration, and body hair.

Erika Marie Columnas says:

April 4, 2022 at 9:27 pm

1. Trachea – The trachea is a lengthy tube that connects the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi. Your bronchi are tubes that carry air to your lungs. The trachea is an important component of your respiratory system. The trachea is made up of cartilage rings. It is bordered with mucus-producing cells.

2. Human hair – Each hair is attached to the skin via a hair follicle. The hair follicle’s base is formed by the hair bulb. Living cells divide and proliferate in the hair bulb to form the hair shaft. Hair bulb cells are nourished by blood arteries, which also supply hormones that affect hair development and structure at different stages of life.

3. Skin – With a total area of around 20 square feet, the skin is the body’s biggest organ. The skin protects us from microorganisms and the elements, assists in body temperature regulation, and allows us to feel touch, heat, and cold.

References:
Hoffman, M. (2010, May 10). Picture of the Hair. WebMD; WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-the-hair#:~:text=A%20hair%20follicle%20anchors%20each,at%20different%20times%20of%20life.

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Hoffman, M. (2009, July 16). Picture of the Skin. WebMD; WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-the-skin
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Trachea (Windpipe): Function and Anatomy. (2021). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21828-trachea#:~:text=The%20trachea%20is%20the%20long,with%20cells%20that%20produce%20mucus.

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Rhoda Christine J. Nacional says:

April 4, 2022 at 9:54 pm

References:

Cleveland Clinic. (2021). Circulatory System: Anatomy and Function. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21775-circulatory-system

Bailey, R. (2021). Types of Veins That Keep Your Heart Ticking. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/vein-anatomy-373252#:~:text=A%20vein%20is%20an%20elastic

Vena Cava. (n.d.). Physiopedia. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Vena_Cava

DerSarkissian, C. (2021). The Arteries (Human Anatomy): Picture, Definition, Conditions, & More. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/heart/picture-of-the-arteries#:~:text=The%20arteries%20are%20the%20blood

Rhoda Christine J. Nacional says:

April 4, 2022 at 9:56 pm

References:

Integumentary System. (n.d.). Physiopedia. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Integumentary_System

Smith, Y. (2016, November 30). What is the Epidermis? News-Medical.net. https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-the-Epidermis.aspx

Cobb, C. (2019). Hair Follicle: Function, Anatomy, and Conditions. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/hair-follicle

Angelyn Evan Bomediano says:

April 4, 2022 at 10:49 pm

The skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves make up the integumentary system, which is made up of various organs and components. The integumentary system’s major role is to protect the inside of the body from environmental elements such as bacteria, pollutants, and UV rays from the sun.

Skin. The skin is the body’s biggest and heaviest organ. It must cover the full outside of the body, from the top of a person’s head to the end of their toes, in order to operate as a protective barrier. The skin is around 2 mm thick (0.079 inches thick) and weighs roughly 6 pounds in total.

Nail. The function of the nail is to protect fingers and toes from injury or trauma and sensation or to assists with the sense of touch.

Hair. This serves as a protection for the skin, regulation of body temperature, evaporation and perspiration process and to help with the nerve sensing functions of the integumentary system.

Reference: Christiansen, S. (2021, November 15). The integumentary system: Your skin, hair, nails, and glands. Verywell Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-integumentary-system-anatomy-and-function-5114485

Sera C. Silot says:

April 4, 2022 at 11:18 pm

The integumentary system protects us from harm and allows us to perceive our surroundings. It is made up of skin and its appendages, subcutaneous tissue, deep fascia, mucocutaneous junctions, and breasts in general.

Reference: Rad, A. (2022). Integumentary System. Retrieved from https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/integumentary-system

Jhoana Mae Eder says:

April 4, 2022 at 11:43 pm

The integumentary system is the body’s largest organ, serving to protect and maintain the internal environment by forming a physical barrier between the external and internal environments. The epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, corresponding glands, hair, and nails are all part of the integumentary system.

1. Epidermis – The epidermis is your body’s outermost layer of skin. It defends your body from injury, keeps it moisturized, generates new skin cells, and includes melanin, which gives your skin its color.

2. Hair Follicle – Hair growth is controlled by a complex combination of hormones, neuropeptides, and immune cells in the hair follicle.

3. Human Scalp – The soft tissue layers that cover the cranium make up the scalp. The scalp consists of 5 layers: the skin, connective tissue, epicranial aponeurosis, loose areolar tissue, and pericranium.

Ma. Disa Ricafort says:

April 5, 2022 at 7:53 am

A hair follicle anchors each hair into the skin. It begins at the surface of the epidermis. For follicles that produce terminal hairs, the hair follicle extends into the deep dermis and sometimes even subcutis. Meanwhile, follicles producing vellus hairs grow only to the upper reticular dermis. There are three important segments of hair follicles found on the head: the infundibulum, the isthmus, and the lower follicle/inferior segment (which includes the bulb).

The dermis is the middle layer of the skin, existing between your epidermis and hypodermis. It is the thickest layer of skin. It contains collagen and elastin, which help make the dermis thick and supportive of the skin’s overall structure.

The epidermis, a constantly renewing stratified squamous epithelium, is the thinnest layer of skin. It helps hydrate the body, produces new skin cells, protects the body from damage, and makes melanin, which provides skin color.

Elisha Kristin Pasco says:

April 6, 2022 at 11:29 am

The skin is composed of three layers. The epithelium forms the surface later, the epidermis which is usually the darkest layer. The dermal papillae is the irregular border between the epidermis and the dermis. The dermis appears lighter than the epidermis and is composed of dense, irregular connective tissue.

Elisha Kristin Pasco says:

April 6, 2022 at 11:29 am

A hair follicle is a tubular invagination line by stratified squamous epithelium similar to epidermis with a central lumen that may contain a hair shaft, Usually, each hair follicle is associated with a sebaceous gland.

Elisha Kristin Pasco says:

April 6, 2022 at 11:29 am

Sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. The complex of the hair follicle, hair shaft, and sebaceous gland is called pilosebaceous apparatus.

Raniah Macaundas says:

April 6, 2022 at 11:55 am

The stomach is a J-shaped organ that stores and digests food. It is divided into three regions with slightly different mucosa:
• fundus
• body
• pylorus
The esophagus is a long, muscular tube lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that transports food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach. Its submucosa layer consists of mucus glands and ducts (stratified cuboidal epithelium).
The appendix is situated on the lower right side of the abdomen and has abundant lymphoid tissue. The dominant features of its mucosal layer are crypts with very few in number and the lamina propria.

Sources:
https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/oral/GI_layers.php
https://uta.pressbooks.pub/histology/chapter/digestive-system/
https://histologyguide.com/slideview/MH-109-esophagus/14-slide-1.html

Carl Paulo says:

April 6, 2022 at 2:47 pm

The integumentary system is the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain. The integumentary system includes the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails. In addition to its barrier function, this system performs many intricate functions such as body temperature regulation, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of Vitamin D, and detection of stimuli. The various components of this system work in conjunction to carry out these functions—for example, body temperature regulation occurs through thermoreceptors that lead to the adjustment of peripheral blood flow, degree of perspiration, and body hair.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

April 6, 2022 at 3:03 pm

1. Appendix. A thin tube that is joined to the large intestine. It sits in the lower right part of your belly (abdomen). When you are a young child, your appendix is a working part of your immune system, which helps your body to fight disease. When you are older, your appendix stops doing this and other parts of your body keep helping to fight infection.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

April 6, 2022 at 3:03 pm

2. Liver lobules. They are made up of microscopic units called lobules which are roughly hexagonal in shape. These lobules comprise rows of liver cells (hepatocytes) that radiate out from a central point. The hepatic cells are in close contact with blood-filled sinusoids and also lie adjacent to canaliculi into which bile is secreted. Situated around the perimeter of the lobule are branches of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and bile duct. These clusters together at the “corners” of the lobule forming what is called the portal triad. At the mid-point of the lobule is the central vein. Blood flows out of the sinusoids into the central vein and is transported out of the liver.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

April 6, 2022 at 3:04 pm

3. Small intestine (Duodenum). It is the long, continuous pathway that which food travels through your digestive system. In the small intestine, food is broken down into liquid and most of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste is passed on to the large intestine. It is the first part of the small intestine that the stomach feeds into. It’s a short, descending chute (about 10 inches long) that curves around the pancreas in a “C” shape before connecting to the rest of the coiled intestines.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

April 6, 2022 at 3:04 pm

RESOURCES:
• https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/digestive-system
• https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/appendicitis#:~:text=The%20appendix%20is%20a%20thin,your%20body%20to%20fight%20disease.
• https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/nmp/sonet/rlos/bioproc/liveranatomy/page_three.html#:~:text=The%20liver%20lobes%20are%20made,out%20from%20a%20central%20point.
• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22135-small-intestine#:~:text=Duodenum,rest%20of%20the%20coiled%20intestines.

Dinah Marie Cabrera says:

April 6, 2022 at 10:34 pm

HAIR FOLLICLE: The hair follicle is a tube-shaped sheath that surrounds and nourishes the portion of the hair that lies beneath the epidermis. It is found in both the epidermis and dermis.

SKIN: The skin is a component of the integumentary system and is the largest organ in the human body. The epidermis (outermost layer of skin), dermis (located beneath the epidermis), and hypodermis (located beneath the dermis) are its three primary layers. As the body’s largest organ, the skin protects against germs, regulates body temperature, and enables touch (tactile) sensations.

NAIL TISSUE: Nails grow from a deep groove in the skin’s dermis. Its primary role is to protect the toes and fingers’ terminal sections. On the fingers, the front edge of the nail aids in the manipulation of small items as well as in scratching.

Joshua Ayuban says:

April 6, 2022 at 11:45 pm

SKIN – With a total size of around 20 square feet, the skin is the body’s biggest organ. The skin protects us from microorganisms and the environment assists in body temperature regulation and allows us to feel touch, heat, and cold.

HAIR FOLLICLE – An organ located in the skin of mammals. It’s found in the skin’s dermal layer and is made up of 20 different cell types, each with its own set of functions. Hair development is controlled by a complicated interplay between hormones, neuropeptides, and immune cells in the hair follicle.

NAILS – Nails are a kind of stratum corneum that is mostly formed of keratin. Their main purposes are to protect, scratch, and pick up little items.

Nathaniel Correa says:

April 6, 2022 at 11:58 pm

Veins – are a type of blood vessel that transports deoxygenated blood back to your heart from your organs. These are not the same as the arteries that carry oxygenated blood from your heart to the rest of your body.
Arteries – are muscular and elastic tubes that must carry blood under high pressures caused by the heart’s pumping motion. The pulse, which may be felt over an artery at the skin’s surface, is caused by the alternate expansion and contraction of the arterial wall when blood is forced into the arterial system via the aorta by the beating heart.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

April 7, 2022 at 11:27 am

The 𝐀𝐏𝐏𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐈𝐗 is a thin tube that is bound to the large intestine. It sits in the lower right part of the belly or abdomen. At a young change of a person, the appendix works as a part of the immune system, helping the body to fight disease.

The appendix is composed of the four layers characteristic of the gastrointestinal tract: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis external, and serosa.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

April 7, 2022 at 11:35 am

The 𝐆𝐀𝐋𝐋 𝐁𝐋𝐀𝐃𝐃𝐄𝐑 is a small pouch that sits just under the liver. It stores bile between meals. When we eat, this organ squeezes bile through the bile ducts into the small intestine.

The wall of the gall bladder is composed of the following layers: mucosa (simple columnar epithelium & lamina propria) tunica muscularis, and an outer layer of connective tissue (adventitia & serosa).

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

April 7, 2022 at 11:44 am

The 𝐋𝐀𝐑𝐆𝐄 𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐄 (also known as the colon or large bowel, is responsible for the reabsorption of fluids and electrolytes and elimination of undigested food.

It is composed of the four layers characteristic of the gastrointestinal tract: mucosa (or mucous membrane), submucosa, and muscularis external.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

April 7, 2022 at 11:48 am

REFERENCES:
Histology Guide (n.d.). Chapter 14 – Gastrointestinal Tract. Retrieved from https://histologyguide.com/slidebox/14-gastrointestinal-tract.html

John Hopkins Medicine (n.d.). Appendicitis. Retrieved from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/appendicitis#:~:text=The%20appendix%20is%20a%20thin,your%20body%20to%20fight%20disease.

NIH (n.d.). Your Digestive System & How it Works. Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-it-works

Joanna Mae S. Canin says:

April 7, 2022 at 5:54 pm

1. The epidermis is mostly made up of keratinocytes, which form a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. Three other types of epidermal cells are far less common: Merkel cells are pigment-producing melanocytes, antigen-presenting Langerhans cells, and tactile epithelial cells. The stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, and Stratum basale are the five primary layers. The most superficial layer, the stratum corneum, is made up of 20-30 layers of dead, flattened, anucleate, keratin-filled keratinocytes. It protects against water loss and friction. Only thick skin has stratum lucidum, which is made up of 2-3 layers of anucleate, dead cells. The stratum granulosum is made up of 3-5 layers of keratinocytes, each having its kerato-hyaline granule. The stratum spinosum is made up of numerous layers of keratinocytes that are all linked together by desmosomes. Langerhans cells can also be found in this layer. The deepest layer is the stratum basale. In contact with the basement membrane, it is a single layer of cuboidal to low columnar cells. Melanocytes and Merkel cells can also be found here, as well as mitosis.
2. The dermis is a connective tissue layer that supports and links the epidermis to the subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis). The thickness of the dermis varies by body area and reaches a maximum of 4 millimeters on the back. The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are two sublayers with ambiguous borders. The dermal papillae are located in the thin papillary layer, which is made up of loose connective tissue, fibroblasts, and scattered mast cells, dendritic cells, and leukocytes. The reticular layer underneath the papillary layer is substantially thicker, with more fibers and fewer cells than the papillary layer, and is made up of dense irregular connective tissue (mostly type I collagen bundles).
3. Hair follicles are made up of epithelial pockets that extend deep into the dermis and are connected to the superficial epidermis. A hair follicle creates a bulb around the dermal papillae, which are specialized dermal cells.

Nathaniel Correa says:

April 7, 2022 at 6:20 pm

Esophagus – the part of the alimentary canal that connects the throat to the stomach; the gullet. In humans and other vertebrates it is a muscular tube lined with mucous membrane.

Large Intestine – the portion of the digestive system most responsible for absorption of water from the indigestible residue of food

Appendix – a vestigial hollow tube that is closed at one end and is attached at the other end to the cecum, a pouchlike beginning of the large intestine into which the small intestine empties its contents.

Valerie Loyd V. Tan says:

April 7, 2022 at 8:03 pm

The APPENDIX is a small tube that connects the small intestine to the large intestine. It’s located in the lower right corner of your stomach (abdomen). Your appendix is a functional part of your immune system that helps your body fight disease when you’re a child. Your appendix stops doing this as you get older, but other parts of your body continue to assist fight infection.

The STOMACH is a hollow organ that stores food while it is combined with stomach enzymes. These enzymes aid in the breakdown of food into a form that may be consumed. The cells in your stomach’s lining secrete strong acid and potent enzymes that aid in the digestion process. The contents of the stomach are released into the small intestine once they have been sufficiently processed.

The ESOPHAGUS receives food from your mouth when you swallow and is located near your trachea in your throat. To keep you from choking, the epiglottis is a tiny flap that drapes over your windpipe as you swallow (when food goes into your windpipe). Peristalsis is a succession of muscle contractions that transport food from the esophagus to the stomach.

References:
John Hopkins Medicine (n.d.). Appendicitis. Retrieved from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/appendicitis#:~:text=The%20appendix%20is%20a%20thin,your%20body%20to%20fight%20disease.
Digestive System. (n.d.). https://My.Clevelandclinic.Org/. Retrieved April 7, 2022, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/7041-digestive-system

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

April 7, 2022 at 9:16 pm

1. HEPATIC LOBULE: The liver has 2 lobes. Each lobe is made up of thousands of small lobules. Each lobule is made up of numerous liver cells which are called hepatocytes. The lobules are connected to small bile ducts that link with larger ducts to eventually form the hepatic duct.

The hepatic duct transports bile, produced by the liver cells, to the gallbladder and duodenum.

2. DUODENUM: The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine. It is located between the stomach and the jejunum which is the middle part of the small intestine. The absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients begins in the duodenum.

3. APPENDIX: The appendix is a 4-inch-long tube attached to the first part of the large intestine. It is located in the lower right region of the abdomen. Its function is unknown.vIt is believed that it may help people recover from diarrhea, inflammation, and infections of the intestines.

Sources of Information:
https://www.upmc.com/services/liver-cancer/liver/anatomy-liver
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002347.htm#:~:text=The%20duodenum%20is%20the%20first,digestive%20juices%20from%20the%20pancreas.
https://www.healthline.com/health/appendectomy

JeLoisyy says:

April 7, 2022 at 10:53 pm

This is a Sebaceous gland

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

April 7, 2022 at 11:05 pm

• Large intestine – is made up of four tissue layers.
o Mucosa – is the innermost layer made up of simple columnar epithelial tissue.
o Submucosa – surrounds the mucosa and is a layer of blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.
o Muscularis – comprises smooth muscle tissue and is a layer that surrounds your submucosa.
o Serosa – is the outermost layer and contains a thin layer of simple squamous epithelial tissue.

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

April 7, 2022 at 11:05 pm

• Stomach & Duodenum – Your stomach comes in a J-shape sac that connects the esophagus above and the small intestine below. Your duodenum specifically, is the first part of your small intestine. Both your stomach and duodenum have a rich supply of blood derived from the aorta and are also supplied by the nerves coming from your spinal cord.

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

April 7, 2022 at 11:06 pm

• Gallbladder – functions to store and concentrate bile. It also releases bile into the digestive system. The layers comprising your gallbladder are:
o Epithelium – thin layer of cells lining the inside of the gallbladder
o Lamina propria – layer of connective tissue
o Muscularis – layer of smooth muscle tissue
o Perimuscular – layer of fibrous connective tissue
o Serosa – a smooth membrane forming the outermost part of your gallbladder.

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

April 7, 2022 at 11:07 pm

References:
Christiansen, S. (2022). The Anatomy of the Gallbladder. Verywell health. Retrieved from https://www.verywellhealth.com/gallbladder-anatomy-4788045

Stomach & Duodenum, (n.d.). MUSC Health. Retrieved from https://muschealth.org/medical-services/ddc/patients/digestive-organs/stomach-and-duodenum

Taylor, T. (2020). Large Intestine. Innerbody Research. Retrieved from https://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/digestive/large-intestine

Tissues, organs, & organ systems, (n.d.). Khan Academy. Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/body-structure-and-homeostasis/a/tissues-organs-organ-systems

Chrystal Angelica Avengoza says:

April 8, 2022 at 12:50 am

Esophagus
Food is digested by your stomach, which is a muscular organ. Food is transported from the mouth cavity to the stomach via the esophagus. A stratified squamous epithelium lines it.

Stomach
With its columnar epithelial cells, narrow lamina propria, and pink-staining muscularis mucosa, the mucosal layer is visible here. Some blood vessels can be detected in the loose connective tissue of the submucosa.

Colon
The colon’s job is to dehydrate and shape the remaining food into feces. It accomplishes this by gently collecting water and electrolytes as the waste is moved along by its muscle system. There are no villi and the tissue folds are less dramatic than in the small intestine. There are several goblet cells present, however they are not visible at this magnification.

Joanna Mae S. Canin says:

April 8, 2022 at 2:10 am

1. The duodenum is the small intestine’s first and shortest segment. It absorbs partially digested food (known as chyme) from the stomach and aids in the chemical digestion of chyme before absorption in the small intestine. To aid chemical digestion, many chemical secretions from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder mingle with the chyme in the duodenum. The walls of the duodenum are made up of four layers of tissue that match the rest of the gastrointestinal system in the structure. First, the mucosa, which lines the inner wall of the duodenum and comes into contact with chyme moving through the intestinal lumen, is the innermost layer. It’s made up of simple columnar epithelial tissue with microvilli on the surface to increase surface area and boost nutrient absorption. Second, the submucosa, a layer of connective tissue that surrounds the mucosa layer and supports the other tissue layers, surrounds the mucosa layer. Third, the muscularis layer surrounds the submucosa and contains the smooth muscle tissue of the duodenum. And fourth, the serosa is the duodenum’s outermost layer, which serves as the intestine’s outer surface. A smooth, slippery interface between the duodenum and the surrounding organs is provided by a serous membrane consisting of simple squamous epithelium.
2. The large intestine consists of the colon, rectum, and anal canal make up the large intestine. The large intestine’s water absorption not only aids in the condensing and solidification of feces but also allows the body to retain water for use in other metabolic processes. Ions and nutrients generated by gut bacteria and dissolved in water are absorbed and utilized by the body for metabolism in the large intestine. Finally, the dried, condensed feces is retained in the rectum and sigmoid colon until defecation allows it to be expelled from the body.
3. The appendix, also known as the vermiform appendix, is a muscular structure in the human body that is linked to the large intestine. It’s a worm-shaped narrow tube named after the Latin word “vermiform,” which means “worm-shaped.” The appendix is a pouch-like structure in the large intestine that extends from the cecum’s lower end. The lymphatic system, which carries the white blood cells needed to fight infections, is connected with the appendix. According to the “safe house” theory, when certain diseases wipe out beneficial gut bacteria elsewhere in the GI tract, the appendix protects a collection of them. The bacteria emerge from the appendix biofilm and recolonize the intestine once the immune system has cleared the infection from the body.

Erika Andrino says:

April 8, 2022 at 8:57 am

In the human skin, melanocytes are present in the epidermis and hair follicles. The basic features of these cells are the ability to melanin production and the origin from neural crest cells.

Erika Andrino says:

April 8, 2022 at 8:58 am

The prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum) have lots of desmosomes, which anchor the cells to each other, and contain thick tufts of intermediate filaments (keratin). When the cell shrinks slightly, during fixation, the desmosomes from neighbouring cells remain tightly bound to each other, and these connections look like 'prickles' or 'spines', hence the name prickle cells.

Erika Andrino says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:02 am

The vena cava has two parts: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest. The inferior vena cava carries blood from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis. The vena cava is the largest vein in the body.

Erika Andrino says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:02 am

Arterioles are considered as the primary resistance vessels as they distribute blood flow into capillary beds. Arterioles provide approximately 80% of the total resistance to blood flow through the body.

Erika Andrino says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:02 am

Arteries are blood vessels. Most carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and deliver it to various organs and tissues. Arteries are a part of the circulatory system, along with the heart and other blood vessels. The circulatory, or cardiovascular, system is essential for transporting blood around the body.

Ma Joanna Catherine Lopez says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:12 am

I actually have three but this is one of my favorites because of the theme and it’s just interesting to see the tissues of my skin, nails and scalp.

Ian Jay B. Francisco says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:14 am

This is my best output in histology art because I gave attention to every small detail of the cell and its organelles to make it as scientifically accurate as possible.

Johannah Dorothy Vailoces says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:14 am

it is a mix of traditional and digital art.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:16 am

Of all the histology arts I created, this one looked nice.

Erika Andrino says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:19 am

Compared to all of my previous uploads, this output is one of my favorites in terms of accuracy and how easy it is to distinguish from each other.

Marieanne Fe V. Buquiran says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:21 am

I think this so far is the best output I ever made since I took the time to make this and the bg color matches the tissues. :>

Nathaniel Correa says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:21 am

I like this one because of the color and it looks like a cartoon hehe.

Ma Joanna Catherine Lopez says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:22 am

This is one of my favorites because this was the first tissue that I made and I used color pencils to illustrate. It took me an hour or two to finish this and I think I made justice to it.

Aliya Solana says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:24 am

I like this artwork the most because it is the cleanest and most detailed one I made. I also like the elements I added into it.

Chrystal Angelica Avengoza says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:24 am

This was made using traditional art (watercolor). I’m gonna say it’s my best because it took a lot of time to paint the details, and I also learned through the process.

Angie David says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:25 am

Among the art, I've chosen Epithelial tissue because it serves a variety of vital activities in the body. Because epithelial cells are present all over our body, their function and purpose vary depending on where they are. It is responsible for protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.

Ma. Disa Ricafort says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:29 am

This is my favorite because I find our cells very interesting, and with this art, I got to know more about the organelles and their structures.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:31 am

I made this art from auto digital draw. I chose this art as my best histology art because aside from my effort , I also learn about their purposes.

Joanna Mae S. Canin says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:38 am

I consider this as my best work because it is the artwork that took the most time to create and the artwork I enjoyed making the most. Also, it’s the first time I tried to incorporate a completely different concept, which is a café. (although it was already late when I realized it was kinda weird :>)

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:43 am

In addition to the digital tool I use for drawing, I use canva to add a background.

Angelika Ruperto says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:56 am

This is my favorite among my histology artworks because it's easy to illustrate and each muscle type displays distinct features which makes it easy to identify and differentiate from each other.

Jucelle Veranio says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:56 am

I really treasure this output. Since, I’ve learned a lot from doing it. It helps me to clearly differentiate the muscle tissues.

Dinah Marie Cabrera says:

April 8, 2022 at 12:31 pm

DUODENUM: Below the stomach, is the small intestine. The small intestine comprises the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. At its proximal end, the duodenum connects to the stomach and is attached to the jejunum, the central segment of the small intestine, at its distal end. The small intestine’s major role is to aid in the breakdown and absorption of nutrients required by the body. The duodenum initiates this process by preparing the chyme for further breakdown so that nutrients can be absorbed easily.

APPENDIX: The appendix is located at the intersection of the small and large intestines. It’s a short, slender tube around four inches in length and is normally located in the lower right abdomen. The function of the appendix is unknown. According to one theory, the appendix works as a reservoir for beneficial bacteria, “rebooting” the digestive system after diarrheal disorders. There are also several experts who believes that the appendix is just a relic of our evolutionary past.

LARGE INTESTINE: The large intestine is located in the lower abdominal cavity, below the waist. It forms a square question mark shape around the small intestine, with the tail of the question mark terminating at the anal canal. When the large intestine gets food from the small intestine, the food has been liquified and the majority of the nutrients have been absorbed during the digestion process. The large intestine or the colon’s function is to dehydrate any remaining food and convert it to feces. This is accomplished by gently absorbing water and electrolytes as the waste is moved along by the muscular system. Meanwhile, bacteria in your colon consume waste and further break it, completing the chemical component of the digestive process.

Nestor D. Maquiling Jr. says:

April 8, 2022 at 4:40 pm

very good kaayo!

Robi Mel Steffen V. Concepcion says:

April 8, 2022 at 4:41 pm

char

Louie Teofred Sinco says:

April 8, 2022 at 4:41 pm

Among the tissues, I chose muscle tissue histology art because I can see its importance since we are using strength everyday. Kung walay muscle, dili ka kalihok para sa imong crush. Char

Job I. Paculba says:

April 8, 2022 at 4:43 pm

Kokomi-sama, good explanation. But Jean will beat you *evil laugh*

Job I. Paculba says:

April 8, 2022 at 4:45 pm

Go Kazuha, use thunderbolt.

Danielle Navarro says:

April 8, 2022 at 4:45 pm

pak pwede na pang infomedia committee

Job I. Paculba says:

April 8, 2022 at 4:45 pm

Karina gods

Dinah Marie Cabrera says:

April 8, 2022 at 7:54 pm

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM: Protection is the primary function of simple columnar epithelial cells. For instance, the stomach and digestive system’s epithelium provides an impermeable barrier to any bacteria that may be ingested but is permeable to essential ions. This function is particularly critical in the colon. Also, simple columnar epithelial cells can specialize in the production of mucus, which covers and protects the surrounding surface from injury. Aside from this, Simple columnar epithelium is also specialized to offer sensory input due to the epithelium’s ability to be innervated and is extremely efficient at absorbing and transporting nutrients from sites such as the small intestine. This type of tissue is found throughout the organ system of the body, including the digestive tract and female reproductive system. They are also present throughout the respiratory system, including the nasal passages.

CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM: Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium is found in the respiratory tract. Specifically, it is found in the linings of the trachea as well as the upper respiratory tract. This type of tissue helps trap and transport particles brought in through the nasal passages and lungs.

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM: Stratified squamous epithelium is typically present in areas of mechanical or chemical abrasion and stress. These tissues help protect underlying structures from injury. They are found practically in every organ system that has direct contact with the external environment, including the cutaneous, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. Moreover, they guard the body against desiccation and water loss.

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:18 pm

Esophagus: Your esophagus' main job is to transport food and drink from your mouth to your stomach. Food and fluids flow from your lips to your throat first when you swallow (pharynx). The epiglottis is a tiny muscle flap that shuts to keep food and drink from flowing down the "wrong pipe" – your windpipe (trachea). The uvula, a little flap that helps prevent liquid from traveling upward into your nasal cavity, is another small flap.

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:21 pm

Large Intestine: The large intestine is the final segment of your gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which is a lengthy, tube-like channel via which food passes through your digestive system. It runs from the small intestine to the anal canal, where food waste is expelled from the body.

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

April 8, 2022 at 9:22 pm

Stomach: In most vertebrates, the stomach is a saclike enlargement of the digestive system placed between the esophagus and the small intestine in the anterior section of the abdominal cavity. Before food is transferred into the intestine, the stomach functions as a temporary container for storage and mechanical distribution. Some of the chemical processes of digestion take place in the stomachs of animals with digestive glands.

Derrick Ocaña says:

April 9, 2022 at 5:04 am

Skin- The largest and primary protective organ of the human body is the skin, which is a part of the integumentary system. It serves as a first-order physical barrier against the outside environment, covering the entire external surface of the body. It makes up about a quarter of your total body weight. Its surface area ranges from 1.5 to 2m². The superficial epidermis and the deeper dermis are the two layers that make up the skin.
Source: Integumentary system. (n.d.). Physiopedia. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Integumentary_System#:~:text=Skin%20%2D%20Physiopedia%20Description%20Skin%20is,barrier%20against%20the%20outer%20environment

Derrick Ocaña says:

April 9, 2022 at 5:06 am

Hair follicle- The hair follicle is a tube-shaped sheath that surrounds and nourishes the part of the hair that is beneath the skin. It can be found in the epidermis and dermis.
Source: Anatomy of the skin. (n.d.). Welcome to SEER Training | SEER Training. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/melanoma/anatomy/

Derrick Ocaña says:

April 9, 2022 at 5:08 am

Nail- Nails appear at the dorsal tips of the fingers and toes as layers of keratin. The purpose of nails is to protect the fingers and toes while also improving movement precision and sensation.
Source: Integumentary system. (n.d.). Physiopedia. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Integumentary_System#:~:text=Skin%20%2D%20Physiopedia%20Description%20Skin%20is,barrier%20against%20the%20outer%20environment

Pinkish Galvez says:

April 9, 2022 at 2:05 pm

The GI tract and your liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are part of your digestive system. The GI tract is a collection of hollow organs that connects your mouth to your stomach. Your mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus are the organs that make up your GI tract.

Our digestive system is designed to convert food into the nutrients and energy we need to live. When it’s finished, it neatly compresses our waste products, or stools, for discharge when we go to the bathroom.

References:
Cleveland Clinic. (2021). Digestive System: Function, Organs & Anatomy. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/7041-digestive-system

Donna Rose Abad says:

April 9, 2022 at 3:20 pm

The esophagus primarily serves as a transport channel, directing food and fluids from the mouth to the stomach.

The duodenum is the small intestine’s first segment. It is significantly responsible for the continuous breakdown process.

The large intestine includes the colon, rectum, and anus. It’s all one long tube that goes from the small intestine to the large intestine. It turns food waste into a stool and sends it out of your body when you defecate.

Reference:

Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Colon (Large Intestine): Function, Anatomy & Definition. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22134-colon-large-intestine

Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Digestive System: Function, Organs & Anatomy. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/7041-digestive-system

ScienceDirect (n.d.). Esophagus Function – an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/esophagus-function

Jan Trisha Jumao-as Caballero says:

April 9, 2022 at 11:17 pm

Hello sir, I’m sorry for posting this late because we didn’t have an internet connection yesterday.

Dennesse Mari M. Uy says:

April 10, 2022 at 1:26 am

The digestive system is responsible for turning the food you eat into nutrients which are needed for your body’s energy production, growth and other cellular and body functions. It starts when you chew food, breaking them into smaller pieces which are more easily digested. These particles then travel to the esophagus then to the stomach where multiple enzymes are involve for the process of further breaking the food down. The small intestine and colon or the large intestine play their respective roles for the breaking down, absorption of nutrients and elimination of waste products. Finally, the anus, which is the last part of the digestive tract, is where stool exits the body.

Source: Robinson, J. (2020, June 21). Your Digestive System. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/your-digestive-system

Shanaia Regine Tonelete says:

April 10, 2022 at 8:18 am

Human Large Intestine Cross-section HPO

Shanaia Regine Tonelete says:

April 10, 2022 at 8:19 am

Human Esophagus
Upper region section
LPO

Shanaia Regine Tonelete says:

April 10, 2022 at 8:20 am

Human Appendix
Cross-section
LPO

Getaprofessor says:

April 10, 2022 at 10:05 am

Noted, Jan.

Christian Pavillar Edulan says:

April 10, 2022 at 2:15 pm

The digestive and absorptive functions of the small intestine are specialized. The stomach’s acidic chyme is sent to it. The exocrine pancreas and Brunner’s glands produce neutral pH, which is required for digestion.

There are three sections to the small intestine:

The duodenum is the stomach’s proximal section. Villi are long, narrow projections that protrude into the lumen. Brunner’s Glands are the sole submucosal glands in the gastrointestinal tract (together with the esophagus).

The jejunum is the middle section of the intestine. Villi are long, narrow projections that protrude into the lumen. There are no submucosal glands.

Ileum is the distal section of the large intestine. Villi are short, wide finger-like projections that protrude into the lumen and have blunt tips. There are no submucosal glands. Peyer’s Patches are lymphoid cell aggregations in the lamina propria.

Digestive System (2)

Miguel Gatsi says:

April 10, 2022 at 2:31 pm

The mucous membrane of the stomach contains simple columnar epithelium tissue with many exocrine cells. Small pores called gastric pits contain many exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid into the lumen, or hollow region, of the stomach.

Miguel Gatsi says:

April 10, 2022 at 2:32 pm

In most of the digestive tract (stomach and intestines) it consists of a thin layer of loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium (a type of squamous epithelium that lines body cavities); within the peritoneal cavity, this structure is also referred to as visceral peritoneum.

Rhamises Ragpa says:

April 10, 2022 at 2:32 pm

Esophagus The esophagus is a hollow, muscular tube that connects your neck to your stomach and transports food and drink. Food is propelled down your throat by muscles. Higher magnification of the mucosa shows the stratified squamous epithelium (E), the lamina propria (LP) with scattered lymphocytes, and strands of smooth muscle in the muscularis mucosae (MM).

Rhamises Ragpa says:

April 10, 2022 at 2:32 pm

Tongue Lingual papillae The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth. Mucosa is a wet, pink tissue that covers the tongue. The rough texture of the tongue is caused by tiny bumps called papillae. Thousands of taste buds cover the papillae's surfaces. Section of the dorsal surface of tongue showing both filiform (FI) and fungiform papillae (F). Both types are elevations of the connective tissue (CT) covered by stratified squamous epithelium (SS), but the filiform type is pointed and heavily keratinized while the fungiform type is mushroom-shaped, lightly keratinized, and has a few taste buds.

Rhamises Ragpa says:

April 10, 2022 at 2:33 pm

Stomach wall The stomach is a muscular organ that aids in the digestion of meals. It's a portion of your gastrointestinal tract (GI). When you eat, your stomach contracts and generates acids and enzymes that help break down the food. A low-magnification micrograph of the stomach wall at the fundus shows the relative thickness of the four major layers: the mucosa (M), the submucosa (SM), the muscularis externa (ME), and the serosa (S). Two rugae (folds) cut transversely and consisting of mucosa and submucosa are included.

Rhamises Ragpa says:

April 10, 2022 at 2:33 pm

Sources: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21728-esophagus https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/picture-of-the-tongue#:~:text=Thetongueisamuscular,thesurfacesofthepapillae. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21758-stomach#:~:text=ThestomachisaJ,thegastrointestinal(GI)tract. Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas

Miguel Gatsi says:

April 10, 2022 at 2:34 pm

ileum Last of the three parts of the small intestine, found between the jejunum and large intestine

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 10, 2022 at 9:05 pm

The human digestive system comprises your gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The gastrointestinal tract contains a series of hollow organs connected to each other. This includes your mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 10, 2022 at 9:08 pm

The duodenum is the first segment of the small intestine that helps in breaking down foods.

Duchess Mariss Cloma says:

April 10, 2022 at 9:14 pm

The digestive (gastrointestinal) tract is a long hollow tube that extends from the esophagus to the rectum. It includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (colon), and rectum. The wall of the digestive tube exhibits four layers that show a basic histologic organization. The layers are the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa or adventitia. Because of the different functions of the digestive organs in the digestive process, the
morphology of these layers exhibits variations.

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the digestive tube. It consists of a covering epithelium and glands that extend into the underlying layer of loose connective tissue called the lamina propria. An inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle, called the muscularis mucosae, forms the outer boundary of the mucosa.

The submucosa is located below the mucosa. It consists of dense irregular connective tissue with numerous blood and lymph vessels and a submucosal (Meissner’s) nerve plexus. This nerve plexus contains postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. The neurons and axons of the submucosal nerve plexus control the motility of the mucosa and secretory activities of associated mucosal glands. In the initial portion of the small intestine, the duodenum, the submucosa contains numerous branched mucous glands.

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 10, 2022 at 9:21 pm

Sources:
Colon (Large Intestine): Function, Anatomy & Definition. (2021). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22134-colon-large-intestine#:%7E:text=The%20large%20intestine%20includes%20the,the%20body%20when%20you%20poop.

Digestive System: Function, Organs & Anatomy. (2021). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/7041-digestive-system

Hoffman, M. (2008, November 24). The Appendix (Human Anatomy): Appendix Picture, Definition, Function, Conditions, Tests, and Treatments. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-appendix#:%7E:text=Normally%2C%20the%20appendix%20sits%20in,remnant%20from%20our%20evolutionary%20past.

Ricci Libron says:

April 10, 2022 at 9:50 pm

Sources:

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-it-works

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507857/#:~:text=The%204%20layers%20of%20the,motility%20of%20the%20large%20intestine.

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=34&contentid=17785-1

Angelyn Evan Bomediano says:

April 10, 2022 at 10:05 pm

The digestive system consists of the digestive tract and other organs that aid in the breakdown and absorption of food by the body. It’s a long, twisted tube that begins in the mouth and travels through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.

Food is broken down into nutrients including carbs, lipids, and proteins via the digestive system. They can then be taken into the bloodstream and used for energy, growth, and repair by the body. Unused materials are thrown out as feces (poo).

The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are other organs that are part of the digestive system.

Esophagus. The muscular tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach after it has been swallowed is known as the esophagus. A ring of muscle at the oesophagus’s end relaxes to let food into the stomach and contracts to prevent stomach contents from escaping back up the oesophagus.

The large intestine is a part of the digestive system. More water travels from your GI tract into your bloodstream in the big intestine. Bacteria in your large intestine assist in the breakdown of residual nutrients and the production of vitamin K. Stool is made up of waste products from digestion, including food fragments that are still too large.

Liver. Bile is a digestive liquid produced by the liver that aids in the digestion of lipids and several vitamins. Bile ducts transport bile from the liver to the gallbladder, where it is stored, or to the small intestine, where it is used.

References
Digestive system. (2021, November 26). Trusted Health Advice | healthdirect. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/digestive-system#:~:text=The%20digestive%20system%20is%20made,intestine%2C%20large%20intestine%20and%20anus

Your digestive system & how it works. (2017, December 30). National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-it-works#:~:text=Liver.,the%20small%20intestine%20for%20use

Angelyn Evan Bomediano says:

April 10, 2022 at 10:08 pm

The digestive system consists of the digestive tract and other organs that aid in the breakdown and absorption of food by the body. It’s a long, twisted tube that begins in the mouth and travels through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.

Food is broken down into nutrients including carbs, lipids, and proteins via the digestive system. They can then be taken into the bloodstream and used for energy, growth, and repair by the body. Unused materials are thrown out as feces (poo).

The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are other organs that are part of the digestive system.

Esophagus. The muscular tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach after it has been swallowed is known as the esophagus. A ring of muscle at the oesophagus’s end relaxes to let food into the stomach and contracts to prevent stomach contents from escaping back up the oesophagus.

The large intestine is a part of the digestive system. More water travels from your GI tract into your bloodstream in the big intestine. Bacteria in your large intestine assist in the breakdown of residual nutrients and the production of vitamin K. Stool is made up of waste products from digestion, including food fragments that are still too large.

Liver. Bile is a digestive liquid produced by the liver that aids in the digestion of lipids and several vitamins. Bile ducts transport bile from the liver to the gallbladder, where it is stored, or to the small intestine, where it is used.

References
Digestive system. (2021, November 26). Trusted Health Advice | healthdirect. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/digestive-system#:~:text=The%20digestive%20system%20is%20made,intestine%2C%20large%20intestine%20and%20anus

Your digestive system & how it works. (2017, December 30). National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-it-works#:~:text=Liver.,the%20small%20intestine%20for%20use

Angelyn Evan Bomediano says:

April 10, 2022 at 10:11 pm

The digestive system consists of the digestive tract and other organs that aid in the breakdown and absorption of food by the body. It’s a long, twisted tube that begins in the mouth and travels through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.

Food is broken down into nutrients including carbs, lipids, and proteins via the digestive system. They can then be taken into the bloodstream and used for energy, growth, and repair by the body. Unused materials are thrown out as feces (poo).

The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are other organs that are part of the digestive system.

Esophagus. The muscular tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach after it has been swallowed is known as the esophagus. A ring of muscle at the oesophagus’s end relaxes to let food into the stomach and contracts to prevent stomach contents from escaping back up the oesophagus.

The large intestine is a part of the digestive system. More water travels from your GI tract into your bloodstream in the big intestine. Bacteria in your large intestine assist in the breakdown of residual nutrients and the production of vitamin K. Stool is made up of waste products from digestion, including food fragments that are still too large.

Liver. Bile is a digestive liquid produced by the liver that aids in the digestion of lipids and several vitamins. Bile ducts transport bile from the liver to the gallbladder, where it is stored, or to the small intestine, where it is used.

References
Digestive system. (2021, November 26). Trusted Health Advice | healthdirect. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/digestive-system#:~:text=The%20digestive%20system%20is%20made,intestine%2C%20large%20intestine%20and%20anus

Your digestive system & how it works. (2017, December 30). National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-it-works#:~:text=Liver.,the%20small%20intestine%20for%20use

Maxine says:

April 10, 2022 at 10:29 pm

The tongue is a movable muscle structure located in the mouth that is used to manipulate food during mastication and swallowing. Taste buds are contained in many papillae on the tongue’s upper surface.

The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the mouth (pharynx) and stomach. The muscular layer of the esophageal wall is made up of skeletal muscle at the top, smooth muscle at the bottom, and a blend of the two in the center.

The small intestine absorbs digestive juices from various organs in the digestive system, including the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, to aid in food digestion. These organs’ ducts connect to the duodenum.

du Toit, D. F. (2013). The tongue. PubMed. Retrieved April 10, 2022, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14964052/#:~:text=The%20tongue%20(L.,functions%20include%20speech%20and%20taste.How do the different parts of the small intestine work? (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved April 10, 2022, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22135-small-intestine#:~:text=small%20intestine%20work%3F-,Duodenum,organs%20feed%20into%20the%20duodenum.What does the esophagus do? (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved April 10, 2022, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21728-esophagus#:~:text=The%20primary%20function%20of%20your,to%20your%20throat%20(pharynx).

Barbara Zaragoza says:

April 10, 2022 at 10:48 pm

In the lower right side of your abdomen is where the Appendix is located. It is a thin tube that joins the large intestine.

Barbara Zaragoza says:

April 10, 2022 at 10:49 pm

Also, in the illustration is the Duodenum. Duodenum is part of the small intestine. The small intestine functions as the organ that breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and solidify waste. It is the longest organ of the GI tract where digestion mostly occur. And with this, Duodenum also plays a significant role in the digestion process.

Duodenum is a short descending tube that happens to curve around the pancreas making a ‘C’ shape. Its form then connects to the other coiled intestines. Furthermore, this is the part of the small intestine which the first feeding process of the stomach takes place.

Barbara Zaragoza says:

April 10, 2022 at 10:49 pm

One of the presented illustrations is the Liver. The Liver consists of many functions. However, its primary function is to act as the “chemical factory” in our body. The raw materials being absorbed by the small intestine is taken by the liver and then do its job as the “chemical factory”. All chemicals that our body needs for us to be able to function are made up from the liver. It detoxify dangerous substances and breaks down substances that can be toxic to the body.

Dyanne Nicole Zerna says:

April 11, 2022 at 1:01 am

Large intestine: It absorbs water and converts liquid waste into the stool.

Esophagus: It is located in the throat close to the trachea (windpipe), and it is responsible for receiving food from the mouth whenever we swallow.

Jejunum: The jejunum and ileum, located lower in the intestine, are solely accountable for nutrition absorption further into circulation.
References:
Digestive system: Function, organs & anatomy. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/7041-digestive-system
Your digestive system & how it works. (2017, December 30). National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-it-works#

Ma. Disa Ricafort says:

April 11, 2022 at 9:38 am

The colon, also known as the large intestine, is a long tube that is connected to the small intestine, bringing the food waste to the end of the digestive system. It is lined by a simple columnar epithelium with a thin brush border and numerous goblet cells.

Ma. Disa Ricafort says:

April 11, 2022 at 9:42 am

The rectum is a chamber that begins at the end of the large intestine, immediately following the sigmoid colon, and ends at the anus. It is characterized by the same columnar epithelium that lines the majority of the gastrointestinal tract’s secretory and absorptive areas

Ellaine Rose Bahonsua says:

April 11, 2022 at 11:31 am

One of the most well-defined systems in the body is the digestive system. It is made up of the digestive tract, and the glands that are linked with it. The liver and pancreas, for example, are connected to the main tract by ducts, or tubes, and dump their products into the system, such as enzymes. The functions of the digestive system include the following:

Ingestion – happens when food enters the digestive tract through the mouth
Mechanical Processing – involves shearing and crushing; makes food easier to propel along the digestive tract
Digestion – refers to the chemical breakdown of food for absorption by the digestive epithelium
Secretion – involves the release of acids, water, enzymes, and other substances by the epithelium of the digestive tract or by glandular organs
Absorption – the movement of organic substrates, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium tissue
Excretion – refers to the removal of waste products through defecation

Aia Krystelle Llanera says:

April 11, 2022 at 3:53 pm

The integumentary system consists of the largest organ in the body: the skin. This extraordinary organ system protects the internal structures of the body from damage, prevents dehydration, stores fat, and produces vitamins and hormones. It also helps maintain homeostasis within the body by assisting with the regulation of body temperature and water balance.

The integumentary system is the body’s first line of defense against bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. It also helps provide protection from harmful ultraviolet radiation. The skin is a sensory organ, too, with receptors for detecting heat and cold, touch, pressure, and pain. Components of the skin include hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands, blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, and muscles.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

April 11, 2022 at 4:21 pm

1. The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes, generates and absorbs vitamins, and propels excrement into the rectum for waste disposal.
2. The ileum aids in food digestion from the stomach and other portions of the small intestine. It absorbs nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water from meals so that the body may utilize them.
3. The appendix is a small tube that forms a connection between the small intestine and the large intestine. It is in the lower right corner of the stomach (abdomen).

Mycah Jane C. Pata says:

April 11, 2022 at 5:19 pm

Reference:

Colon (Large Intestine): Function, Anatomy & Definition. (2021). Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22134-colon-large-intestine
Digestive system. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/digestive-system#:~:text=The%20digestive%20system%20is%20made,intestine%2C%20large%20intestine%20and%20anus.
Esophagus: Anatomy, Function & Conditions. (2021). Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21728-esophagus#:~:text=The%20primary%20function%20of%20your,to%20your%20throat%20(pharynx).
Small Intestine: Function, anatomy & Definition. (2021). Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22135-small-intestine

Rhoda Christine J. Nacional says:

April 11, 2022 at 10:08 pm

References: Cleveland Clinic. (2021, August 9). Digestive System: Function, Organs & Anatomy. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/7041-digestive-system Cleveland Clinic. (2021). Gallbladder: What Is It, Function, Location & Anatomy. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21690-gallbladder Cleveland Clinic. (2021). Colon (Large Intestine): Function, Anatomy & Definition. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22134-colon-large-intestine#:~:text=Whereisthelargeintestine Cleveland Clinic. (2021). Esophagus: Anatomy, Function & Conditions. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21728-esophagus

Erika Marie Columnas says:

April 11, 2022 at 10:18 pm

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, as well as your liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, make up your digestive system. From your mouth to your anus, the GI tract is a collection of hollow organs that are connected to one another. Your mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus are the organs that make up your GI tract, in order of connection. Your digestive system is built specifically to convert your food into the nutrients and energy you require to live. When that’s done, it neatly wraps your solid waste, or stool, for disposal the next time you have a bowel movement.

Reyna May Venezuela says:

April 11, 2022 at 10:35 pm

From the mouth to the anus, the digestive system is made up of a collection of hollow organs that are connected by a long, twisting tube. A mucosa lining lines the inside of this tube. The mucosa contains microscopic glands that create secretions to aid digestion in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.

Digestive juices are produced by two solid organs: the liver and the pancreas, and they travel through small tubes to the intestine. Other organ systems (such as nerves and blood) also play a function in the digestive system.

The bacteria in your gastrointestinal tract, often known as gut flora or microbiome, aid digestion. Parts of your nervous and circulatory systems also play a role. Nerves, hormones, germs, blood, and the organs of your digestive system work together to digest the meals and drinks you consume every day.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

April 11, 2022 at 10:50 pm

The DUODENUM is part of the hollow organs that make up the GI tract, particularly in the small intestine. The lining of the duodenum has hormone glands that send signals to the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas to release their chemicals when food is present. Moreover, duodenum consists of the four layers characteristic of the gastrointestinal tract: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

April 11, 2022 at 11:02 pm

The ILEUM is where segmentation slows down and peristalsis takes over, moving food waste gradually toward the large intestine. There is an ileocecal valve in it that separates the ileum from the large intestine. Moreover, this is the last location of nutrient absorption and it is composed of the four layers characteristic of the gastrointestinal tract: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

April 11, 2022 at 11:22 pm

The ESOPHAGUS is also part of the hollow organs of the GIT. It carries food and liquid from your mouth to your stomach. The esophagus is a muscular tube composed of the four layers characteristic of the gastrointestinal tract: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

April 11, 2022 at 11:29 pm

REFERENCES:
Cleveland Clinic (2021). Esophagus. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21728-esophagus#:~:text=The%20primary%20function%20of%20your,to%20your%20throat%20(pharynx).

Cleveland Clinic (2021). Small Intestine. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22135-small-intestine#:~:text=small%20intestine%20work%3F-,Duodenum,organs%20feed%20into%20the%20duodenum.

Histology Guide (n.d.) Retrieved from https://histologyguide.com/slidebox/14-gastrointestinal-tract.html

Shanaia Regine Tonelete says:

April 11, 2022 at 11:37 pm

Your duodenum is the first section of the small intestine into which your stomach feeds. It is a short, descending chute that curves in a "C" form around your pancreas before joining the rest of the coiled intestines.

Shanaia Regine Tonelete says:

April 11, 2022 at 11:37 pm

The middle part, known as the jejunum, accounts for less than half of the remaining length. It has a dense network of blood veins that give it a deep crimson color.

Shanaia Regine Tonelete says:

April 11, 2022 at 11:37 pm

The ileum is your small intestine's final and longest portion. Food spends the longest time in your ileum, absorbing the most water and nutrients.

Jhoana Mae Eder says:

April 11, 2022 at 11:59 pm

The digestive system consists of the digestive tract and other organs that aid in the breakdown and absorption of food by the body. It is a long, twisted tube that begins in the mouth and travels through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.

1. Ileum – The ileum is the last section of the small intestine, measuring around 3 meters in length and ending at the cecum. It absorbs any remaining nutrients, with vitamin B12 and bile acids being the most important absorptive products.
2. Large Intestine – The three basic functions of the large intestine are to absorb water and electrolytes, produce and absorb vitamins, and form and propel excrement into the rectum for disposal.
3. Esophagus – The esophagus’s job is to convey food from the mouth to the stomach and to prevent GER by preventing the retrograde movement of gastric contents into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).

Joshua Dave Mejica says:

April 12, 2022 at 4:05 pm

The integumentary system encompasses the skin and its appendages. The skin, or cutis, covers the entirety of the body’s exterior surface. The skin is divided into two layers that differ in function, histological appearance, and embryological origin.

The epidermis, or outer layer, is generated by an epithelium of ectodermal origin. The thicker dermis layer beneath is composed of connective tissue and arises from the mesoderm. Below these two layers is a subcutaneous layer of loose connective tissue called the hypodermis, which connects the skin to the underlying structures. Hair, nails, sweat, and sebaceous glands are all epithelial in origin and generally referred to as the skin’s appendages.

Sebaceous glands secrete their secretory product into the hair follicles’ higher regions. As a result, they are located in areas of the skin with hair. Sebaceous glands are also present in several body parts that lack hair, such as the lips, oral surfaces of the cheeks, and external genitalia.

Hair is an integumentary system component that extends downward into the dermal layer, which is contained in the hair follicle. Each hair is fixed at its root in a tubular invagination of the epidermis called a hair follicle, which extends into the dermis and, in most cases, a short distance into the hypodermis.

References
Integumentary system. Physiopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.physio-pedia.com/Integumentary_System
Slomianka, L. (n.d.). Blue histology – integumentary system. Retrieved from http://lecannabiculteur.free.fr/SITES/UNIV%20W.AUSTRALIA/mb140/CorePages/Integumentary/Integum.htm

Joshua Dave Mejica says:

April 12, 2022 at 4:13 pm

Muscles are tissues, and tissues are composed of a group of cells. In the case of muscles, the cells are called muscle fibers. If these muscle fibers are grouped, they will initially form a muscle fiber bundle, also known as a fascicle. A group of fascicles comprises a whole muscle. Striations occur due to the alternating dark and light bands

Skeletal muscles are striated, voluntary, and controlled by the somatic nervous system.

Smooth muscles are non-striated, involuntary, and controlled by the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic and sympathetic).

Cardiac muscles are striated, contain intercalated discs, are involuntary, and are controlled by the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic and sympathetic).

Reference
Histology guide. Muscle Tissue | Microscope Slides | Histology Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://histologyguide.com//slidebox/04-muscle-tissue.html

Joshua Dave Mejica says:

April 12, 2022 at 4:26 pm

The Circulatory System enables the heart to pump oxygen and nutrients in the blood throughout the body. Blood that has been deoxygenated is returned to the lungs to be reoxygenated. It also pumps waste products that must be transported to the kidney and liver. Your circulatory system is also responsible for temperature regulation and transporting cells (such as immune cells) and proteins.

Arteries are blood vessels that deliver blood to tissues. On the other hand, veins are blood vessels that return blood to the heart. They can be grouped into three: elastic arteries and large veins; muscular arteries and medium veins; and arterioles and venules.

Blood vessels have walls composed of three layers (or tunics): the tunica intima is the endothelium and loose connective tissue; the tunica media is the concentric layers of varying amounts of elastic fibers, smooth muscle cells, and collagen fibers; lastly, the tunic adventitia is the outer layer of connective tissue.

Reference
Histology guide. Cardiovascular System | Microscope Slides | Histology Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://histologyguide.com//slidebox/09-cardiovascular-system.html

Joshua Dave Mejica says:

April 12, 2022 at 4:38 pm

Connective Tissue is one of the four basic forms of tissue. It fills the spaces between organs and tissues, providing structural and metabolic support for them. It is made up of cells and the extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix’s composition determines the connective tissue’s characteristics.

Dense regular connective tissues have collagen fibers that are closely packed and parallel in this tissue form. Ligaments and tendons include this sort of tissue. These are extremely resistant to tensile forces applied axially yet allow for considerable flexibility.

Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue defined by the presence of lipid-rich cells called adipocytes. Adipose tissue, which accounts for around 20%–25% of total body weight in healthy adults, serves primarily to store energy in lipids (fat).

Elastic cartilage, also known as yellow fibrocartilage, gives specific body portions, such as the ears, strength, and flexibility.

References
Baxter, R. (2022, February 16). Elastic cartilage histology. Kenhub. Retrieved from https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/histology-of-elastic-cartilage
Paxton, S., Peckham, M., & Knibbs, A. (1970, January 1). The Leeds Histology Guide. Home: The Histology Guide. Retrieved from https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/tissue_types/connective/connective_tis

Joshua Dave Mejica says:

April 12, 2022 at 4:48 pm

The Nervous system is a group of organs that enables us to respond to internal and external environment changes. It is also known as neural tissue—which is the main tissue component of the nervous system. It controls and integrates the functional activities of the organs and organ systems.

Ganglia are ovoid structures containing neuronal cell bodies found outside of the CNS. Ganglia can be thought of as synaptic relay stations between neurons. Since it is located in the PNS, expect its shape is round or spherical.

The Cerebrum comprises the brain’s primary lobes and is in charge of collecting and processing information from the sense organs, initiating and directing movement, and regulating temperature. On the other hand, the Cerebellum maintains posture, balance, and fine-tuning and coordination of movements.

Reference
Paxton, S., Peckham, M., & Knibbs, A. (1970, January 1). The Leeds Histology Guide. Home: The Histology Guide. Retrieved from https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/tissue_types/nerves/nerves_cns.php

Joshua Dave Mejica says:

April 12, 2022 at 4:52 pm

The epithelium is composed of continuous sheets of cells that line interior surfaces and cover the body’s outside surface. It is a selective barrier between tissues and is frequently engaged in absorption or secretion.

It is categorized by the number of cell layers (simple or complex), the morphology of the surface cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar), and its specializations (cilia, keratin, or goblet cells).

Reference
Histology guide. Epithelium | Microscope Slides | Histology Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://histologyguide.com//slidebox/02-epithelium.html

Romeo Emmanuel A. Valera says:

April 12, 2022 at 5:59 pm

Your digestive system comprises of organs which break down food, absorb its nutrients, and also expel any of your remaining wastes. Adding to that is how your digestive system contains three (3) primary functions with relation to food.

In case you can’t see or read the text that much, I also uploaded it here on this Google Drive Link:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Mury43uv7SWPkjYapGa4sMiEzLW3FSlH/view?usp=sharing

Jefferson M. Amil says:

April 13, 2022 at 11:10 am

Ileum. The ileum is the last part of the small intestine. It connects the cecum of the large intestine. Its main function is to digest further food coming from your stomach and other parts of your small intestine.

Jefferson M. Amil says:

April 13, 2022 at 11:10 am

Duodenum. The duodenum on the other hand is the first part of your small intestine. It is situated between the stomach and the middle part of the small intestine otherwise known as the jejunum. It is in the duodenum where food is mixed with bile from the gallbladder and digestive juices from the pancreas after it reaches the stomach.

Jefferson M. Amil says:

April 13, 2022 at 11:10 am

Large Intestine. The large intestine consists of your colon, rectum and anus. It is in the large intestine where water is reabsorbed. Furthermore, this organ is also responsible for turning food waste into stool.

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

April 13, 2022 at 1:23 pm

• APPENDIX – is located at the lower right portion of your abdomen. The function of your appendix is yet to be discovered but according to a theory, it serves as a storehouse for good bacteria that helps in putting the digestive system back to its normal state after a diarrheal illness.

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

April 13, 2022 at 1:24 pm

• LARGE INTESTINE – functions to break down dietary fibers that produces substances which provides additional nutrition for the body. Primarily, it absorbs fluids and electrolytes specifically sodium and potassium.

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

April 13, 2022 at 1:24 pm

• ILEUM – is part of your small intestine and this can be found at the end leading to the large intestine. It usually absorbs water, bile salts, and Vitamin B12.

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

April 13, 2022 at 1:24 pm

References:
Hoffman, M. (2019). Picture of the Appendix. WebMD. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-appendix#:~:text=Normally%2C%20the%20appendix%20sits%20in,remnant%20from%20our%20evolutionary%20past.
The Digestive System, (n.d.). International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders. Retrieved from https://iffgd.org/gi-disorders/the-digestive-system/

Joshua Ayuban says:

April 13, 2022 at 11:28 pm

LARGE INTESTINE – It is responsible for absorbing water and vitamins as well as turning digested food into excrement. Although the big intestine is shorter in length than the small intestine, it is significantly thicker in diameter.

DUODENUM – The duodenum is the first of three portions of the small intestine to absorb partially digested food from the stomach and to begin nutrient absorption.

APPENDIX – a vestigial hollow tube with one end closed and the other end linked to the cecum, Scientists believe that the human appendix is vanishing over time.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

April 13, 2022 at 11:32 pm

1. Large Intestine. Unlike the small intestine, the large intestine produces no digestive enzymes. Chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine before the chyme reaches the large intestine. Functions of the large intestine include the absorption of water and electrolytes and the elimination of feces.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

April 13, 2022 at 11:33 pm

2. Ileum (Small Intestine). The small intestine’s last section. It attaches to the cecum (the first part of the large intestine). The ileum aids in the digestion of food that has passed through the stomach and other portions of the small intestine. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbs, fats, proteins), as well as water, from meals so that the body may use them.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

April 13, 2022 at 11:33 pm

3. Esophagus. The esophagus is about 25 cm (10 inches) long and 1.5 to 2 cm wide, and it transports food from the pharynx to the stomach (about 1 inch). The mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and tunica adventitia are the four layers that make up the mucosa. Striated (voluntary) muscle makes up the top portion of the esophagus in particular. Your esophagus’ main job is to transport food and drink from your mouth to your stomach. Food and fluids flow from your lips to your throat first when you swallow (pharynx).

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

April 13, 2022 at 11:34 pm

SOURCES:
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/ileum
https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/digestive/regions/intestine.html
https://www.britannica.com/science/human-digestive-system/Esophagus
https://iffgd.org/gi-disorders/the-digestive-system/
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21728-esophagus#:~:text=The%20primary%20function%20of%20your,to%20your%20throat%20(pharynx).

Reynavel E. Ciballos says:

April 14, 2022 at 10:14 am

The esophagus is a muscular tube through which food passes from the mouth (pharynx) to the stomach. The muscular layer of the esophagus wall is composed of skeletal muscle in the upper part, smooth muscle in the lower part, and a mixture of the two in the middle.

The tongue is a moveable muscular process in the mouth that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing. The tongue’s upper surface is covered by taste buds housed in numerous papillae.

The hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate located in the roof of the mouth that separates the oral and nasal cavities.

Source: https://histologyguide.com//slidebox/14-gastrointestinal-tract.html

Ryeza Dayola says:

April 14, 2022 at 11:38 pm

The large intestine absorbs water and consolidates waste material into feces. It is divided into the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anal canal. The appendix is a blind ending appendage to the caecum of the colon. Lymphoid tissue is abundant early in life, but diminishes with age.

The rectum is the final portion of the large intestine that acts as a temporary storage site for feces. Feces pass out of the rectum, through the anus, and out of the body. Vertical folds project from the mucosa into the lumen to form the anal columns.

The small intestine is involved in the continued digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. It is divided into three segments: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is composed of the four layers characteristic of the gastrointestinal tract. The mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia.

Reference: https://histologyguide.com//slidebox/14-gastrointestinal-tract.html

Pinkish Galvez says:

April 15, 2022 at 5:09 pm

The digestive system is in charge of food digesting, nutritional absorption, and waste removal. The digestive system includes the following organs:

– The small intestine breaks down food, absorbs nutrients the body needs, and eliminates waste.
– The appendix produces and stores beneficial microbes for the human gastrointestinal tract.
– The stomach stores food and releases it at a rate that allows the intestines to handle it properly. It mixes and grounds the foods into chyme, which increases the food’s area in preparing for digestion.

References:

Cheriyedath, S. M. (2019, February 26). Why do humans have an Appendix? News-Medical.Net. https://www.news-medical.net/health/Why-do-Humans-have-an-Appendix.aspx

Collins JT, Nguyen A, Badireddy M. Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Small Intestine. [Updated 2021 Aug 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459366/

Feher, J. (2012). The Stomach. Quantitative Human Physiology, 701–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-382163-8.00078-5

Dennesse Mari M. Uy says:

April 15, 2022 at 10:43 pm

The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins. It is made up of the digestive tract which starts in the mouth, then to the esophagus, small intestine, large intestine and finally to the anus. The nutrients broken down will be absorbed by the bloodstream so that it will be utilized by the body.

Source: HealthDirect. Retrieved from https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/digestive-system#:~:text=The%20digestive%20system%20is%20made,intestine%2C%20large%20intestine%20and%20anus.

Kyle Angelo G. Tapia says:

April 16, 2022 at 9:18 am

The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food. It is a long, twisting tube that starts at the mouth and goes through the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.

The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins. They can then be absorbed into the bloodstream so the body can use them for energy, growth and repair. Unused materials are discarded as feces.

Kyle Angelo G. Tapia says:

April 16, 2022 at 9:21 am

The integumentary system is the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain.

In addition to its barrier function, this system performs many intricate functions such as body temperature regulation, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of Vitamin D, and detection of stimuli. The various components of this system work in conjunction to carry out these functions.

Kyle Angelo G. Tapia says:

April 16, 2022 at 9:23 am

The circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the heart. Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back to the heart. The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like carbon dioxide.

Kyle Angelo G. Tapia says:

April 16, 2022 at 9:24 am

Muscle tissue is composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts. The tissue is highly cellular and is well supplied with blood vessels. The cells are long and slender so they are sometimes called muscle fibers, and these are usually arranged in bundles or layers that are surrounded by connective tissue. Actin and myosin are contractile proteins in muscle tissue.

Muscle tissue can be categorized into skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue.

Kyle Angelo G. Tapia says:

April 16, 2022 at 9:25 am

Connective tissues bind structures together, form a framework and support for organs and the body as a whole, store fat, transport substances, protect against disease, and help repair tissue damage. They occur throughout the body. Connective tissues are characterized by an abundance of intercellular matrix with relatively few cells. Connective tissue cells are able to reproduce but not as rapidly as epithelial cells. Most connective tissues have a good blood supply but some do not.

Kyle Angelo G. Tapia says:

April 16, 2022 at 9:26 am

Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. It stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning. To do all these things, cells in nervous tissue need to be able to communicate with each other by way of electrical nerve impulses. The cells in nervous tissue that generate and conduct impulses are called neurons or nerve cells. These cells have three principal parts: the dendrites, the cell body, and one axon. The main part of the cell, the part that carries on the general functions, is the cell body. Dendrites are extensions, or processes, of the cytoplasm that carry impulses to the cell body. An extension or process called an axon carries impulses away from the cell body.

Nervous tissue also includes cells that do not transmit impulses, but instead support the activities of the neurons. These are the glial cells (neuroglial cells), together termed the neuroglia. Supporting, or glia, cells bind neurons together and insulate the neurons. Some are phagocytic and protect against bacterial invasion, while others provide nutrients by binding blood vessels to the neurons.

Mycah Jane C. Pata says:

April 16, 2022 at 10:08 am

Reference:

Digestive system. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/digestive-system#:~:text=The%20digestive%20system%20is%20made,intestine%2C%20large%20intestine%20and%20anus.
Hoffman, M. (2019). Picture of the Appendix. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-appendix#:~:text=Normally%2C%20the%20appendix%20sits%20in,remnant%20from%20our%20evolutionary%20past.
Hoffman, M. (2021). Picture of the Gallbladder. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-gallbladder.
UPMC (2022). Anatomy of the Liver. Retrieved from https://www.upmc.com/services/liver-cancer/liver/anatomy-liver#:~:text=Lobules,line%20up%20in%20radiating%20rows.

Harmona Abonales says:

April 16, 2022 at 5:00 pm

Esophagus: A stratified squamous epithelium lines the esophagus for protection. It is non-keratinized since it is rarely exposed to dehydration or abrasions. Lubrication is provided by scattered submucosal mucous glands. The peristalsis of passed food is provided by a well-developed muscularis.

Harmona Abonales says:

April 16, 2022 at 5:00 pm

Large Intestine: The large intestine, sometimes known as the large bowel, is the last section of the digestive system. Its job is to absorb water from the food content that remains after digestion and then pass the waste material out of the body. Simple columnar epithelium lines the large intestine's inner wall. Goblet cells can be found in both the small and large intestines, but they are more prevalent in the latter.

Harmona Abonales says:

April 16, 2022 at 5:01 pm

Appendix: The appendix has the same structure as the large bowel: serous, muscular, submucous, and mucous. The lamina propria of the appendix contains extensive clumps of lymphoid tissue that protrude into the lumen. These collections are most noticeable in childhood and gradually fade with adulthood. Columnar epithelium lines the appendix mucosa, which contains a considerable number of endocrine cells as well as goblet cells.

Harmona Abonales says:

April 16, 2022 at 5:01 pm

Harmona Abonales says:

April 16, 2022 at 5:35 pm

Liver: The liver is divided into two lobes: right and left. Hexagonally shaped lobules make up each lobe. These lobules are quite little, each made up of several hepatocytes (liver cells) that are arranged in radiating rows.

Harmona Abonales says:

April 16, 2022 at 5:36 pm

Gallbladder: The gallbladder is a muscular sac with a simple columnar epithelium lining it. In humans, it absorbs and contains bile from the liver through the hepatic and then cystic ducts, with a capacity of 50 to 100ml. It is linked to the liver's visceral layer.

Harmona Abonales says:

April 16, 2022 at 5:36 pm

Duodenum: The duodenum has three layers, which are similar to all hollow organs of the GIT, but it also has Brunner's glands, which are the duodenum's distinguishing feature. It is the first of the three segments of the small intestine, receiving partly digested food from the stomach and beginning nutrient uptake. It is directly connected to the stomach's pylorus.

Harmona Abonales says:

April 16, 2022 at 5:36 pm

Duchess Mariss Cloma says:

April 17, 2022 at 10:35 am

Gallbladder wall showing columnar epithelium with mucosal folds, connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers.

he recto-anal junction features an important change in epithelial structure. The rectum is characterized by the same columnar epithelium that lines the majority of the gastrointestinal tract’s secretory and absorptive areas. The anus, on the other hand, has a stratified squamous epithelium that provides a greater deal of protection to the underlying tissue.

The wall of the large intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelium. Instead of having the evaginations of the small intestine ( villi ), the large intestine has invaginations (the intestinal glands).

Miguel Gatsi says:

April 17, 2022 at 1:39 pm

Duodenum: The duodenum has three layers, which are similar to all hollow organs of the GIT, but it also has Brunner’s glands, which are the duodenum’s distinguishing feature. It is the first of the three segments of the small intestine, receiving partly digested food from the stomach and beginning nutrient uptake. It is directly connected to the stomach’s pylorus.

Miguel Gatsi says:

April 17, 2022 at 1:40 pm

Esophagus: A stratified squamous epithelium lines the esophagus for protection. It is non-keratinized since it is rarely exposed to dehydration or abrasions. Lubrication is provided by scattered submucosal mucous glands. The peristalsis of passed food is provided by a well-developed muscularis.

Miguel Gatsi says:

April 17, 2022 at 1:41 pm

Appendix: The appendix has the same structure as the large bowel: serous, muscular, submucous, and mucous. The lamina propria of the appendix contains extensive clumps of lymphoid tissue that protrude into the lumen. These collections are most noticeable in childhood and gradually fade with adulthood. Columnar epithelium lines the appendix mucosa, which contains a considerable number of endocrine cells as well as goblet cells.

Hannah Isabel Ancheta says:

April 17, 2022 at 5:54 pm

The tongue is a large muscular organ in the mouth of many vertebrates. It manipulates food for mastication and swallowing, and is the main organ of taste.

Hannah Isabel Ancheta says:

April 17, 2022 at 5:55 pm

The ileum is the longest section of the small intestine. The walls of the small intestine are thin and narrow here, and blood supply is reduced. Food spends more time in the ileum, where most water and nutrients are absorbed.

Hannah Isabel Ancheta says:

April 17, 2022 at 5:56 pm

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped hollow organ located just below the liver on the right side of the body. The gallbladder stores bile, which originates from the liver and aids in digestion.

Hannah Isabel Ancheta says:

April 17, 2022 at 6:07 pm

The appendix is histologically composed of four layers:

Mucosa: Mucosal membrane, lining the inside of the tube.
Submucosa: Connective tissue layer
Muscularis externa: Tubular wall of a bilayer of smooth muscle, interspersed with loose connective tissue and blood vessels.
Serosa: Outer serosal coat, lined with mesothelial cells.

Hannah Isabel Ancheta says:

April 17, 2022 at 6:07 pm

The duodenum is histologically composed of three main structural layers:
• Mucosa: Mucosal membrane, lining the inside of the intestine.
• Submucosa: Connective tissue layer with Brunner’s glands.
• Muscularis externa: A bilayer of smooth muscle.

Hannah Isabel Ancheta says:

April 17, 2022 at 6:08 pm

On microscopic examination, the esophagus is divided into four layers:
• the mucosa, located closest to the lumen.
• the submucosa, located right beneath the mucosa.
• the muscularis propria, the thickest layer.
• the adventitia, the outer layer.

Hannah Isabel Ancheta says:

April 17, 2022 at 6:09 pm

Learn more at https://www.proteinatlas.org/

Hannah Isabel Ancheta says:

April 17, 2022 at 6:18 pm

To learn more, you can visit https://www.proteinatlas.org/

Dyanne Nicole Zerna says:

April 17, 2022 at 6:22 pm

References:
The digestive process: What is the role of your pancreas in digestion? (n.d.). Johns Hopkins Medicine, based in Baltimore, Maryland. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/the-digestive-process-what-is-the-role-of-your-pancreas-in-digestion#
Digestive system. (2021, June 4). Trusted Health Advice | healthdirect. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/digestive-system
NCI Dictionary of cancer terms. (n.d.). National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/small-intestine

Barbara Zaragoza says:

April 17, 2022 at 7:07 pm

The Large intestine is the last section of the Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). It is also known as the “Large Bowel” as it functions to absorb water and transforms waste into a stool. This part of the digestive system surrounds the small intestine in a question mark-like shape. It moves more water from the GI tract toward the bloodstream. Also, the bacteria in the Large intestine help in the breaking down of excess nutrients, thus making Vitamin K.

For more information, you can read more about the Large intestine in the following sources:
Nigam Y et al. (2019). Gastrointestinal tract 5: the anatomy and functions of the large intestine | Nursing Times. Nursing Times. https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/gastroenterology/gastrointestinal-tract-5-anatomy-functions-large-intestine-23-09-2019/
‌
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-it-works

Barbara Zaragoza says:

April 17, 2022 at 7:46 pm

The Esophagus is a hollowed, muscular thin-walled tube that functions to carry food from the mouth down to the stomach. It connects our throat/pharynx and stomach. The muscles in our Esophagus propel the food down to our stomach.

Part of the Esophagus called the esophageal sphincters are ring-shaped muscles that open and close located at either end of the Esophagus. This prevents the food from entering back the Esophagus or the Throat from the stomach.

Sources:
Esophagus: Anatomy, Function & Conditions. (2021). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21728-esophagus

Ruiz, R. (2019, October 23). Throat and Esophagus. MSD Manual Consumer Version; MSD Manuals. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/biology-of-the-digestive-system/throat-and-esophagus

Barbara Zaragoza says:

April 17, 2022 at 8:18 pm

The Gall Bladder is another part of the digestive system located under the liver. It is like a small pouch that serves as storage for Bile produced by the liver. The Bile inside helps break down fats as it is the difficult part of the food to digest in the digestive system. Moreover, the stored Bile in the Gall bladder is squeezed into the small intestine through tubes known as Ducts.

Sources:
Gallbladder: What Is It, Function, Location & Anatomy. (2021). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21690-gallbladder
‌
Hoffman, M. (2009, May 19). Picture of the Gallbladder. WebMD; WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-gallbladder

Rhamises Ragpa says:

April 17, 2022 at 8:39 pm

Mucosa of the rectoanal junction
The rectum is lined with the same columnar epithelium that borders the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract’s secretory and absorptive sections. The anus, on the other hand, has a stratified squamous epithelium that protects the underlying tissue better.

Rhamises Ragpa says:

April 17, 2022 at 8:39 pm

Circular folds (plicae circulares) of the jejunum.
The jejunum is the small intestine’s middle section. It is located between the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine) and the ileum (last part of the small intestine). The jejunum aids in the digestion of meals from the stomach. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbs, fats, proteins), as well as water, from meals so that the body may utilise them.

Rhamises Ragpa says:

April 17, 2022 at 8:40 pm

Pancreatic acini
The pancreas is a small organ in the abdomen. It has responsibilities in converting the food we ingest into energy for our bodies’ cells. The pancreas has two primary functions: exocrine digestion and endocrine blood sugar regulation.

Rhamises Ragpa says:

April 17, 2022 at 8:45 pm

Sources:
https://columbiasurgery.org/pancreas/pancreas-and-its-functions
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/jejunum
http://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/gi_tract_lab/recto_anal_junction.php

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 17, 2022 at 11:01 pm

Gallbladder

The gallbladder appears as a small, pear-shaped organ located on the right side of the body under the liver. It stores and concentrates bile. It is made up of layers of tissue: mucosa, muscular layer, perimuscular layer, and serosa. The mucosa is the inner layer consisting of epithelium and loose connective tissues. Layers of smooth muscles make up the muscular layer. The perimuscular layer is a connective tissue that covers the muscular layer. The outer covering of the gallbladder is the serosa.

Source:
The gallbladder. (n.d.). Canadian Cancer Society. https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/gallbladder/what-is-gallbladder-cancer/the-gallbladder#:~:text=The%20gallbladder%20is%20made%20up,that%20covers%20the%20muscular%20layer

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 17, 2022 at 11:05 pm

Ileum

The ileum is rich in lymphoid follicles. It is attached to the abdominal wall by the mesentery. The mucosa contains simple columnar epithelium consisting of enterocytes and goblet cells. It plays a role in enzymatic digestion of nutrients and absorption of vitamin B12, fats, and bile salts.

Source:
Karunaharamoorthy, A. (2022, March 7). Ileum. Kenhub. https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-ileum

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 17, 2022 at 11:16 pm

Human esophagus

The esophagus connects the pharynx to the stomach. It is lined by moist pink tissue which is the mucosa. The mucosa consists of stratified squamous epithelium.

Source:
human digestive system – Esophagus. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-digestive-system/Esophagus

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 18, 2022 at 3:59 pm

Reticular connective tissue

The type of tissue that can be found in your spleen is the reticular connective tissue. It is a network of reticular fibers that are made of type III collagen which supports the splenic pulp.

Its red color is due to the presence of blood. And, it is made up of thin-walled blood vessels, sinusoids, and thin plates of cells that lie between sinuses.

Source:
Grossi, C. E., & Lydyard, P. M. (1998). Spleen (2nd ed.). Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.1006/rwei.1999.0557

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 18, 2022 at 4:04 pm

Adipose tissue

Your adipose tissue is found all over the body. It is commonly known as body fat. It is a specialized type of connective tissue that consists of lipid-rich cells called adipocytes. White adipose tissue is found in adults while brown adipose tissue is mainly in newborns.

Its purpose is to store energy, thermal isolation, cushion the organs, and thermogenesis.

The adipose tissue has two compartments: subcutaneous fat and visceral fat. The subcutaneous fat is embedded in the connective tissue under the skin. Meanwhile, visceral fat surrounds the internal organs like eyeballs or kidneys.

Source:
Vasković, J., MD. (2022, March 16). Adipose tissue. Kenhub. https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/adipose-tissue

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 18, 2022 at 4:08 pm

Elastic cartilage

The elastic cartilage is one of the three types of cartilage in the connective tissue. Sometimes, it is referred to as yellow fibrocartilage due to its yellow appearance. It provides both strength and elasticity. It consists of chondrocytes and cartilage matrix. The matrix comprises of type II collagen and elastic fibers or lamellae.

One of the organs with elastic cartilage is your ears. This type of cartilage is also found in the epiglottis.

Source:
BSc, R. M. B. (2022, February 16). Elastic cartilage histology. Kenhub. https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/histology-of-elastic-cartilage

Raniah Macaundas says:

April 18, 2022 at 4:12 pm

Tongue
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth that assists in chewing and swallowing food. A specialized mucosa situated in the dorsal region of the tongue structures a variety of papillae and taste buds. It is lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. It has dermal papillae, which are connective tissue ridges that protrude into the epithelium, and foliate papillae, which are parallel ridges on the sides of the tongue separated by deep mucosal furrows. It also contains taste buds, which are elliptical projections located in the furrow epithelium that contains taste receptor cells.

Raniah Macaundas says:

April 18, 2022 at 4:48 pm

Small intestine
The small intestine is the longest part of the digestive system and is where nutrition absorption occurs. Food is chemically broken down by acidic chyme from the stomach, which flows down into the duodenum via the pyloric sphincter. The stomach acid aid in the digestion of proteins. To neutralize the acid, it requires a neutral pH which is achieved through secretions from the Brunner’s glands and the exocrine pancreas.

The small intestine is made up of three parts:
Duodenum – proximal portion adjacent to the stomach
Jejunum- upper portion
Ileum – distal portion adjacent to the large intestine

All these three have villi which are tiny, finger-like projections that extend from the mucosal epithelial layer. Jejunum and ileum lack Brunner’s gland, which secretes a mucus-rich alkaline secretion to neutralize the acidic chyme. Only the ileum has Peyer’s patches, which are lymphoid cell aggregations in the lamina propria.

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 18, 2022 at 5:49 pm

Moreover, plant cells are the basic units of all plants. They are eukaryotic which means that their cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Two of the major difference in terms of organelles between animal and plant cells are that plant cells have chloroplast and cell walls. The chloroplast is essential for photosynthesis and cell wall for structure as well as protection. They also have one or more large vacuoles. These vacuoles are storage organelles where the cell sap is located. A cell sap is a water solution of salts and sugars. This is kept at high concentration through active transport of ions.

Source:
plant cell | Definition, Characteristics, & Facts. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/plant-cell

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 18, 2022 at 7:18 pm

Epithelial tissues form the covering on all internal and external surfaces of your body. The tissues are made up of epithelial cells. It also lines body cavities including hollow organs. The function of epithelium includes protection, secretion, and absorption.

There are 3 types of epithelial cells based on their shape:
1. Squamous epithelium cells appear flat and sheet-like.
2. Cuboidal epithelium cells appear cube-like.
3. Columnar epithelium appear column-like, which means they are taller than they are wider.

There are also types which based on their arrangements:
1. Simple – one layer of cells
2. Stratified – made up of more than one layer of cells
3. Transitional – a type of stratified epithelium that transitions from cuboidal when relaxed to squamous when stretched.
4. Pseudostratified – closely packed cells that appear to be arranged in layers but of different sizes. They are actually just one layer and is distinguishable by the presence of goblet cells.

Source:
Epithelium: What It Is, Function & Types. (2021). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22062-epithelium#:%7E:text=The%20epithelium%20is%20a%20type,the%20major%20tissue%20in%20glands.

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 18, 2022 at 7:23 pm

Organs where these tissues can be found:
1. Transitional epithelium – urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, and ducts of the prostate gland.
2. Stratified squamous epithelium – skin, esophagus, mouth, and vagina
3. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium – trachea and upper respiratory tract.

Source:
Epithelial Tissue | Boundless Anatomy and Physiology. (n.d.). Lumen. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/epithelial-tissue/

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 18, 2022 at 7:41 pm

Skeletal muscles create movement in the body.

Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles that form the lining of the walls of the blood vessels and viscera.

Cardiac muscles are also involuntary muscles that causes the heart to contract and expand properly.

Source:
What Are the 5 Main Functions of the Muscular System? (2022, March 8). MedicineNet. https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_5_functions_of_the_muscular_system/article.htm

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 18, 2022 at 8:06 pm

The cerebellum is involved in coordinating movement and balance. It also plays a role in cognitive functions. Thus, sometimes referred to as the “little brain.”

Your cerebellum is located below the cerebrum. It is divided into three parts called lobes. The lobes are separated from each other by fissures.

The cerebellum has two major components:
1. Cerebellar cortex – a thin layer of heavily folded tissue. It contains most nerve cells in the cerebellum.
2. Cerebellar nuclei – the nerve cells found in the cerebellar nuclei are involved in sending information from the cerebellum.

Source:
Seladi-Schulman, J., PhD. (2020, February 11). What Is the Cerebellum and What Does It Do? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/cerebellum#location

Maxine says:

April 18, 2022 at 8:50 pm

Some organs that make up the digestive system include the following:
Jejunum – the jejunum’s principal role is to absorb carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids.
Rectum – similar to the rest of the intestinal lining, the rectal lining is composed of gleaming red tissue that contains mucus glands. While the rectum’s lining is generally insensitive to pain, the nerves from the anus and adjacent external skin are extremely sensitive.
Appendix – The appendix is normally located in the lower right abdomen. The appendix serves no purpose. According to one theory, the appendix works as a reservoir for beneficial bacteria, “rebooting” the digestive system following diarrheal disorders.

References:
Ansari, P. (2021, February). Overview of the Anus and Rectum. MSD Manual. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/anal-and-rectal-disorders/overview-of-the-anus-and-rectum#:~:text=The%20rectal%20lining%20consists%20of,are%20very%20sensitive%20to%20pain.
Collins, J., Nguyen, A., & Badireddy, M. (2021, August 11). Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Small Intestine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459366/#:~:text=The%20primary%20function%20of%20the,go%20on%20to%20be%20recycled.
Hoffman, M. (2019, May 8). Appendix. Web MD. https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-appendix#:~:text=Normally%2C%20the%20appendix%20sits%20in,remnant%20from%20our%20evolutionary%20past.

Donna Rose Abad says:

April 18, 2022 at 10:09 pm

The appendix serves no purpose. However, according to one theory, the appendix works as a reservoir for beneficial bacteria, “rebooting” the digestive system following diarrheal disorders. Another theory is that according to some specialists, the appendix is a remnant of our evolutionary past.

The primary function of the gallbladder is to store bile. Bile aids in the breakdown of fats by the digestive system. Bile is a viscous fluid composed primarily of cholesterol, bilirubin, and bile salts.

The ileum aids in the further digestion of food that has passed through the stomach and other sections of the small intestine. It takes nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbs, lipids, and proteins) and water from food and converts them into energy for the body.

Reference:

Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Gallbladder: What Is It, Function, Location & Anatomy. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21690-gallbladder#:~:text=Your%20gallbladder%20is%20part%20of,cholesterol%2C%20bilirubin%20and%20bile%20salts.

NIH (n.d.). NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. National Cancer Institute. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/ileum

WebMD (2019, May 18). The Appendix (Human Anatomy): Appendix Picture, Definition, Function, Conditions, Tests, and Treatments. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-appendix#:~:text=Normally%2C%20the%20appendix%20sits%20in,remnant%20from%20our%20evolutionary%20past.

Erika Marie Columnas says:

April 18, 2022 at 10:47 pm

1. Esophagus – The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the stomach (esophagus). The esophagus is around 8 inches length and coated with mucosa, a moist pink tissue. The esophagus is located behind the windpipe (trachea), in front of the heart, and behind the spine.

2. Duodenum – The small intestine’s initial section. It is linked to the stomach. The duodenum aids in the digestion of food that has passed through the stomach. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbs, fats, proteins), as well as water, from meals so that the body may use them.

3. Ileum – The small intestine’s last section. It attaches to the cecum (first part of the large intestine). The ileum aids in the digestion of food that has passed through the stomach and other portions of the small intestine.

References:
Hoffman, M. (2009, September 11). Picture of the Esophagus. WebMD; WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-esophagus#:~:text=The%20esophagus%20is%20a%20muscular,in%20front%20of%20the%20spine.

‌NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. (2022). National Cancer Institute; Cancer.gov. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/duodenum

‌NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. (2022). National Cancer Institute; Cancer.gov. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/ileum

‌

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

April 18, 2022 at 11:04 pm

1. The stomach awaits the food coming from the esophagus. When food reaches the esophagus end, it goes to the lower esophageal sphincter and into the stomach. This organ produces acid and enzymes that aid food digestion.
2. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile. It also releases bile into the small intestine lumen when there is a contraction.
3. The pancreas makes insulin and significant enzymes and hormones that help in food digestion. It has an endocrine role in distributing juices into the bloodstream. It also has an exocrine role because it distributes fluids into ducts.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

April 18, 2022 at 11:08 pm

References

Crosta, P. (2017, May 26). Pancreas: Functions and disorders. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10011

Digestive system. (2021, June 4). Trusted Health Advice | healthdirect. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/digestive-system

Gallbladder function. (n.d.). ScienceDirect.com | Science, health and medical journals, full text articles and books. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/gallbladder-function

Hoffman, M. (2009, June 11). The stomach (Human anatomy): Picture, function, definition, conditions, and more. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-stomach

Raniah Macaundas says:

April 18, 2022 at 11:09 pm

Large intestine
The large intestine is the largest and final organ of the digestive system. Colon is another name for it. The primary functions of the LI are reabsorption of water and maintaining the fluid balance in the body and removal of undigested food. The colon is a divided into four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.
The innermost layer is the mucosa and it is composed of simple columnar epithelium. Next to the mucosa is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue known as submucosa, which contains multiple layers of visceral muscle cells that aid waste products in peristaltic movement. And the outermost layer is the serosa which consists of a thin layer of simple squamous epithelial tissue.

Raniah Macaundas says:

April 18, 2022 at 11:11 pm

Sources:
https://histologyguide.com//slidebox/14-gastrointestinal-tract.html
https://www.verywellhealth.com/large-intestine-797216
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/the-small-intestine/
https://askinglot.com/what-neutralizes-the-acid-in-the-small-intestine

Rhoda Christine J. Nacional says:

April 18, 2022 at 11:36 pm

References:

Duodenum: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Medlineplus.gov. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002347.htm#:~:text=The%20duodenum%20is%20the%20first

Vernon, H., Wehrle, C. J., & Kasi, A. (2020). Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Liver. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29763190/

Connor, E. (2017, April 7). What Does the Appendix Do? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/what-does-the-appendix-do#:~:text=The%20appendix%20is%20a%20small

Angelyn Evan Bomediano says:

April 18, 2022 at 11:42 pm

References

Duodenum: MedlinePlus medical encyclopedia. (n.d.). MedlinePlus – Health Information from the National Library of Medicine. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002347.htm#:~:text=The%20duodenum%20is%20the%20first,digestive%20juices%20from%20the%20pancreas

The pancreas and its functions. (n.d.). Columbia University Department of Surgery | Expert Care. https://columbiasurgery.org/pancreas/pancreas-and-its-functions

Small intestine: Function, anatomy & definition. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22135-small-intestine

Ellaine Rose Bahonsua says:

April 18, 2022 at 11:43 pm

The stomach, which is a part of the gastrointestinal tract, is responsible for digesting the food that we eat by producing enzymes and acids that break it down.
The ileum, which is the longest part of the small intestine, absorbs vitamins, minerals, fats, and other nutrients from food, which will then be used by the body.
The pancreas produces enzymes that break down sugars and fats, produce hormones, and help regulate blood sugar.

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 19, 2022 at 9:42 am

Neuron

Neurons are the fundamental units of your brain. They are responsible for receiving sensory input and sending motor commands to our muscles.

There are three main parts of a neuron:
1. Dendrites – this is where neurons receive input from other cells.
2. Axon – the output structure of the neuron. It sends an electrical message called action potential to communicate with another neuron.
3. Cell body or soma – this is where the nucleus lies where it houses the neuron’s DNA. It is also the site where proteins are made for transportation throughout the axon and dendrites.

Source:
What is a neuron? (2019, August 13). Queensland Brain Institute – University of Queensland. https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/what-neuron#:%7E:text=Neurons%20(also%20called%20neurones%20or,at%20every%20step%20in%20between.

Xander Yong says:

April 19, 2022 at 11:29 am

The digestive system is the organ system responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food. It consists of the mouth then goes to the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
The esophagus functions to carry food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach. It does this through the process of peristalsis, which is a wave of muscular contractions that push the food downward until it reaches the stomach.

The small intestine functions to absorb nutrients and finish the process of digestion. It is lined with mucosa of simple columnar epithelium that have villi and microvilli which increases the absorptive surface are of the intestine to better absorb nutrients.

The anus is the last part of the digestive tract which functions to help us identify when to poo and secrete our wastes and helps control the defecation of poo.

REFERENCES:
Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Esophagus. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21728-esophagus#:~:text=The%20primary%20function%20of%20your,to%20your%20throat%20(pharynx).
Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.) Digestive system. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/7041-digestive-system
National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Small & Large Intestine. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/digestive/regions/intestine.html#:~:text=The%

Xander Yong says:

April 19, 2022 at 11:30 am

The digestive system is the organ system responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food. It consists of the mouth then goes to the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus
1. The oral cavity/mouth is the first area involved in the digestive system where the slivary glands in your mouth make saliva, a digestive juice, which moistens food so it moves more easily through your esophagus into your stomach.

2. The stomach is a J-shaped organ that digests food through the mix of enzymes and digestive juices it produces which breaks down food so it can pass to your small intestine.

3. The colon/large intestine functions to absorb the remaining water from the digested food and turn it into stool. The colon slowly absorbs water and electrolytes as its muscle system moves the waste along.

REFERENCES:
HealthDirect.(n.d). Digestive System. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/digestive-system#:~:text=The%20digestive%20system%20is%20made,intestine%2C%20large%20intestine%20and%20anus.

Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Stomach. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21758-stomach#:~:text=The%20stomach%20is%20a%20J,the%20gastrointestinal%20(GI)%20tract.

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease. (n.d.). Your digestive system & how it works. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-it-works#:~:text=bile%2C%20and%20enzymes-,Mouth.,down%20starches%20in%20your%20food.

Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Colon (Large Intestine). https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22134-colon-large-intestine#:~:text=The%20colon's%20job%20is%20to,part%20of%20the%20digestive%20pro

Xander Yong says:

April 19, 2022 at 11:31 am

The integumentary system is the largest organ system of the body. It forms the anatomic and physical barriers between the external and internal environments and it protects and maintains the internal parts of the body. The integumentary system includes the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails.
The skin is made up of two layers—the superficial epidermis and the deeper dermis. The epidermis is the first line of defense against the external environment and is comprised of four to five layers of stratified squamous epithelial tissue. the dermis is the underlying connective tissue framework that supports the epidermis.

Hair follicles are intricate structutres in the dermis that contains the hair bulb that divides to extend the hair shaft vertically.

The sebacious glands are glands that secretes an oily substance known as sebum which adds a protective layer, prevents fluid loss, and plays a role in antimicrobial activity.

REFERENCE:
Kim JY, Dao H. Physiology, Integument. [Updated 2021 May 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554386/
HHS Vulnerability Disclosure

Xander Yong says:

April 19, 2022 at 11:32 am

The circulatory system pumps blood from the heart and lungs to the different parts of the body to send oxygen-rich blood to organs. The heart pumps oxygenated blood through the arteries to the different organs of the body. The veins then collect the used-up deoxygenated blood and sends it back to the heart to be reoxygenated. The capillaries are the smallest blood vessels that connect small arteries and small veins and allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass in and out of cells.
References:
Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Circulatory System. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21775-circulatory-system

Xander Yong says:

April 19, 2022 at 11:33 am

Nervous tissue is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities such as muscle contraction, environment awareness, emotions, memory, reasoning, speech, and many more. Nervous tissue is usually found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and made up out of either two types of cells: neurons and glial cells or neuroglia which are also known as support cells that insulate and protect neurons(SEER Training, n.d.).
References:
SEER Training. (n.d.). Nervous tissue. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/tissues/nervous.html

Xander Yong says:

April 19, 2022 at 11:34 am

According to NCI (n.d.), muscle tissues are made up of cells called muscle fibers that have the ability to shorten or contract, which is the principle behind muscle movement and overall body motion.
There are 3 types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and smooth muscle tissue.

Skeletal muscle tissue make up skeletal muscles that are controlled voluntarily. The cells that make up skeletal muscle tissues are cylindrical in shape, multi nucleated, and striated. These long, striated muscle fibers have a regular pattern of fine red and white lines, giving the muscle a distinctive appearance.

Smooth muscle tissue form smooth muscles that contract slowly but automatically. The cells that make up smooth muscle tissues are narrow, spindle-shaped, and singly nucleated. Under microscopic view, smooth muscle tissue shows no crossing patterns or stripes.

Cardiac muscle tissue, also known as Myocardium, are essential to the function of the heart. The cells of cardiac muscle tissue are similar to cells of skeletal muscle tissues, but have branching fibers, one nucleus per cell, and intercalated disks. The structure of Cardiac Muscle tissue is similar to skeletal muscle tissue, but function similarly to smooth muscle tissue.

References:
Britannica. (n.d.). Cardiac muscle. https://www.britannica.com/science/cardiac-muscle
Britannica. (n.d.). Smooth muscle. https://www.britannica.com/science/smooth-muscle
Britannica. (n.d.). Skeletal muscle. https://www.britannica.com/science/skeletal-muscle
SEER training. (n.d.). Muscle tissue. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/tissues/muscle.html#:~:te

Xander Yong says:

April 19, 2022 at 11:35 am

Connective tissue is a group of body tissues that form the structure of the body and its organs, and provide cohesion and internal support (Britannica, 2022).
The illustration below shows 3 different types and examples of Connective tissues: Dense Irregular Connective tissue (Elastic Cartilage), Dense Regular Connective tissue (Tendon Fibers), & Osseous tissue (Bone).

Xander Yong says:

April 19, 2022 at 11:35 am

According to Marieb & Keller (2018), Epithelial tissue is the
lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body.

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 19, 2022 at 11:49 am

Vena cava

The superior and inferior vena cava are the two largest veins in the body. The superior vena cava carries blood from the upper part of the body to the heart. Meanwhile, the inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower part to the heart. The type of blood that veins carry is deoxygenated blood.

Artery

Arteries carry high-oxygen blood or oxygenated blood from the heart towards the rest of the body. The largest artery is the aorta. It is the first artery to which the blood travels after getting oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Capillary

These are tiny blood vessels with thin walls. They transport oxygen and nutrients from the blood through the walls and get into the organs and tissue. They also help in taking waste products away from your tissues.

Sources:
Blood Vessels: Types, Anatomy, Function & Conditions. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21640-blood-vessels#:%7E:text=Capillaries%3A%20These%20tiny%20blood%20vessels,for%20carbon%20dioxide%20and%20waste.

The Difference Between Arteries and Veins. (2021, May 21). WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/heart/difference-between-arteries-and-veins

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

April 19, 2022 at 1:46 pm

The liver controls the majority of chemical levels in the blood and excretes bile. This aids in the removal of waste materials from the liver. The liver filters all of the blood that leaves the stomach and intestines.

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

April 19, 2022 at 1:47 pm

The gallbladder is a component of the digestive system. Its primary purpose is to store bile. Bile is a substance that aids in the digestion of lipids. Bile is made up of cholesterol, bilirubin, and bile salts, among other things.

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

April 19, 2022 at 1:47 pm

The pancreas is responsible for both digestion and the utilisation of sugar for energy following digestion. Call your healthcare practitioner if you have any symptoms of pancreatic digesting issues, such as loss of appetite, abdominal pain, greasy stools, or weight loss.

Ryeza Dayola says:

April 19, 2022 at 3:16 pm

Epithelial tissue or epithelium forms the outer covering of the skin and also lines the body cavity. It forms the lining of respiratory, digestive, reproductive and excretory tracts. They perform various functions such as absorption, protection, sensation and secretion. Epithelial tissue is formed from a tightly fitted continuous layer of cells. One surface of the epithelial tissue is exposed to either the external environment or the body fluid. The other surface is attached to tissue by a membrane, which consists of fibres and polysaccharides secreted by epithelial cells. There is little intercellular material present between cells. There are specialised junctions present between the cells of the epithelium, that link individual cells. Protection: As it covers the entire body surface, it is the first line of defence against any kind of mechanical injury, chemical exposure, excessive fluid loss and infections. Ciliary projections present in the nose or upper respiratory tract, trap the dust particles and prevent it from entering the body The epithelial lining of the digestive tract absorbs water and nutrients. Epithelial tissue regulates the exchange of substances between body and external environment as well as the internal exchange between different parts of the body. Everything that enters the body or enters the bloodstream by absorption has to cross the epithelial barrier. Sensory receptors are present in the epithelial tissue of the nose, eyes and ears, taste bud, etc. that help in transmitting signals from the external stimuli to the brain. Various glands made up of epithelial cells secrete hormones, enzymes, saliva, mucus, sweat, etc. Source: https://byjus.com/neet/epithelial-tissue/

Ryeza Dayola says:

April 19, 2022 at 3:18 pm

Connective tissue is made up of a few cells present in the intercellular framework of protein fibres secreted by the cells, known as collagen or elastin. The cells also secrete a thin gel of polysaccharides, which together with fibres make matrix or ground substance. The elasticity, flexibility and strength of the connective tissues are due to fibres. The function and types of connective tissues depend on the nature of the intercellular substance present. Connective tissues contain three types of fibres: collagen, elastic and reticular. Collagen fibres are the most widespread and made up of fibrous protein, collagen. Collagen fibres are flexible and have high tensile strength (comparable to steel). Elastic fibres form a network and can be stretched like a rubber band. They are made up of protein elastin. They retain their original shape and size once the force is removed. Source: https://byjus.com/neet/connective-tissue/

Ryeza Dayola says:

April 19, 2022 at 3:21 pm

Muscular tissue is a specialized tissue in animals which applies forces to different parts of the body by contraction. It is made up of thin and elongated cells called muscle fibers. It controls the movement of an organism. The cytoplasm in the muscle fibers is called sarcoplasm. It contains a network of membrane called the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The membrane surrounding the muscle fibers is called sarcolemma. The muscular tissues are bundled together and surrounded by a tough connective tissue similar to cartilage known as epimysium. The bundle of nerve cells that run in long fibers called fascicles are surrounded by the epimysium. The fascicles are surrounded by a protective layer known as perimysium. It allows the flow of nerves and blood to the individual fibers. Another protective layer, the endomysium surrounds the fibers. These layers and muscles help in the contraction of different parts of the muscles. The different bundles slide past one another as they contract. The epimysium connects to the tendons attached to the periosteum connective tissue that surrounds the bones. This helps in the movement of the skeleton when the muscles contract. The epimysium connects to other connective tissues to produce a force on the organs and control everything from circulation to food processing. The muscular tissue is of three types: Skeletal Muscle Tissue, Smooth Muscle Tissue, and Cardiac Muscle Tissue.

Ryeza Dayola says:

April 19, 2022 at 3:21 pm

Source: https://byjus.com/biology/muscular-tissue/

Jay Ryan Jacutin says:

April 19, 2022 at 3:41 pm

In addition, it facilitates the diffusion of oxygen while still forming an epithelial barrier between the outside air and the internal body fluids.

For more information about this tissue, tick the link below
https://histology.siu.edu/crr/rsguide.htm

Robi Mel Steffen V. Concepcion says:

April 19, 2022 at 3:43 pm

Attached is a photo taken from the lens of a microscope examining an epithelial tissue. What is shown is an example of a Pseudostratified Ciliated Epithelium, most probably coming from the respiratory tract. Pseudostratified tissues are commonly found in the respiratory tract. The cilia function as mechanical appendages, most active during expulsion of sputum. Looking closely, oval shaped translucent cells can be located near the apical surface. These structures are named Goblet Cells, and its main function is to produce mucus that serves as protection for the respiratory tract.

Robi Mel Steffen V. Concepcion says:

April 19, 2022 at 3:45 pm

The image above is a mircoscopic picture of an elastic cartilage. Elastic cartilage is one of the many connective tissue types, and it contains more elastic fibers than hyaline cartilage. Chondrocytes are the cells present in your elastic cartilage and are responsible for excreting substances in your cartilage matrix. Elastic cartilage provides strength and elasticity. This type of connective tissue is found in auditory tubes, epiglottis, upper respiratory tract and external auditory canals.

Robi Mel Steffen V. Concepcion says:

April 19, 2022 at 3:47 pm

Pseudostratified epithelium is a type of epithelium that appears to be stratified but instead consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and differently sized columnar cells. The nuclei of neighboring cells appear at different levels rather than clustered in the basal end. They function to excrete mucous to serve as a lubricant. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells are found in places such as the trachea and upper respiratory tract, where their cilia and mucous secretions help collect foreign materials so you can cough or sneeze them out.

Gabrielle Vaughn M. Tumulak says:

April 19, 2022 at 3:48 pm

Attached photo is a pseudostratified respiratory epithelium. This pseudostratified respiratory epithelium consists primarily of columnar ciliated cells. Ciliary beating transports mucus and dust up the bronchi and trachea to the pharynx, where it can be swallowed.

Robi Mel Steffen V. Concepcion says:

April 19, 2022 at 3:50 pm

Ciliated columnar epithelium – is composed of simple columnar epithelial cells with cilia on their apical surfaces. These epithelial cells are found in the lining of the fallopian tubes and parts of the respiratory system, where the beating of the cilia helps remove particulate matter.

Robi Mel Steffen V. Concepcion says:

April 19, 2022 at 3:51 pm

The word hyaline means “glass-like”, and hyaline cartilage is a glossy, greyish-white tissue with a uniform appearance. Composed of Type II Collagen, it provides support and flexibility to different parts of the body. It is found in structures like the nose, ears, and areas where the ends of the ribs attach to the sternum, and in parts of the respiratory system like the trachea and larynx, where it helps give these parts their form but also gives them some flexibility. Cartilage tissue does not have nerves or blood vessels. Instead, it has a simple structure that is mainly made up of groups of cells called chondrocytes embedded in an intracellular matrix. It is surrounded by a membrane called the perichondrium, which provides nutrients to the cartilage.

Angelika Alison Ong says:

April 19, 2022 at 3:53 pm

The epiglottis is a small, movable “lid” just above the larynx that prevents food and drink from entering your windpipe. It is composed mostly of connective tissue specifically elastic cartilage.

Valerie Loyd V. Tan says:

April 19, 2022 at 7:08 pm

Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the shape of a balloon. They are responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules into and out of your bloodstream.

The Trachea is a lengthy tube that connects the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi. The trachea is an important component of your respiratory system, it is made up of cartilage rings and it is bordered with mucus-producing cells.

The Epiglottis is a leaf-shaped cartilage flap found behind the tongue and at the top of the larynx (voice box). The epiglottis’ primary role is to seal off the windpipe while eating to prevent food from being unintentionally ingested.

Valerie Loyd V. Tan says:

April 19, 2022 at 7:08 pm

References:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-system#:~:text=The%20respiratory%20system%20is%20the,waste%20gases%20like%20carbon%20dioxide.
https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-alveoli-2249043
https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/epiglottis#1
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21828-trachea#:~:text=The%20trachea%20is%20the%20long,with%20cells%20that%20produce%20mucus

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 19, 2022 at 7:53 pm

The first photo is the large intestine. Large intestine actually have 3 parts; the colon, rectum and anus. It absorbs water and electrolytes. It is where foods turn into stool and being excreted from the body when you poop.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 19, 2022 at 8:05 pm

The middle photo is the ileum. It is the last part of the small intestine and connects to the first part (cecum) of the large intestine. The ileum helps to further breakdown foods coming from the stomach and small intestines. It absorbs nutrients such as minerals , vitamins, fats, carbohydrates, proteins and water from the foods so they can be used as fuels for the body.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 19, 2022 at 8:20 pm

The last photo is the smooth muscle. Smooth muscle tissues are found on the intestinal wall. It generates tonic contractions that maintains the proportions of the organ when the stomach is loaded with foods and forceful contractions.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 19, 2022 at 8:31 pm

References Bitar, K. N. (n.d.). Function of gastrointestinal smooth muscle: from signaling to contractile proteins. PubMed. Retrieved April 19, 2022, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12928070/ Colon (Large Intestine): Function, Anatomy & Definition. (2021, December 8). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved April 19, 2022, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22134-colon-large-intestine Definition of ileum – NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. (n.d.). National Cancer Institute. Retrieved April 19, 2022, from https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/ileum Mescher, A. (2015). Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Fourteenth Edition (A. Mescher, Ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Ryeza Dayola says:

April 19, 2022 at 9:09 pm

Nervous or the nerve tissue is the main tissue of our nervous system. It monitors and regulates the functions of the body. Nervous tissue consists of two cells: nerve cells or neurons and glial cells, which helps transmit nerve impulses and also provides nutrients to neurons. Brain, Spinal Cord, and nerves are composed of nervous tissue, they are specialized for being stimulated to transmit stimulus from one to another part of the body rapidly. It is made of nerve cells or neurons, all of which consists of an axon. Axons are long stem-like projections emerging out of the cell, responsible for communicating with other cells called the Target cells, thereby passing impulses. The main part is the cell body which contains the nucleus, cytoplasm and cell organelles. Extensions of the cell membrane are referred to as processes. Dendrite is a highly branched processes, responsible for receiving information from other neurons and synapses (specialized point of contact). Information of other neurons is provided by dendrites to connect with its cell body. Information in a neuron is unidirectional as it passes through neurons from dendrites, across the cell body down the axon. Neurons generate and carry out nerve impulses. They produce electrical signals that are transmitted across distances, they do so by secreting chemical neurotransmitters. The nervous tissue responds to stimuli, carries out communication and integration, provides electrical insulations to nerve cells and removes debris, and carries messages from other neurons to the cell body. Source: https://byjus.com/biology/nervous-tissue/

Jhoana Mae Eder says:

April 20, 2022 at 12:04 pm

The digestive system’s job is to break down the foods we eat, release their nutrients, and absorb them into our bodies. Although the small intestine is the system’s workhorse, performing the majority of digestion and absorbing the majority of released nutrients into the blood or lymph, each of the digestive system organs plays an important role in the process.

1. Small Intestine – The small intestine has a mucosa with simple columnar epithelium, submucosa, smooth muscle with inner circular and outer longitudinal layers, and serosa, similar to the rest of the digestive tract. In terms of function, the small intestine is primarily responsible for nutritional digestion and absorption. Through the hepatopancreatic duct, it receives pancreatic secretions and bile, which help it perform its tasks.
2. Pancreas – Exocrine acini ducts and endocrine islets of Langerhans are two forms of parenchymal tissue found in the pancreas. The pancreas has two primary functions: exocrine and endocrine. Exocrine function: produces chemicals (enzymes) that aid digesting. Endocrine function: releases hormones that regulate the quantity of sugar in your blood.
3. Duodenum – The duodenum is a crucial organ in the digestive system, as it is the first and shortest segment of the small intestine. It is roughly 25 to 30 cm long (“twelve fingers’ length”), C-shaped, and positioned in the upper abdomen at the level of L1-L3. The pancreatic head is located in the C loop. It can be separated into four sections: the superior, descending, horizontal, and ascending parts. The mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis of the duodenum are histologically comparable to those of the other hollow organs of the gastrointestinal system. Absorbing enterocytes, mucus-producing goblet cells, and peptide hormone-producing endocrine cells abound throughout the duodenum.

Erika Andrino says:

April 20, 2022 at 4:07 pm

The gallbladder is a sac located under the liver. It stores and concentrates bile produced in the liver. Bile aids in the digestion of fat and is released from the gallbladder into the upper small intestine in response to food (especially fats).

Erika Andrino says:

April 20, 2022 at 4:07 pm

The pancreatic acinar cell is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas. It synthesizes, stores, and secretes digestive enzymes. Under normal physiological conditions, digestive enzymes are activated only once they have reached the duodenum.

Erika Andrino says:

April 20, 2022 at 4:09 pm

The hepatic lobule is the anatomic unit of the liver. In the anatomic model, liver lobules are organized into irregular polygons demarcated by connective tissue and composed of plates of hepatocytes radiating outward from the central vein to the portal triads.

Erika Andrino says:

April 20, 2022 at 4:11 pm

Microvilli on the surface of epithelial cells such as those lining the intestine increase the cell's surface area and thus facilitate the absorption of ingested food and water molecules.

Erika Andrino says:

April 20, 2022 at 4:19 pm

Gland of Colon/Colon Mucosa – Transversely cut glands are seen to consist of simple columnar epithelium surrounded by a tubular lumen and embedded in lamina propria with many free lymphocytes. Lymphocytes can also be seen penetrating the epithelium.

Erika Andrino says:

April 20, 2022 at 4:20 pm

Enamel is the thin outer covering of the tooth. This tough shell is the hardest tissue in the human body. Enamel covers the crown which is the part of the tooth that's visible outside of the gums. Because enamel is translucent, you can see light through it.

Jucelle Veranio says:

April 20, 2022 at 5:18 pm

Ileum is part of the small intestine which makes up 3/5 of its total length. Its main functions includes: (1)enzymatic cleavage of nutrients,
(2)absorption of vitamin B12 (with intrinsic factor from the stomach), fats (especially fatty acids and glycerol) and bile salts, and (3)immunological function (access and transfer of antigens). Like the other parts of the GI tract, it has a basic pattern of 4 major layers namely: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Peyer’s patches is the characteristic feature of ileum.

Gall bladder is a small, pear-shaped organ which is located in the upper right portion of abdomen and sits under the liver. It is responsible in storing and releasing bile. Unlike the other structures of the digestive system, it has only 3 layers (mucosa , muscularis and serosa). The submucosa is absent in gall bladder.

Esophagus is a fibromuscular tube which is approximately 25 cm long. It extends from the pharynx to the stomach. Anatomically, esophagus is divided into 3 parts (cervical, thoracic, and abdominal). Moreover, it has all the basic histological layers of the GI tract which are mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. These layers aids the esophagus for the bulk movement of food from the mouth to the stomach.

Sources:
https://www.kenhub.com/en/start/anatomy
https://gallbladder.thecommonvein.net/the-liver/structure/parts/histology/

Jucelle Veranio says:

April 20, 2022 at 6:42 pm

Large intestine, also known as large bowel, is a long, tube-like pathway where food travels. It is made up of circular and longitudinal muscles which aids in the contraction of food. It is approximately 1.5 meters in length which is relatively wider and shorter compared to small intestine. Large intestine has 4 regions: cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.

Appendix

Sources:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22134-colon-large-intestine

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

April 21, 2022 at 4:53 pm

The 𝐄𝐏𝐈𝐆𝐋𝐎𝐓𝐓𝐈𝐒 is a cartilaginous structure at the posterior of the tongue that closes when you swallow to keep food and liquids out of your airway. A series of elastic cartilages provide semi-rigid support to the epiglottis.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

April 21, 2022 at 5:01 pm

The 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐀 is a passage that connects the larynx to the lungs allowing the passage of air. The respiratory epithelium found in this structure is a ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells resting on a thick basement membrane. It protects the lungs from irritants and secretes mucus to trap particles and prevent them from traveling further down respiratory passages.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

April 21, 2022 at 5:05 pm

The 𝐀𝐋𝐕𝐄𝐎𝐋𝐈 are the major sites of gas exchange. Their presence increases the lung’s surface area to maximize gas exchange, thus possessing a lining of thin squamous epithelium.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

April 21, 2022 at 5:09 pm

REFERENCES
BD Editors, (2019). Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium. Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/pseudostratified-columnar-epithelium/

Brandt JP, Mandiga P. Histology, Alveolar Cells. [Updated 2021 Apr 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557542/

Cleveland Clinic, (2020). Respiratory System. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-system#:~:text=The%20respiratory%20system%20is%20the,waste%20gases%20like%20carbon%20dioxide.

Histology Guide. Retrieved from https://histologyguide.com/slidebox/17-respiratory-system.html

Kia’i N, Bajaj T. Histology, Respiratory Epithelium. [Updated 2021 May 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541061/

Ian Jay B. Francisco says:

April 22, 2022 at 9:15 am

I used Autodesk Sketchbook and Canva to create this histology art of the circulatory system tissues.

The first microscopic photo shows an artery and vein. Upon first glance, you would see that the artery has a thicker wall, thus a smaller lumen, than that of the vein. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the body’s tissues and they need to withstand a lot of pressure. Veins on the other hand must have less peripheral resistance for blood to overcome the force of gravity and the reduced blood pressure.

The *microvasculature is composed of three types of the smallest blood vessels: arterioles, capillaries, and venules. These facilitate the movement of nutrients from the blood into the tissue.

The epicardium is the heart’s outermost layer of protection. The epicardium is made up of mesothelium cells, which cover and protect the majority of the body’s internal organs, as well as fat and connective tissue.

Ian Jay B. Francisco says:

April 22, 2022 at 9:21 am

I used Autodesk Sketchbook and Canva to create this histology art of the integumentary system tissues.

The integumentary system is the body’s biggest organ, serving to protect and maintain the internal environment by forming a physical barrier between the external and internal environments.

Hair is made up of dead keratinized cells arranged in columns. The hair is made up of three layers: a central medulla, or core, surrounded by a keratinized cortex, and an outside third layer that is highly keratinized and forms the hair’s thin hard cuticle.

In the trachea and bronchi, the respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified and largely comprises of three cell types: cilia cells, goblet cells, and basal cells. The ciliated cells, which are found over the apical surface, help mucus move across the airway tract.

Sweat glands are simple tubular exocrine glands located in the superficial hypodermis on the dermis’ periphery. They use coiled secretory ducts to discharge their contents onto the skin’s surface.

Ma. Disa Ricafort says:

April 22, 2022 at 9:23 am

The small intestine is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. All three parts are covered with the greater omentum anteriorly.

Duodenum – the proximal part of the small intestine, forming a ‘C’ shape that wraps around the head of the pancreas. It runs from the pylorus of the stomach to the duodenojejunal junction.

The jejunum is a distal part of the small intestine that starts at the duodenojejunal flexure and ends at the ileum. There is no clear border between the jejunum and the ileum. The jejunum differs from the rest of the small intestine by the absence of Brunner’s glands and Peyer’s patches.

The ileum is the longest part of the small intestine. It is thicker and more vascular than the jejunum, and the circular folds are less dense and more separated. Peyer’s patches are found lying in its mucosa, which is an essential part of gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

The duodenum accomplishes a good deal of chemical digestion, as well as a small amount of nutrient absorption; the primary function of the jejunum and ileum is to finish chemical digestion (enzymatic cleavage of nutrients) and absorb these nutrients along with water and vitamins.

Source:
https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/gastroenterology/gastrointestinal-tract-4-anatomy-role-jejunum-ileum-19-08-2019/

Ian Jay B. Francisco says:

April 22, 2022 at 9:26 am

I used Autodesk Sketchbook and Canva to create this histology art of the digestive system tissues.

The ileum aids in the digestion of food that has passed through the stomach and other portions of the small intestine. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins), as well as water, from meals so that the body may use them.

The colon, rectum, and anus are all parts of the large intestine. As food nears the finish of its journey through your digestive system, it’s all one long tube that continues from the small intestine. When you poop, the large intestine converts food waste into stool and excretes it from the body.

The appendix is roughly four inches long and made of a thin tube. The appendix is normally found in the lower right abdomen. The appendix’s purpose is uncertain. One notion is that the appendix works as a “rebooter” for the digestive tract following diarrheal disorders by storing beneficial bacteria.

Ian Jay B. Francisco says:

April 22, 2022 at 9:29 am

I used Autodesk Sketchbook and Canva to create this histology art of the digestive system tissues.

Your esophagus is a hollow, muscular tube that connects your throat to your stomach and transports food and liquid. Food and fluids flow from your lips to your throat first when you swallow (pharynx). The epiglottis is a tiny muscle flap that shuts to keep food and drink from flowing down the “wrong pipe” – your windpipe (trachea).

The stomach feeds into the duodenum, which is the initial segment of the small intestine. It’s a 10-inch-long descending funnel that curves in a “C” form around the pancreas before joining to the remainder of the coiled intestines.

The liver filters all of the blood that passes the stomach and intestines. The liver processes blood, breaking down, balancing, and creating nutrients, as well as metabolizing medications into forms that are easier to use or harmless for the rest of the body.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

April 22, 2022 at 7:58 pm

1. Lungs. The lungs are paired organs flanking the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity. Each lung is covered with pulmonary (visceral) pleura; the thorax wall is lined with parietal pleura. Pleural fluid decreases friction during breathing. The lungs are primarily elastic tissue and passageways of the bronchial tree. The smallest passageways end in clusters of air sacs called alveoli
 Bronchial Tree. After entering the lungs, the main bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches (secondary and tertiary bronchi, and so on), finally ending in the smallest of the conducting passageways, the bronchioles. Because of this branching and rebranching of the respiratory passageways within the lungs, the network formed is often referred to as the bronchial, or respiratory tree.
 Alveoli. The terminal bronchioles lead into respiratory zone structures, even smaller conduits that eventually terminate in alveoli, or air sacs. The respiratory zone, which includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli, is the only site of gas exchange

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

April 22, 2022 at 7:58 pm

2. Trachea. This is also commonly called the windpipe, is the main airway to the lungs. It divides into the right and left bronchi at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra, channeling air to the right or left lung. A hyaline cartilage in the tracheal wall provides support and keeps the trachea from collapsing. The posterior soft tissue allows for expansion of the esophagus, which is immediately posterior to the trachea.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

April 22, 2022 at 7:59 pm

3. Respiratory Epithelium. There are four main histological layers within the respiratory system: respiratory mucosa, which includes epithelium and supporting lamina propria, submucosa, cartilage and/or muscular layer, and adventitia. Respiratory epithelium is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium found lining most of the respiratory tract; it is not present in the larynx or pharynx.

The epithelium classifies as pseudostratified; though it is a single layer of cells along the basement membrane, the alignment of the nuclei is not in the same plane and appears as multiple layers. The role of this unique type of epithelium is to function as a barrier to pathogens and foreign particles; however, it also operates by preventing infection and tissue injury via the use of the mucociliary elevator.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

April 22, 2022 at 8:01 pm

FUN FACTS:
1. The left lung tends to be smaller than the right lung in people to accommodate for the heart, which is located on the left side of the body.
2. Lungs can float on water. They are the only body organs that can float, largely related to the air that is contained within alveoli.
3. If the lungs were unfolded and expanded out to their fullest size, they’d be roughly the size of a tennis court.
4. The lung capacity of an adult is approximately 4 to 6 liters of air. Males tend to have larger lung capacity than females. We only breathe in about 0.5 liters with each breath.
5. A portion of the air you breathe never reaches the alveoli. It is referred to as dead air because it isn’t used in gas exchange.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

April 22, 2022 at 8:03 pm

SOURCES:
 https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/respiratory/
 https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/respiratory/passages/larynx.html
 https://biologydictionary.net/respiratory-system-fun-facts/
 Marieb, E. N., & Keller, S. M. (2018). The Respiratory System. In E. N. Marieb, & S. M. Keller, Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (12th Edition) (pp. 469-470). New York City: Elsevier.
 Kia’i N, Bajaj T. Histology, Respiratory Epithelium. [Updated 2021 May 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541061/

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

April 23, 2022 at 2:14 pm

ALVEOLI – are tiny air sacs in your lungs that helps in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. They are arranged in clusters, and they are the endpoint of your respiratory system.

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

April 23, 2022 at 2:14 pm

EPIGLOTTIS – is a flap of tissue located at the base of your tongue. It prevents the food you eat from going into your windpipe during swallowing.

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

April 23, 2022 at 2:14 pm

TRACHEA – Comprising your trachea are 16-20 rings of cartilage that helps carry air in and out of your lungs. It sits in your lower neck and upper chest, and it consists of two parts; cervical trachea and thoracic trachea.

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

April 23, 2022 at 2:15 pm

REFERENCES:
Eldridge, L. (2021). Function and Disorders of the Alveoli. Very Well Health. Retrieved from https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-alveoli-2249043
Khatri, M. (2020). Epiglottis. Web MD. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/epiglottitis-infection-inflammation#:~:text=The%20epiglottis%20is%20a%20flap,makes%20you%20unable%20to%20breathe.
Respiratory System, (2020). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-system#:~:text=The%20respiratory%20system%20is%20the,waste%20gases%20like%20carbon%20dioxide.
Trachea, (2021). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21828-trachea#:~:text=Your%20trachea%20is%20made%20up,each%20ring%20of%20tracheal%20cartilage.

Aliya Solana says:

April 23, 2022 at 6:25 pm

Cell membrane – is a bilipid layer that serves as a barrier that separates the internal and external environment. It keeps the integrity of the cell. It also controls what can go inside or outside the cell.

Aliya Solana says:

April 23, 2022 at 6:28 pm

Nucleus – is the control center of the cell. It contains the DNA (genetic material). It is the one that determines how the cell will function and what its basic structure will be.

Aliya Solana says:

April 23, 2022 at 6:29 pm

Cytoplasm – This is where most of the organelles are found. it is a fluid part of the cell and is the site of many metabolic reactions. This includes cell growth and replication.

Aliya Solana says:

April 23, 2022 at 6:36 pm

Cytoplasmic organelles – “little organs”; these have specific structure and function.

Rough ER – contains ribosomes and produces proteins for the rest of the cell.
Smooth ER – does not contain ribosomes and mainly functions for lipid storage and synthesis.
Mitochondria – generates most of the cell’s energy in the form of ATP.
Golgi Apparatus – serves as the package and transport center of the cell. It exports the proteins made inside the cell.
Ribosomes – are the site for protein synthesis.

Aliya Solana says:

April 23, 2022 at 7:05 pm

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium – this type of epithelial cell have round and centrally located nucleus. It is directly attached to the basement membrane since it only has one layer. Its primary functions include absorption, secretion and covering.
Covering – usually found in the ovarian surface and seminiferous tubules in the testes, lining of the ducts in the respiratory tract.
plays a role in the secretion of – cerebrospinal fluid and the hormones, ependyma in the brain, thyroid hormones
Absorption – proximal convoluted tubules and distal convoluted tubules in the kidneys

Aliya Solana says:

April 23, 2022 at 7:13 pm

Simple Squamous Epithelium – These cells appear flat and have a single layer. Its function include selective diffusion of materials which helps in the filtration, absorption and secretion of substances. This type of epithelium is usually found in the cavities of the body including the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities. Blood vessels also have this tissue. Furthermore, it is also found in the glomeruli of the kidney and alveoli in the respiratory tract.

Aliya Solana says:

April 23, 2022 at 7:21 pm

Ciliated Columnar Epithelium – it contains oval nucleus and a more elongated shape of the cell. It also contains cilia in its outer surface which are short hair-like projections. This type of epithelium is usually seen in the trachea and upper respiratory tract. It is also found in the lining of the fallopian tubes. It propels the mucus and other substances for the clearing of the respiratory tract and other parts of the body where they are present.

Aliya Solana says:

April 23, 2022 at 7:30 pm

The bone contains osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation and osteoclasts are for bone resorption.
Bone – gives support, shape and protection to the body. It also functions as storage for calcium and other minerals in the body. Inside the bone is also the red bone marrow which allows the production of RBCs, WBCs and platelets.
There are two types of bone: Compact and spongy.
*Compact bone – is the rigid type of bone. It is found in the outer layer of long bones.
*Spongy bone – is the porous type of bone. It provides flexibility without compromising the strength of the bone. It is found in the middle part of long bones and is abundant in the fingers.

Aliya Solana says:

April 23, 2022 at 7:40 pm

Elastic cartilage – The cells present in this tissue are chondrocytes that are inside a lacuna. There is an appearance of elastic fibers in the matrix. This type of connective tissue gives support and moderate elasticity to certain parts of the body. It also provides strength and shape to the organs in which they are present. It is only seen in the external part of the ear, epiglottis and larynx.

Aliya Solana says:

April 23, 2022 at 7:48 pm

White Fibrous Tissue – this is a dense regular connective tissue. It is white in color and hard but flexible. The cells present here are fibroblasts and has many fibers in its matrix. The collagen fibers are arranged regularly at one direction. Thus, this type of tissue is relatively strong in one direction as well. This tissue is usually seen in the skin (dermis), ligaments, tendons, cartilage and bones. It protects and supports the surrounding structures present.

Aliya Solana says:

April 23, 2022 at 8:02 pm

Cardiac muscle tissue – this is the only type of muscle tissue that contains intercalated discs. These discs connect the adjacent cardiac muscle cells. It also appears as branched and contains muscle fibers with single nucleus. It is found surrounding the heart and causes the mechanical pumping of the heart which is an involuntary movement.

Miguel Gatsi says:

April 23, 2022 at 8:10 pm

TRACHEA – Comprising your trachea are 16-20 rings of cartilage that helps carry air in and out of your lungs. It sits in your lower neck and upper chest, and it consists of two parts; cervical trachea and thoracic trachea.

Miguel Gatsi says:

April 23, 2022 at 8:12 pm

Lungs. The lungs are paired organs in the thoracic cavity that border the mediastinum. The pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers each lung, whereas the parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall. Pleural fluid reduces friction during respiration. The lungs are mostly made up of elastic tissue and bronchial tree tubes. The tiniest passages terminate in clusters of air sacs known as alveoli.
Bronchial Tree After entering the lungs, the major bronchi branch into smaller and smaller branches (secondary and tertiary bronchi, for example), eventually terminating in the tiniest of the conducting passageways, the bronchioles. The network generated by the branching and rebranching of the respiratory airways within the lungs is known as the bronchial, or respiratory tree.

Miguel Gatsi says:

April 23, 2022 at 8:15 pm

The 𝐀𝐋𝐕𝐄𝐎𝐋𝐈 are the major sites of gas exchange. Their presence increases the lung’s surface area to maximize gas exchange, thus possessing a lining of thin squamous epithelium.

Aliya Solana says:

April 23, 2022 at 8:16 pm

Skeletal muscle tissue – this type of muscle tissue is cylindrical, multinucleated and striated. Its striations are due to the actin and myosin overlapping. Also, due to it being multinucleated it has an increased production of uric acid. It contains myofibrils which are the muscle proteins. It is found between bones and moves voluntarily. It is also used for maintenance of body posture and heat protection.

Miguel Gatsi says:

April 23, 2022 at 8:17 pm

Paxton, S., Peckham, M., & Knibbs, A. (2003, January 1). Respiratory: The Histology Guide. Respiratory: The Histology Guide; http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk. https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/respiratory/conducting.phpRespiratory System | histology. (n.d.). Respiratory System | Histology; histology.medicine.umich.edu. Retrieved April 23, 2022, from https://histology.medicine.umich.edu/resources/respiratory-systemRespiratory Histology. (n.d.). Respiratory Histology; www2.victoriacollege.edu. Retrieved April 23, 2022, from https://www2.victoriacollege.edu/dept/bio/belltutorials/histology%20tutorial/respiratory/respiratory%20histology.html

Aliya Solana says:

April 23, 2022 at 8:32 pm

Smooth muscle – is not striated and branched. It contains one nucleus and is involuntarily controlled. It can be found in the stomach and intestines where it plays a role in the digestion of food and collection of nutrients. It is also found in the urinary tract where it functions in getting rid of toxins and in electrolyte balance. Furthermore, it regulates the blood flow in the heart and is active during contraction of the genitalia during pregnancy.

Aliya Solana says:

April 23, 2022 at 8:45 pm

Astrocyte – this is also known as astro glial cells. It is shaped like a star and are the most abundant cells in the central nervous tissue. It is also used for synaptic support and guides axons. it plays a role in blood brain barriers and blood flow. It protects the brain from toxic substances and make sure that there is optimal functioning. Furthermore, it plays a role in energy metabolism and reaction to injury.

Aliya Solana says:

April 23, 2022 at 8:52 pm

Cerebellum – “little brain”; it is located neat the brain stem and is considered a major part of the hindbrain. It functions in the coordination of your movements. It also plays a role in your balance and posture. If you drink alcohol, this part is most affected. Thus, drinking causes you to lose your balance easily. Furthermore, it functions in eye movements, speech and other functions that require coordination.

Aliya Solana says:

April 23, 2022 at 9:04 pm

Ganglion – it has an oval appearance. This is seen in clusters and found in the peripheral nervous system. They serve as carriers of nerve signals to and from the central nervous system. With this, they serve as the bidge for PNS and CNS
Ganglia have two types:
Sensory ganglia – found in Dorsal roots of spinal nerves. It is also found in the roots of some cranial nerves
Motor ganglia – found in the spinal cord and internal organs.

Diane Llanera says:

April 24, 2022 at 1:02 pm

The epithelium provides physical barrier to infection, lining the respiratory tract from the nose to the alveoli with a wide range of cell types. Ciliated epithelial cells are important in propelling mucus up the airway, thereby removing particulate material.

Aliya Solana says:

April 24, 2022 at 1:49 pm

Heart – This organ is made up of cardiac muscle which allows its pumping action. It is divided into four chambers. The two chambers on the top are called atria and the other two on the bottom are called ventricles. It also has 4 valves which prevent the backflow of blood. The heart functions to pump oxygen, blood and hormones to the different parts of the body. It receives deoxygenated blood and maintains blood pressure.

Aliya Solana says:

April 24, 2022 at 1:56 pm

Blood – This is a connective tissue for it has a matrix and comes from the mesodermal cells. It has liquid and sold components. The liquid portion is the plasma which is also the matrix. The solid components include the RBCs, WBCs and platelets. The RBCs have the pigment hemoglobin and can carry 4 oxygen molecules. WBCs defend the body from foreign substances. The different types of WBC include neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte and lymphocyte. The platelet plays a role in blood clotting.

Aliya Solana says:

April 24, 2022 at 2:05 pm

Elastic fibers in artery – this allows the artery to expand and contract. The contraction is read as systole and when it expands or relaxes it is read as diastole. It provides elasticity and resilience to the arteries. This is usually located in the aorta and pulmonary arteries which are near the heart. It helps in the maintenance of the blood pressure in those arteries.

Aliya Solana says:

April 24, 2022 at 2:17 pm

Stratified squamous epithelium – this type of epithelium has flat cells with multiple layers. It is found in the skin and lining of the esophagus, mouth and vagina. This is usually present where there is constant or regular friction. Thus, it serves as protection for the most part. It prevents microorganisms from invading as well as prevent water loss.

Princess Maranda says:

April 24, 2022 at 2:41 pm

The trachea is the main airway. The trachea divides into the left and right bronchi, which lead to the lungs. The right lung has three lobes and the left has two. The left lung is smaller than the right because it shares space with the heart.

Princess Maranda says:

April 24, 2022 at 2:41 pm

The bronchi branch into smaller airways (bronchioles), which can be as small as half a millimeter (or 2/100 of an inch) across. The bronchial tree gets its name from the shape of the airways.

Princess Maranda says:

April 24, 2022 at 2:41 pm

Each bronchiole has thousands of tiny air sacs (alveoli). The lungs’ millions of alveoli cover over 100 square meters (1111 square feet). The alveolar walls contain a dense network of capillaries. The thin barrier between air and capillaries allows oxygen from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli.

Princess Maranda says:

April 24, 2022 at 2:45 pm

The 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙝𝙚𝙖 is the main airway. The trachea divides into the left and right bronchi, which lead to the lungs. The right lung has three lobes and the left has two. The left lung is smaller than the right because it shares space with the heart.

Princess Maranda says:

April 24, 2022 at 2:45 pm

The bronchi branch into smaller airways (bronchioles), which can be as small as half a millimeter (or 2/100 of an inch) across. The bronchial tree gets its name from the shape of the airways.

Princess Maranda says:

April 24, 2022 at 2:46 pm

Each bronchiole has thousands of tiny air sacs (𝙖𝙡𝙫𝙚𝙤𝙡𝙞). The lungs’ millions of alveoli cover over 100 square meters (1111 square feet). The alveolar walls contain a dense network of capillaries. The thin barrier between air and capillaries allows oxygen from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli.

Rhamises Ragpa says:

April 24, 2022 at 3:59 pm

Sources:
https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/respiratory/passages/larynx.html
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/alveoli
https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/epiglottis#1

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 24, 2022 at 8:17 pm

Elastic cartilage

The elastic cartilage is a specialized connective tissue that provides strength and elasticity. One of the organs that have this type of tissue is the epiglottis. The epiglottis is located at the root of the tongue that folds over the glottis. It prevents food or liquid from entering the trachea when you swallow. The elastic cartilage in the epiglottis also springs back into the at-rest position, allowing the body to breathe normally.

Source:
BD Editors. (2019, May 21). Elastic Cartilage. Biology Dictionary. https://biologydictionary.net/elastic-cartilage/

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 24, 2022 at 8:23 pm

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

The ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium begins from the nasal cavity down to the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. It provides mucosal surfaces which are important for conditioning the air before it reaches the alveolar tissue. The mucus is secreted by the goblet cells in the epithelium. Specifically, the cilia beat sweeping the mucus and the dust it carried up to the bronchi towards the pharynx, where it is swallowed.

Source:
Histology at SIU. (n.d.). Southern Illinois University. https://histology.siu.edu/crr/rsguide.htm

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

April 24, 2022 at 8:48 pm

Hyaline cartilage

The hyaline cartilage provides structural support to your trachea. The cartilaginous rings of the hyaline cartilage holds the airway of the trachea.

The perichondrium is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue which surrounds the cartilage.

Source:
Brelje, C., & Sorenson, R. (n.d.). Hyaline Cartilage (trachea) | Cartilage and Bone. Histology Guide. https://histologyguide.com//slideview/MH-136-trachea/05-slide-1.html

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

April 24, 2022 at 9:29 pm

ALVEOLI – where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out.

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

April 24, 2022 at 9:30 pm

TRACHEA – serves as the main passageway through which air passes from the upper respiratory tract to the lungs.

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

April 24, 2022 at 9:31 pm

EPIGLOTTIS – a cartilaginous, leaf-shaped flap, functions as a lid to the larynx and, during the act of swallowing, controls the traffic of air and food.

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

April 24, 2022 at 9:32 pm

LARGE INTESTINE – The large intestine includes the colon, rectum and anus. It’s all one, long tube that continues from the small intestine as food nears the end of its journey through your digestive system. The large intestine turns food waste into stool and passes it from the body when you poop.

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

April 24, 2022 at 9:33 pm

TONGUE – functions as a digestive organ by facilitating the movement of food during mastication and assisting swallowing. Other important functions include speech and taste.

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

April 24, 2022 at 9:33 pm

RECTUM – a straight, 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. The rectum’s job is to receive stool from the colon, let you know that there is stool to be evacuated (pooped out) and to hold the stool until evacuation happens.

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

April 24, 2022 at 9:34 pm

STOMACH – a muscular organ that digests food. It is part of your gastrointestinal (GI) tract. When your stomach receives food, it contracts and produces acids and enzymes that break down food. When your stomach has broken down food, it passes it to your small intestine.

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

April 24, 2022 at 9:35 pm

ESOPHAGUS – The primary function of your esophagus is to carry food and liquid from your mouth to your stomach. When you swallow, food and liquid first move from your mouth to your throat (pharynx).

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

April 24, 2022 at 9:35 pm

APPENDIX – Your appendix is a 4-inch-long tube. It’s attached to the first part of your large intestine. Its exact function is unclear.

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

April 24, 2022 at 9:37 pm

ARTERY – These strong, muscular blood vessels carry oxygen-rich blood from your heart to your body. They handle a large amount of force and pressure from your blood flow but don’t carry a large volume of blood.

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

April 24, 2022 at 9:38 pm

VEIN – Veins are a type of blood vessel that return deoxygenated blood from your organs back to your heart.

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

April 24, 2022 at 9:38 pm

VENA CAVA – A large vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body. The vena cava has two parts: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest.

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

April 24, 2022 at 9:42 pm

SOURCE: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-system

Duchess Mariss Cloma says:

April 24, 2022 at 9:53 pm

The epiglottis is the superior portion of the larynx that projects upward from the larynx’s anterior wall. It has both a lingual and a laryngeal surface.
A central elastic cartilage of epiglottis forms the framework of the epiglottis. Its lingual mucosa (anterior side) is lined with a stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium.
The underlying lamina propria merges with the connective tissue perichondrium of the elastic cartilage of the epiglottis.

Duchess Mariss Cloma says:

April 24, 2022 at 9:56 pm

TRACHEA
• Wall consists of mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, and adventitia
• Cartilage C rings keep the trachea open with gaps between rings filled with trachealis muscle
• The lining is a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
• Submucosa contains seromucous tracheal glands with ducts opening into the trachea lumen

Duchess Mariss Cloma says:

April 24, 2022 at 9:59 pm

ALVEOLI – are evaginations or outpocketings of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs, the terminal ends of the alveolar ducts. The alveoli are lined by a layer of thin, simple squamous alveolar cells or pneumocyte type I cells. The adjacent alveoli share a common interalveolar septum or alveolar wall.
The interalveolar septa consist of simple squamous alveolar cells, fine connective tissue fibers and fibroblasts, and numerous capillaries located in the thin interalveolar septa.
The thin interalveolar septa bring the capillaries close to the squamous alveolar cells of the adjacent alveoli.

Janna Threza Armada says:

April 24, 2022 at 10:09 pm

Alveoli.
The pulmonary alveolus (plural: alveoli) is a small air sac that serves as the fundamental respiratory unit. It is a hollow cup-shaped cavity in the lung parenchyma that facilitates gas exchange. Lung alveoli are situated near the beginning of the respiratory zone in the acini. They are found infrequently in the respiratory bronchioles, lining the alveolar duct walls. The alveoli are found in the pulmonary lobules of the respiratory zone, in the alveolar sacs of the lungs. They are more prevalent in blind-ended alveolar sacs. Respiratory bronchioles connect to alveolar ducts, which are lined with alveoli. Each respiratory bronchiole produces two to eleven alveolar ducts. Each duct divides into five or six alveolar sacs, each of which contains a cluster of alveoli.

Janna Threza Armada says:

April 24, 2022 at 10:11 pm

Trachea.
In most people, the trachea, often known as the windpipe, is a 4 inch long tube with a diameter of less than an inch. The trachea starts right below the larynx (voice box) and goes down beneath the breastbone (sternum). The trachea subsequently separates into two smaller tubes called bronchi, one for each lung. The trachea is made up of around 20 rings of strong cartilage. The back of each ring is formed of muscle and connective tissue. The mucosa, or moist, smooth tissue, coats the inside of the trachea. With each inhalation, the trachea slightly expands and lengthens before reverting to its resting size with each exhalation.

Janna Threza Armada says:

April 24, 2022 at 10:15 pm

Epiglottis.
The epiglottis is a cartilaginous flap that extends in front of and above the laryngeal intake, also known as the rima glottidis (glottis). The epiglottis closes the laryngeal inlet during swallowing, preventing food and fluids from entering the lungs (aspiration). This is why we can’t (and shouldn’t attempt) to talk and breathe while swallowing. The epiglottis is found in the larynx and is connected to the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone. Its motions are controlled by the tongue’s passive pressure as it pulls food down the pharynx, as well as the contractions of the aryepiglottic muscle.

Janna Threza Armada says:

April 24, 2022 at 10:16 pm

Sources:
https://www.webmd.com/lung/picture-of-the-trachea
https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/epiglottis
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/alveoli

Christian Pavillar Edulan says:

April 24, 2022 at 10:40 pm

Epiglottis
It is a cartilaginous structure at the posterior of the tongue that folds over the opening of the trachea during swallowing.

Anterior (Lingual) Surface – faces the tongue.
Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinized Epithelium
Posterior (Respiratory) Surface – faces the opening of the trachea.
Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinized Epithelium – initially covers the posterior surface.
Transition Zone – abrupt transition from stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium to pseudostratified epithelium with cilia and goblet cells.
Respiratory Epithelium – pseudostratified epithelium with cilia and goblet cells.
Lamina Propria – dense irregular connective tissue that supports the epithelium.
Sero-Mucous Glands – add moisture to the air and help trap contaminants.
Ducts – the latter duct is a rare example of stratified columnar epithelium.
Elastic Cartilage – a series of elastic cartilages provide semi-rigid support to the epiglottis.

Christian Pavillar Edulan says:

April 24, 2022 at 10:40 pm

Trachea
It is a tube that connects the larynx to the lungs allowing the passage of air. It is a fibromuscular tube supported by 15 to 20 “C”-shaped hyaline cartilages.

Respiratory Epithelium – pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells resting on a thick basement membrane.
Lamina Propria – dense irregular connective tissue that supports the epithelium.
Sero-Mucous Glands – add moisture to air and aid in trapping contaminants.
Tracheal Cartilage – partial cross-section of a single, “C”-shaped hyaline cartilage.
Trachealis Muscle – a smooth muscle that spans the ends of tracheal cartilages. They control the diameter of the trachea.
Adventitia – loose connective tissue.

Christian Pavillar Edulan says:

April 24, 2022 at 10:40 pm

Lung
It consists of airways and structures for gas exchange. The trachea divides into a primary bronchus for each lung. The smaller intrapulmonary airways are devoid of cartilage and glands in their walls.

Epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to simple, ciliated columnar epithelium as they decrease in diameter.
Club Cells – dome-shaped secretory cells with short microvilli. (Do not have cilia.)
Smooth Muscle – variable amounts present.
Terminal Bronchioles – conducting airways.
Epithelium changes from simple, ciliated columnar epithelium to the cuboidal epithelium.
Respiratory Bronchioles – a mixture of conducting epithelium and alveoli where respiration occurs. The epithelium is a mixture of simple columnar and simple cuboidal epithelia.
Club Cells – become more prominent.
Smooth Muscle – only small amounts are present.
Alveolar Ducts – arise from respiratory bronchioles and are passageways lined with alveoli and occasional regions of simple cuboidal epithelium.
Alveolar Sacs – spherical-like spaces with openings into multiple alveoli.
Alveoli – blind-ending sacs that are the final termination of the airways.
Simple Epithelium) – contains two types of pneumocytes resting on a thin basal lamina:
Type I – flattened, simple squamous epithelial cells.
Gas exchange occurs through these cells.
Type II – dome-shaped, cuboidal epithelial cells that project into the lumen.
Secrete surfactant that covers the alveolar surface and reduces surface tension.
Macrophages (or Dust Cells) – large, dark cells within alveoli that engulf dust particles, bacteria, and other pathogens.
Capillaries – dense network surround alveoli. They are usually seen in cross-section and can be identified by finding a red blood cell within a lumen next to an endothelial cell.
Smooth Muscle – often found at the ends of alveolar walls.

Ponciano Y. Daclan III says:

April 24, 2022 at 10:57 pm

Epiglottis- The epiglottis is a small, moveable “lid” that protects your windpipe from food and drink. It is located directly above the larynx. The epiglottis is coated by a comparable respiratory epithelium; however, the lingual surface is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

Ponciano Y. Daclan III says:

April 24, 2022 at 10:57 pm

Trachea- The trachea is the primary pathway for air to travel from the upper respiratory tract to the lungs. During inhalations, the air is drawn into the trachea, where it is warmed and moisturized before entering the lungs. A moist tissue called mucosa lines each ring of tracheal cartilage.

Ponciano Y. Daclan III says:

April 24, 2022 at 10:58 pm

Alveoli- The alveoli act in breathing in and out, the alveoli are where the lungs and blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Breathing in oxygen from the air flows through the alveoli and into the bloodstream, where it travels to all of the body’s tissues.

Ponciano Y. Daclan III says:

April 24, 2022 at 10:59 pm

Sources:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-system
https://byjus.com/questions/what-is-the-function-of-the-trachea/
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1949369-overview
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/alveoli

Barbara Zaragoza says:

April 25, 2022 at 12:06 am

The Respiratory System includes the following organs:

Nose
Mouth
Throat (pharynx)
Voice box (larynx)
Windpipe (trachea)
Large airways (bronchi)
Small airways (bronchioles)
Lungs

Barbara Zaragoza says:

April 25, 2022 at 12:59 am

TRACHEA Epithelium: Pseudostratified Columnar 3 main cell types: Goblet cells, Basal Cells, Cilia The TRACHEA is a long tube that connects to the voicebox and then to the Bronchi. It is a key part of the respiratory system as it functions as the windpipe. When the air goes to the trachea, it goes to the bronchi and then carries it towards the lungs. With the help of the Goblet cells, it helps secret mucus to maintain moisture and trap pathogens or debris away from the airway. The basal cells help in restoring a healthy layer of the epithelium. Cilia are tiny hairs that carry mucus in and out of the respiratory tract. It also functions as a filter to keep out dust or pathogens away from the airway tract.

Barbara Zaragoza says:

April 25, 2022 at 2:17 am

LUNGS Epithelium: Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium The lungs are covered by a thin-double layered serous membrane known as Pleura. It functions to remove oxygen distributing it to the bloodstream

Barbara Zaragoza says:

April 25, 2022 at 2:36 am

EPIGLOTTIS Epithelium: Stratified Squamous non-Keratinized The Epiglottis is like a leaf-shaped flap located at the base of the tongue. It prevents food in going to the trachea. However, if this gets infected, it can cause blockage of the windpipe making it hard or unable to breathe.

Barbara Zaragoza says:

April 25, 2022 at 2:38 am

Moreover, the respiratory tract is divided into two. The upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract includes: Nose Nasal cavity Sinuses Larynx Trachea The lower respiratory tract is consists of: Lungs Bronchi and bronchioles Air sacs (alveoli)

Reynavel E. Ciballos says:

April 25, 2022 at 7:27 am

Olfactory epithelial cells are modified neurons interspersed within the olfactory epithelium. The cell bodies of these olfactory neurons reside within the epithelium and have cilia that project onto the surface. These cilia are not visible in light microscope. The axons of these neurons extend to the olfactory bulb located within the cranial cavity.

The epiglottis is a large, flat flap cartilage that controls entry to the trachea. During breathing, the epiglottis is in an upright position and keeps the entry to the trachea open. During swallowing, the epiglottis covers the entry to the trachea, redirecting food to the esophagus.

The inside of the trachea is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, which is continuous with the larynx. This epithelial layer has mucus producing goblet cells that are only visible at high magnification. Underneath the epithelium is the lamina propria that contains submucosal glands that also produce mucus. The next layer is the hyaline cartilage, followed by the smooth muscle layer.

Source: https://uta.pressbooks.pub/histology/chapter/respiratory-system/

Elijah Dave M. Cordova says:

April 25, 2022 at 11:09 am

Lining the peritoneal cavity are simple squamous epithelia. These epithelia facilitate the movement of viscera, active transport via pinocytosis, and secretion of biologically active molecules. Simple squamous epithelium can be found lining body vessels (endothelium), and in the serous cavity linings, e.g., pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.

Elijah Dave M. Cordova says:

April 25, 2022 at 11:09 am

Simple cuboidal epithelia mainly cover and secrete substances. They have a cuboidal shape as their name suggests and their greater thickness allows cytoplasm to be rich in mitochondria and other organelles for a high level of active transport across the epithelium. They can be found in the ovaries, kidneys, and thyroid gland.

Elijah Dave M. Cordova says:

April 25, 2022 at 11:09 am

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelia have the main functions of protecting, lubricating, secreting, and absorbing. These epithelia are taller than they are wide. They also have terminal bars, i.e., complexes of tight and adherent junctions, in their apical ends. These epithelia may be found in the kidneys, oviduct, and gallbladder lining.

Elijah Dave M. Cordova says:

April 25, 2022 at 11:09 am

REFERENCE:
Mescher, A. (2018). Junqueira’s basic histology: text and atlas (15th ed.). Mcgraw Hill Education.

Pinkish Galvez says:

April 26, 2022 at 1:10 pm

Your respiratory system is the organs and tissues that assist you in breathing. This system aids your body’s ability to absorb oxygen from the air, allowing your organs to function properly. It also removes waste gases like carbon dioxide from your blood. The respiratory system consists of several components, including:

– Epiglottis: The tissue flaps at the tracheal entry that closes as you swallow to prevent food and liquids from entering your airway.

– Bronchioles: Small bronchial tube branches leading to the alveoli.

– Trachea: It is called a windpipe. A passage connecting the throat and lungs.

References:

Cleveland Clinic. (2020, January 24). Respiratory System: Functions, Facts, Organs & Anatomy. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-system#:%7E:text=The%20respiratory%20system%20is%20the,waste%20gases%20like%20carbon%20dioxide.

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

April 27, 2022 at 1:19 pm

The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract—also called the GI tract or digestive tract—and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are the solid organs of the digestive system.

The small intestine has three parts. The first part is called the duodenum. The jejunum is in the middle and the ileum is at the end. The large intestine includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. The appendix is a finger-shaped pouch attached to the cecum. The cecum is the first part of the large intestine. The colon is next. The rectum is the end of the large intestine.

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

April 27, 2022 at 1:19 pm

The duodenum is the first of the three parts of the small intestine that receives partially digested food from the stomach and begins with the absorption of nutrients. It is directly attached to the pylorus of the stomach. It has a C-shape, it is closely related to the head of the pancreas and consists of four sections: superior, descending, horizontal, and ascending parts.

Histologically speaking, the duodenum consists of the typical three layers common to all hollow organs of the gastrointestinal tract, but it has Brunner’s glands, which is the characteristic feature of the duodenum.

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

April 27, 2022 at 1:20 pm

The liver is the largest internal organ of the human body, weighing approximately 1.5 kg. Embryologically it develops from the foregut and it spans the upper right and part of left abdominal quadrants. Anatomically the liver consists of four lobes: two larger ones (right and left) and two smaller ones (quadrate and caudate).

Histologically speaking, it has a complex microscopic structure, that can be viewed from several different angles. Physiologically speaking, the liver also performs many essential functions and it is your best friend when you are enjoying some beers with your friends. This article will examine every histological component of the liver, its macroscopic and microscopic vascular supply, and the biliary system.

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

April 27, 2022 at 1:20 pm

The small intestine is composed of three distinct parts, the last one being the ileum. At the distal end, the ileum is separated from the large intestine, into which it opens, by the ileocecal valve. The ileum itself is very rich in lymphoid follicles and is attached to the abdominal wall by the mesentery. Its vascular supply is provided by the ileal arteries and its innervation via the coeliac and superior mesenteric plexi.

In terms of histology, the mucosa of the ileum consists of simple columnar epithelium comprising of enterocytes and goblet cells. A characteristic histological feature of the ileum are Peyer’s patches.

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

April 27, 2022 at 2:01 pm

The large intestine (colon) commences its course in the right inguinal quadrant as the cecum and vermiform appendix. The wide, sacculated tube travels superiorly, as the ascending colon, and then courses horizontally to the left at the hepatic flexure.

It continues its transabdominal course as the transverse colon until it arrives at the splenic flexure, where it courses inferiorly as the descending colon. In the left inguinal region, it takes an “S”-shaped course as the sigmoid colon before terminating at the rectosigmoidal junction. Along this course, undigested and unabsorbed residues (food, drugs etc) are condensed and converted to faeces by increasing luminal water absorption.
Histologically, the large intestines can be distinguished from the small intestines by the absence of villi, plicae circularis, and Paneth cells (in adults). Simple columnar epithelium lines its mucosa. The crypts of Lieberkühn are deeper in the colon and goblet cells become more abundant.

The enteroendocrine cells are dispersed throughout the mucosa and the surface epithelium is equipped with brush borders. It is also noteworthy that the aggregations of lymph nodules are more solitary that those observed in the small intestines. The double layered muscularis mucosae that is typical of the GIT is also present.

MBbs, LBC (2021, October 28). Histology of the lower digestive tract . Kenhub. Retrieved April 27, 2022, from https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/histology-of-the-lower-digestive-tract

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

April 27, 2022 at 2:02 pm

The gall bladder is a simple muscular sac, lined by a simple columnar epithelium. It receives and stores bile from the liver via the hepatic and then cystic duct, and can store about 50 to 100ml in humans. It is attached to the visceral layer of the liver.

The gall bladder is stimulated to contract and expel the bile into the duodenum, by the hormone cholecytoskinin pancreozymin (CCK) produced by the endocrine cells of the duodenal mucosa. The production of this enzyme is stimulated by the presence of fat in the proximal duodenum. The contractions expel bile into the common bile duct, and the bile is then carried to the duodenum.

The inner surface of the gall bladder is covered by the mucosa. The sufrace is made up of a simple columnar epithelium. The epithelial cells have microvilli, and look like absorptive cells in the intestine. Underneath the epithelium is the lamina propria. The wall of the bladder does not have a muscularis mucosae and submucosa.

The muscularis externa (muscle layer) contains bundles of smooth muscle cells, collagen and elastic fibres. Underneath this, on the outside of the gall bladder is a thick layer of connective tissue, which contains large blood vessels, nerves and a lymphatic network. Where this layer is attached to the liver, it is called the adventia. In the unattached region, there is an outer layer of mesothelium and loose connective tissue (the serosa).

Paxton, S. (nd). Digestive: The Histology Guide . Histology.Leeds.Ac.Uk. Retrieved 27 April 2022, from https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/digestive/gallbladder.php

Nichole Isabelle J. Fidel says:

April 27, 2022 at 2:03 pm

The appendix is a blind ending appendage to the caecum of the colon. Lymphoid tissue is abundant early in life, but diminishes with age.

The appendix is composed of the four layers characteristic of the gastrointestinal tract.
Mucosa (or mucous membrane)
Epithelium – neither villi nor plicae circularis are present.
Absorptive Cells (or Enterocytes) – simple columnar cells with microvilli (or brush border).
M-Cells (or Micro-Fold Cells) – cover nodules and have a lower profile than absorptive cells. They have small folds on their surface versus microvilli on absorptive cells).
Goblet Cells – secrete mucus for lubrication.
Crypts – fewer than in other regions of the colon.
Lamina Propria – abundant between the infrequent crypts.
Lymph nodules (#1, #2 and #3) are common.
Plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages are present.
Muscularis Mucosae – layer of smooth muscle.
Submucosa – lymph nodules (#1 and #2) may extend into the submucosa.
Muscularis Externa – two orthogonal layers of smooth muscle (inner circular and outer longitudinal).
Serosa – covers the outer surface of the appendix.

Appendix (large intestine) | Gastrointestinal Tract . (sd). Histologyguide.Com. Retrieved April 27, 2022, from https://histologyguide.com/slideview/MH-122-appendix/14-slide-1.html

Aliya Solana says:

April 27, 2022 at 2:58 pm

Dense irregular connective tissue- This type of epithelium is found in the dermis which is the second and thickest layer of the skin. The dermis supports the epidermis and protects the body from the external environment. It contains fibroblasts and has many collagen fibers and a little bit of elastic fibers in its matrix at all direction. In the skin, provides strength in different directions and protection as well. It helps the skin become resistant to tearing by stretching.

Aliya Solana says:

April 27, 2022 at 3:09 pm

Adipose tissue – This is found in the innermost layer of the skin which is the hypodermis. This is also called the subcutaneous layer. The adipose or fat tissue is composed of adipocytes in a mesh of collagen fibers. It has large globules which causes the nucleus to be found in its periphery. These globules store energy. These stored energy are in the form of lipids and and triglycerides. Furthermore, in the hypodermis, it serves as cushion to underlying organs and help in insulating heat to the body.

Aliya Solana says:

April 27, 2022 at 3:11 pm

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Aliya Solana says:

April 27, 2022 at 3:26 pm

Muscularis propria – this is also called muscular layer. This is found in many organs which includes the appendix. It is a thin smooth muscle. It is responsible for the movement of the gut. It is adjacent to the submucosa. It allows contraction for the elimination of indigested food.

Aliya Solana says:

April 27, 2022 at 3:30 pm

Mucosa- this is the inner most layer in the lining or wall of the digestive tract. It is also called the mucus membrane. It usually produces folds which increase the surface area. Furthermore, it secretes mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones. Thus, in general, it functions for absorption and secretion of substances.

Aliya Solana says:

April 27, 2022 at 3:43 pm

Smooth muscle – this is usually seen in the hollow organs of the body. It has no striations and the cells are appear as spindle shaped. Its main function in the digestive tract is to propel food allowing efficient digestion. It also helps in the absorption of nutrients and evacuation of indigestible food.

Ma. Disa Ricafort says:

April 27, 2022 at 5:39 pm

Terminal bronchioles are the thin-walled branches of the bronchioles and the most distal segment of the conducting zone. These have a layer of smooth muscle surrounding their lumens.

Ma. Disa Ricafort says:

April 27, 2022 at 5:45 pm

The trachea, known as the windpipe, is a tube-like structure within the neck and upper chest that connects the larynx to the bronchi. It transports air to and from the lungs when a person breathes. It is lined with a pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells.

Ma. Disa Ricafort says:

April 27, 2022 at 5:51 pm

The epiglottis is a cartilaginous structure at the posterior of the tongue that folds over the opening of the trachea during swallowing. It contains a series of elastic cartilages that provide semi-rigid support to the epiglottis.

Angelika Ruperto says:

April 27, 2022 at 6:48 pm

Art tools used (Digital art): Sketchbook and Canva

Angelika Ruperto says:

April 27, 2022 at 7:40 pm

The first image (on the right) is the human appendix. The appendix is a worm-shaped tube attached to the large intestine in the human body. Like the colon, it is characterized as having straight crypts with no villi. But unlike the colon, the tissue illustrated contains an abundant number of lymphoid tissues including well-organized lymph nodes. The appendix is an organ with very little significance and is often removed indiscriminately to avoid complications due to infection. The inner lining of the tissue, which faces the lumen, is covered by a glandular epithelium containing intestinal mucus glands that stretch into the deeper layers of the mucosa. The glands are lined with simple columnar epithelium and a high number of gastrointestinal endocrine (argentaffin cells) and mucin-producing goblet cells.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

April 28, 2022 at 4:31 pm

The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of life of all living organisms. It is composed of organelles that perform different jobs that is responsible in the cellular metabolism.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

April 28, 2022 at 4:44 pm

Plasma/cell membrane- Physical barrier of the cell which encloses the organelles and lets cellular materials flow in and out of the cell. Nucleus- Houses the DNA and controls all the activity of the cell. Cytoplasm- Site for most of the cellular activity, known as the factory floor. Rough ER- Interconnected channels of membrane network that stores, modifies and transport proteins. Smooth ER- Interconnected channels of membrane network that does not have ribosomes attached to its walls. It metabolizes lipid and steroid.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

April 28, 2022 at 4:59 pm

Golgi apparatus- Flattened membrane that packages and modifies protein.

Vesicles- Spherical- shaped sacs responsible in transporting cellular material.

Lysosomes- Spherical- shaped organelles which contains digestive enzymes for the intercellular digestion.

Mitochondria- Site for ATP synthesis and considered to be the powerhouse of the cell.

Ribosomes- Responsible for protein synthesis

Cytoskeleton- These are protein filaments that maintains the structural support and organization of the cell.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

April 28, 2022 at 5:05 pm

The epithelial cells are aggregated polyhedral cells that lines most of the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, this includes the cavities in the body and hallow organs.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

April 28, 2022 at 5:24 pm

Simple squamous epithelium- A layer of flattened cells that facilitates diffusion like the exchange of gas in the lungs in the alveoli.

Simple columnar epithelium- Layers of slender and long cells that lines the small intestine and gallbladder, functions in the covering and absorption of nutrients.

Transitional epithelium- Also known as urothelium, a type of stratified epithelium that expands in response to the volume it is holding.

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

April 28, 2022 at 5:33 pm

04/28/22
[Simple Squamous Epithelium: Additional Information]

Mentioned above is that this type of epithelial tissue is found on the lining of vessels. This lining is thin as it is simple (1 layer) squamous epithelium. This is important so that quick exchange of substances can be regulated between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues

In the lungs, the respiratory or gas-exchange surface consists of millions of alveol that is lined by a simple squamous epithelium. This epithelium is also very thin to facilitate the diffusion of gases like oxygen and CO2.

Sources of information:
https://histology.siu.edu/crr/rsguide.htm#:~:text=The%20respiratory%20or%20gas%2Dexchange,contain%20cuboidal%20surfactant%2Dsecreting%20cells.
https://www.cedars-sinai.org/programs/heart/clinical/womens-heart/conditions/endothelial-function-testing.html#:~:text=The%20endothelium%20is%20a%20thin,substance%20in%20the%20blood)%20adhesion.

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

April 28, 2022 at 5:50 pm

[Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Additional Information]
By lining the duct surface of glands and organs, the simple cuboidal epithelium can provide protection from abrasion, foreign particles, and excessive water loss. In the kidney tubules, the tissue helps in the absorption and transportation of filtered substances.

Source of information: https://bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/BerndCV/Lab/EpithelialInfoWeb/Simple%20Cuboidal%20Epithelium.html#:~:text=In%20the%20kidney%2C%20simple%20cuboidal,to%20have%20different%20surface%20proteins.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

April 28, 2022 at 5:50 pm

The fourth type of basic tissue are the Muscle tissue. It has the ability to contract which allows movement of muscles, blood, organ systems, and especially the whole body. It is consist of three types of muscles:

1. Skeletal muscles- They are multinucleated, long bundles of strand that have prominent striations. It moves voluntarily, quick and forceful causing it to easily tire (fatiguable)
2. Cardiac muscle- Elongated and branched cells that are uninucleated, and it is also striated. Although it has intercalated discs which makes it unique from the skeletal muscles. It moves involuntarily (autorhythmicity), vigorous, and rhythmic. It does not tire easily (non- fatiguable)
3. Smooth muscle- Spindle- shaped (fusiform) cells which forms a sheet that are also uninucleated but does not have striations. Moves involuntarily and slow. The long contractions prevents it to tire easily (non- fatiguable)

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

April 28, 2022 at 6:03 pm

[Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium: Additional Information]

Found most heavily along the respiratory tract, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium helps trap and transport particles brought in through the nasal passages and lungs.

These cells contain cilia on the apical surface. Cilia are motile. This means they move, beating in a synchronous rhythm to push fluid in a constant direction. In the trachea, cilia propel mucus and particles toward the pharynx and out of the airways.

Sources of information:
https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/anatomy/brightfieldgallery/pseudostratifiedciliasmall.html
http://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/epithelia_lab/pseudostratified.php

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

April 28, 2022 at 6:14 pm

04/28/22
[Additional Information: Histology Art Description]

The tissues in the drawing above are the following:
– Simple squamous epithelium
– SImple cuboidal epithelium
– Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

They were among the first photos of epithelial tissues that I found on this website. They each represent the types of epithelium in terms of shape (squamous, cuboid, columnar).

Dennesse Mari M. Uy says:

April 28, 2022 at 11:20 pm

The organ system responsible for your breathing and the one that provides functional ability of your lungs is the respiratory system. It is composed of organs and tissues including airways and blood vessels. Chiefly, its role is to regulate the oxygen coming inside the body and carbon dioxide going out for cleansing.

Here are three parts of the respiratory system (presented in the histology art photo above):
a. Lungs – the lungs is responsible for placing oxygen in blood which will be circulated throughout the body
b. Trachea – connects throat and lungs
c. Larynx – also known as the voice box, this is where the vocal chords is found and is for breathing, swallowing and talking

Sources:
Cleveland Clinic. Respiratory System. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-system#:~:text=The%20respiratory%20system%20is%20the,waste%20gases%20like%20carbon%20dioxide.

National Cancer Institute. Larynx. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/larynx

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

April 29, 2022 at 1:49 am

The connective tissues are the most abundant types of tissues in the body. They bind together to create a structure that protects and supports the organs and the body. It also helps transporting substances, store fat, and helps repair tissue damage. It is classified into three types, connective tissue, reticular tissue, and mucoid tissue.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

April 29, 2022 at 9:17 am

Bone/ osseous tissue- Protects and supports vital organs like in the thoracic cavity, the brain, and the medullary cavities that contain the bone marrow. It also acts as reservoir for important nutrients like calcium, phosphate, and other minerals. It is also where blood cell formation occur.

Adipose tissue- Contains adipocytes or fat-storing cells. Aside from storing fats, it is also responsible for the overall energy metabolism of the body. It also provides cushion, insulates from heat loss, and protect other organs.

Blood- There is about 5 liters of blood in an adult that helps deliver necessary nutrients in the body. It also picks up oxygen during the exchange of gases in the lungs and supplying oxygen to the different parts of the body. It is also responsible for transporting metabolic waste in the system.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

April 29, 2022 at 9:50 am

The nervous system is considered the most complex organ system. It is formed by billions of network of nerve cells called neurons and its supporting cells known as glial cells. These neurons are interconnected to form a complex system which processes information and responds to sensory information.

Organized into two divisions, the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord while the PNS is composed of the spinal, peripheral, cranial nerves, and ganglia which are nerves outside the CNS.

The nervous system together with the endocrine system maintains and regulates homeostasis in our body.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

April 29, 2022 at 9:57 am

The cardiovascular system also known as circulatory system or blood vascular system directs and pumps blood and other substances throughout the body. This system is composed of the heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries. These structures ensure that blood is propelled in the body and collects metabolic waste product between the blood and tissues.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

April 29, 2022 at 10:19 am

One of the organ in this system is the heart. Responsible for the pumping of blood through the circulatory system. This is possible with the help of the cardiac muscles in the walls of the four chambers of the heart.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

April 29, 2022 at 10:25 am

Right atrium- Receives blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava.
Right Ventricle- Pumps blood to the pulmonary artery that goes to the lungs for gas exchange.
Left atrium- Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.
Left atrium- Pumps the oxygenated blood through the aortic valve, where the aorta supplies blood to the body.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

April 29, 2022 at 10:33 am

The skin is a single organ system that is considered as the largest organ. It consists 15%-20% of the total weight of the body and covers 1.5-2 square meters of the external part of the body.

The integument or the cutaneous layer is composed of the epidermis and the dermis and the subcutaneous or the hypodermis is composed of loose connective tissue.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

April 29, 2022 at 10:43 am

The integumentary system functions as a physical protective barrier against pathogens and prevents fluid loss. It has also sensory receptors that monitors the environment and its surroundings. It regulates temperature that helps maintain a constant body temperature thanks to the insulation of the layers of the skin.
It also synthesizes vitamin D that is important in the metabolism of calcium and bone formation. Lastly, it also plays a role in the attraction between sexes through the skin features, health indicators, and even hair pigmentation.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

April 29, 2022 at 11:04 am

The digestive system also known as gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal is responsible in turning food into nutrients. The food obtained becomes the necessary substances in promoting growth, maintenance of the body, and provides energy. The digestive system consists of the digestive canal that is made up of the oral cavity, esophagus, the stomach, the intestines (small and large), and the anus.

During the process of digestion, substances like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, and fats are broken down into smaller molecules in order to be absorbed by the small intestine. Water and electrolytes are absorbed by the large intestine.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

April 29, 2022 at 11:31 am

Serosa- The outermost layer of the digestive tract. It is a serous membrane composed of a simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue. It separates the abdominal cavity and the organs and provides lubrication.
Muscularis- Responsible for the breaking down of food through peristalsis or the involuntary muscle contractions. It propels food along the tract and composed of an inner circular fiber and longitudinal outer layer.
Submucosa- Presence of lymphatic vessels and blood that are responsible for the absorption of molecules of food. It is composed of an areolar connective tissue.
Mucosa- The innermost layer of the digestive tract. It lines the GI tract and responsible for the secretion and absorption. Composed of thin epithelial cells and connective tissue cells.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

April 29, 2022 at 11:32 am

The rugae also known as gastric folds allow the stomach to expand or dilate when the stomach is filled with fluids or food.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 3:39 pm

Ciliated columnar epithelium is found mainly in respiratory tract as well as in fallopian tube. In the respiratory tract, it is found in tracheal and bronchial regions of the pulmonary system. As the name implies, it has a hair-like projections called cilia. Together with cilia, it also contain many goblet cells that produced mucus to form a mucosal layer superficial to the epithelial layer. The cilia also helps in propelling mucus away from the lungs and to prevent foreign particles that might cause infections.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 3:50 pm

Epiglottis is a flap of elastic cartilage found in the throat behind the tongue and in front of the larynx. At rest, the epiglottis is usually up right allowing air to pass into the larynx and lungs. It is letting the person to breathe. When you are swallowing, the epiglottis folds backward to prevent the entrance of food and liquid in the windpipe and lungs.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 3:59 pm

Aside from the end of the bones as articular cartilage, hyaline cartilage are also found in the nose, trachea, larynx and bronchi. Hyaline cartilage provide structural support in respiratory system. The linings of trachea are held open by cartilaginous rings of hyaline cartilage.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 4:01 pm

Sources; https://bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/BerndCV/Lab/EpithelialInfoWeb/CiliatedColumnarEpithelium.html https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19595.htm https://www.britannica.com/science/hyaline-cartilage https://histologyguide.com//slideview/MH-136-trachea/05-slide-1.html

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 4:17 pm

The spinal cord connects your lower back to your brain. It is a long tube-like band of tissue extending from your brain. It carries nerve signals from your brain to your body and vice versa. These nerves helped you feel sensations and can move your body as a response to such stimulus.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 4:30 pm

Cerebrum is the largest part of your brain. It instructs and is responsible for movements and body temperature. Other parts of your cerebrum are for, speech, thinking, judgement, and reasoning, problem-solving, learning and emotions. Other functions are associated with your vision, hearing, touch, smells and other senses.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 4:36 pm

Nerve fibers helps in connecting your neurons to one another. They contribute in sending signals to and from the brain.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 4:37 pm

Sources:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21946-spinal-cord#:~:text=The%20spinal%20cord%20is%20a,sensations%20and%20move%20your%20body.
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/anatomy-of-the-brain
https://www.med.uio.no/klinmed/english/research/news-and-events/news/2015/nerve-fibres-secrets-revealed.html#:~:text=Nerve%20fibres%20enable%20neurons%20to,how%20these%20nerve%20fibres%20form.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 4:43 pm

Appendix is a thin tube measures approximately four inches long. It is located in the lower right abdomen. The function of appendix is not that clear and is considered unknown. But, there is a theory existed that the appendix is said to be the storage of good bacteria, known as rebooting the digestive system after a diarrheal illnesses.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 4:48 pm

Duodenum receives undigested food from the stomach called chyme. It is where it mixes it with digestive juices and enzymes coming from the intestinal wall and pancreas, as well as with bile from the gallbladder.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 4:50 pm

The main function of your esophagus is to deliver food and liquid from your mouth to your stomach.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 4:51 pm

Sources: https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-appendix https://www.verywellhealth.com/duodenum-anatomy-4780308 https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21728-esophagus

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 4:56 pm

Smooth muscles are present throughout in your body. It is mostly found in your stomach and intestines as it helps in digestion and nutrient absorption. Also, it can be found in your unrinary system, it contributes in electrolyte balance and removing of body toxins.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 4:59 pm

Both smooth muscles and cardiac muscles are involuntary unlike skeletal muscles. Cardiac muscles are found in your heart. It helps in causing your heart to pump blood throughout the rest of the body. It is again an involuntary movement required to sustain life.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 5:04 pm

Again, skeletal muscles are different. It is voluntary movement, which means you will be the one to control your own body or your muscles on how and when you decide to. The nerves in your somatic nervous system are sending signals to make them function. For example, walking.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 5:05 pm

Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526125/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/cardiac-muscle https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21787-skeletal-muscle

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 5:08 pm

Elastic cartilage provides structural support with moderate elasticity. It if found mostly in your larynx, the external part of the ear, as well as in the tube leading from the middle part of the ear to the throat known as eustachian and auditory tube.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 5:14 pm

The main function of your osseous connective tissue bone is to make bones that enable your body to move by providing attachment sites for your muscles and tendons. It also provides structural support for internal structures, protects organs and tissues from damage, and serves as the storage of minerals.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 5:18 pm

Areolar connective tissue also known as loose connective tissue. It provide nutrition to the cells and acts as a cushion as protection to the organs from different external forces.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 5:19 pm

Sources: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/elastic-cartilage https://study.com/learn/lesson/connective-bone-osseous-tissue-function-definition-location.html https://byjus.com/biology/areolar-tissue/

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 5:23 pm

In the kidney, simple squamous epithelium lines the Bowman's capsule and glomerulus. It allow rapid filtration and diffusion as the kidney filters approximately 180 liters of blood per day.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 5:29 pm

Stratified squamous epithelium in esophagus It is protected by this type of epithelial linings normally because it is not exposed to dryness or to abrasion. It is a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. It contains scattered submucosal mucous glands responsible for lubrication and moisture.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 5:32 pm

Simple cuboidal epithelial linings in the kidney tubules enable absorption and transportation of filtered substances.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 5:34 pm

Sources: https://bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/BerndCV/Lab/EpithelialInfoWeb/SimpleSquamousEpithelium.html https://histology.siu.edu/erg/esoph.htm https://bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/BerndCV/Lab/EpithelialInfoWeb/SimpleCuboidalEpithelium.html

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 5:35 pm

This is my illustration of a plant cell.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 5:41 pm

PLANT CELLS are the building blocks of plants. The primary function of plant cell is performing PHOTOSYNTHESIS, which means that PLANT CELLS are responsible for making foods for us. It happens in the CHLOROPLAST of the plant cell. A process of making food by the plants by using sunlight, carbon dioxide and water.

Cheevey Jocson says:

April 29, 2022 at 5:41 pm

Source: https://byjus.com/biology/plant-cell/

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

April 29, 2022 at 10:19 pm

04/28/22
[Additional Information: Histology Art Description]

The drawing above shows the following types of connective tissue:
– dense regular connective tissue
– elastic cartilage
– adipose tissue

These three drawings were the ones that had clear photographs on the Getaprofessor website. The tissue that appeared most in those photographs was the elastic cartilage.

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

April 29, 2022 at 10:39 pm

04/29/22
[Connective Tissue: Additional Information]

1. Dense Regular Connective Tissue
– The original photo had a label that the tissue was from a tendon. Tendons attach muscles to bones and/or other structures. Tendons are white in color because they are avascular (or poorly vascularized). This means that they lack blood supply. Though not very clear in the drawing, tendons have parallel fibers as compared to dense irregular connective tissue.

Tendons are found in various parts of the body, most especially in the muscle and skeletal systems. They connect your muscles to your bones in the elbow, knee, and shoulder.

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

April 29, 2022 at 10:59 pm

04/29/22
[Connective Tissue: Additional Information]
2. Elastic Cartilage
Compared to the previous tissue, tendon, elastic cartilage is more flexible. It can withstand repeated bending. One example of this is our ears. To some degree, we can bend the cartilage in our ears. Just like tendon, cartilage is avascular. Nourishment is provided via diffusion.

In the drawing, there is the perichondrium. The perichondrium is a dense layer of connective tissue that covers the external surface of cartilage. Additionally, it contains blood vessels that strengthen and nourish cartilage by long-range diffusion.

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

April 29, 2022 at 11:11 pm

04/29/22
[Connective Tissue: Additional Information]
3. Adipose Tissue

Junqueira’s Basic Histology mentions that there are 2 major types of adipose tissue–white and brown. In the first comment, I mentioned that the adipose tissue in the drawing was white.

White adipose tissue has one large cytoplasmic droplet. On the other hand, brown adipose tissue has multiple droplets interspersed between mitochondria (giving the cell a darker appearance). Brown adipocytes are also smaller than white fat cells.

White adipose tissue is the more common type specialized for fat storage. Brown adipose tissue release heat and functions to warm the blood.

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

April 29, 2022 at 11:37 pm

04/29/22
[Additional Information: Histology Art Description]

The 3 types of muscle tissue shown in the illustration above are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth/visceral muscle tissue.

Although not very clear in the drawing, both skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue have striations. On the other hand, smooth muscle tissue lacks this characteristic.

Striated muscle is muscle tissue, marked by transverse dark and light bands, that is made up of elongated fibers.

Josh Carl Vince B. Partosa says:

April 30, 2022 at 12:13 am

04/30/22
[Muscle Tissue: Additional Information]
1. Smooth Muscle Tissue
– A common example of its function of involuntary movement is peristalsis. Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. It starts in the esophagus where strong wave-like motions of the smooth muscle move balls of swallowed food to the stomach.

Likewise in the bladder, smooth muscle helps to push out urine.

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/anatomyvideos/000097.htm#:~:text=Peristalsis%20is%20a%20series%20of,swallowed%20food%20to%20the%20stomach.

Erika Andrino says:

April 30, 2022 at 12:52 pm

Hyaline cartilage provides structural support in the respiratory system (larynx, trachea and bronchi). The airway of the trachea is held open by cartilaginous rings of hyaline cartilage.

Erika Andrino says:

April 30, 2022 at 12:52 pm

Your trachea divides into your left and right bronchi. The bronchi carry air into your lungs. At the end of the bronchi, the bronchioles carry air to small sacs in your lungs called alveoli. The alveoli perform your body's gas exchange.

Erika Andrino says:

April 30, 2022 at 12:53 pm

Furthermore, bronchioles are air passages inside the lungs that branch off like tree limbs from the bronchi—the two main air passages into which air flows from the trachea (windpipe) after being inhaled through the nose or mouth. The bronchioles deliver air to tiny sacs called alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.

Elisha Kristin Pasco says:

April 30, 2022 at 8:14 pm

The palate forms the roof of the mouth separating the oral and nasal cavities. It consists of a hard palate (anterior bony portion) and a soft palate (posterior muscular portion. The hard palate takes the form of a thin horizontal bony plate with the following features:

Mucosa (mucous membrane): It is composed of stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium. The large ridges that project into the oral cavity are called rugae; it aids in holding the food in your mouth. The small ridges are called dermal papillae. These small ridges are composed of connective tissue that projects towards the epithelium. The dermal papillae reduce the mobility of the epithelium by expanding the contact between the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue. It also brings the blood vessels in close contact with the epithelial cells.

Submucosa: Composed of dense irregular connective tissue supporting the epithelium. It tightly adheres to the periosteum of the underlying bone. On the submucosa, you’ll find minor salivary glands composed of mucous cells and secretory ducts.

Elisha Kristin Pasco says:

April 30, 2022 at 8:23 pm

The tongue is covered by a specialized mucosa that contains multiple types of papillae and taste buds. It contains the following features:

Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium which contains the dermal papillae. Ridges of connective tissue that project into the the epithelium, reducing its mobility and brings the blood vessels in close contact with the epithelial cells.

Folliate papillae: parallel ridges on lateral edges of the tongue separated by deep mucosal furrows. This is where you’ll find your taste buds, elliptical structures that contain cells with taste receptors.

Skeletal muscle: arranged in three bundles at right angles to each other to allow flexibility and precision in movements of the tongue.

Minor salivary glands: composed of serous glands and mucous glands that are found throughout the tongue. Serous glands secrete a fluid that contains digestive enzymes, whereas mucous glands secrete mucin.

Elisha Kristin Pasco says:

April 30, 2022 at 8:30 pm

The esophagus is a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. It is composed of four layers:

Mucosa: Composed of stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium, lamina propia (dense irregular connective tissue) and, muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle).

Submucosa: dense irregular connective tissue that contains mucus glands and ducts.

Musclaris externa: made up of smooth and skeletal muscles and forms the middle third of the esophagus. It is composed of an inner layer of circular muscle cells, an outer layer of longitudinal muscle cells, and the Auerbach’s plexus which can be found in between the inner and outer layer of the plexus.

Adventitia: carries blood vessels and nerves to the wall of the digestive system. It is not visible in my histology art of the esophagus.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

April 30, 2022 at 10:31 pm

Smooth muscle – also called involuntary muscle, is a muscle that shows no cross stripes under microscopic magnification. It consists of narrow spindle-shaped cells with a single, centrally located nucleus. Smooth muscle tissue contracts slowly and automatically. It constitutes much of the musculature of internal organs and the digestive system.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

April 30, 2022 at 10:33 pm

Cardiac muscle tissue – or myocardium, is a specialized, organized type of tissue that only exists in the heart. It is responsible for keeping the heart pumping and blood circulating around the body. These cells expand and contract in response to electrical impulses from the nervous system. These cardiac cells work together to produce the rhythmic, wave-like contractions that is the heartbeat.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

April 30, 2022 at 11:40 pm

Skeletal muscle tissue – Make up between 30 to 40% of your total body mass. They’re located between bones and serve a variety of functions, including:
• Chewing and swallowing
• Expanding and contracting your chest cavity
• Maintaining body posture.
• Moving the bones in different parts of your body.
• Protecting joints and holding them in place.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

April 30, 2022 at 11:42 pm

Cerebellum – It can be found just below your cerebrum and behind the upper portion of your brain stem. This is the area at the base of your skull where your head meets your neck. It is primarily involved in coordinating movement and balance. It can also play a role in cognitive functions like language and attention.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

April 30, 2022 at 11:43 pm

Axon (Nerve Fibre) – Is the portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body. Most axons of vertebrates are enclosed in a myelin sheath, which increases the speed of impulse transmission.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

April 30, 2022 at 11:49 pm

Cerebrum – The largest and uppermost portion of the brain. The cerebrum consists of the cerebral hemispheres and accounts for two-thirds of the total weight of the brain. One hemisphere, usually the left, is functionally dominant, controlling language and speech. The other hemisphere interprets visual and spatial information.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

May 1, 2022 at 12:03 am

Arteries – are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. Each artery is a muscular tube lined by smooth tissue and has three layers: intima, media, and adventitia.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

May 1, 2022 at 12:04 am

Vena Cava – A large vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body. The vena cava is the largest vein in the body.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

May 1, 2022 at 12:06 am

Vein – A blood vessel that carries blood that is low in oxygen content from the body back to the heart. Veins are part of the afferent wing of the circulatory system, which returns blood to the heart.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

May 1, 2022 at 12:15 am

Epidermis – It is the outermost layer in the body. The epidermis is the thinnest layer of skin, but it’s responsible for protecting you from the outside world. Its functions include hydration, producing new skin cells, protection, and skin color.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

May 1, 2022 at 12:16 am

Hair Follicle – It is a tunnel-shaped structure in the epidermis (outer layer) of the skin. Hair starts growing at the bottom of a hair follicle. The root of the hair is made up of protein cells and is nourished by blood from nearby blood vessels. Sebaceous glands near the hair follicles produce oil, which nourishes the hair and skin.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

May 1, 2022 at 12:27 am

Scalp – It is composed of soft tissue layers that cover the cranium. It is an anatomic region bordered anteriorly by the human face, and laterally and posteriorly by the neck. It serves as an area where hair can grow and physically, as a barrier that defends the body from foreign irritation.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

May 1, 2022 at 12:29 am

Ileum – The final and longest segment of the small intestine. It is specifically responsible for the absorption of vitamin B12 and the reabsorption of conjugated bile salts.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

May 1, 2022 at 12:29 am

Duodenum – The first part of the small intestine. It connects to the stomach. The duodenum helps to further digest food coming from the stomach. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by the body.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

May 1, 2022 at 12:33 am

Large Intestine – The large intestine is the last part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It is the long, tube-like pathway that food travels through your digestive system. It follows from the small intestine and ends at the anal canal, where food waste leaves your body. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored in the rectum as feces before being removed by defecation.

Dyanne Nicole Zerna says:

May 1, 2022 at 2:40 am

a.) Lungs: It is composed of organs responsible for removing oxygen from the air and transporting it to the blood. Its circulation transports oxygen from one’s lungs to each of the organs and tissues.

b.) Larynx: It is frequently referred to as the “voice box.” As air travels in and out of the hollow organ, it enables people to speak and produce sounds.

c.) Trachea: The passageway that connects the throat to the lungs.

Respiratory system: Functions, facts, organs & anatomy. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-system

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:24 am

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Description: Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia

Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; may secrete lubricating substance

Location: Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart and blood vessels; lining of ventral body cavity

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:24 am

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Description: Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei

Function: Secretion and absorption

Location: Kidney tubules; ducts of small glands; ovary surface

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:25 am

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Description: Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting goblet cells

Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus by ciliary action

Location: Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum) and gallbladder
Ciliated variety lines small bronchi and uterine tubes

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:25 am

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Description: Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar; cells at the apical surface are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers

Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

Location: Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina
Keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:26 am

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Description: Stratified cuboidal epithelia is an uncommon kind of epithelial tissue made up of cuboidally shaped cells layered in layers.

Function: Protection

Location: Forms largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary gland, and salivary glands

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:26 am

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Description: Stratified columnar epithelium is an uncommon kind of epithelial tissue made up of numerous layers of column-shaped cells.

Function: Protection

Location: Mammary gland ducts, larynx, male urethra

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:26 am

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Description: Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface, but all touching the basement membrane; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain goblet cells and bear cilia

Function: Secrete substances, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

Location: Nonciliated type in ducts of large glands, parts of male urethra
Ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:27 am

Transitional Epithelium

Description: Basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome-shaped or squamous like, depending on how much the organ is stretched

Function: Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by stored urine

Location: Lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:28 am

Collagen Fibers

Description: Collagen fiber is an elongated fiber made composed of collagen glycoproteins found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues. It’s usually arranged in indefinitely long branching bundles. It is an insoluble fiber with a high strength.

Function: Supports body tissue and collagen is a major component of the extracellular matrix that support cells.

Location: Connective tissue such as in cartilage, bones, tendons, ligaments, and skin

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:28 am

Elastic Fibers

Description: Has many elastic fibers

Function: Provide strength, extensibility (ability to stretch), and elasticity (ability to return to its shape after stretching) to skin

Location: Skin, lungs, arteries, veins, connective tissue proper, elastic cartilage, periodontal ligament, fetal tissue.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:29 am

Reticular Fibers

Description: Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells predominate

Function: Fibers form a soft internet skeleton that supports other cell types

Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:29 am

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

Description: A form of connective tissue made up of strands of protein fibres (collagen and elastin) and cells like fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, and fat cells in a gel-like matrix.

Function: wraps and cushion organs, phagocytes engulf bacteria, helps in inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid

Location: Widely distributed under epithelia of body, packages organs, surrounds capilliaries.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:29 am

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Description: Dense, regular CT is a white, flexible tissue with closely packed collagen fibre bundles. All of these fibers run in the same direction and are positioned parallel to the direction of forces acting on the body portion where the tissue is found.

Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles, attaches bones to bones, and withstands great tensile strength

Location: tendons and ligaments

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:30 am

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Description: Irregular connective tissue is a type of connective tissue that has a dense irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles in its intercellular matrix.

Function: It offers strength to the skin, making it resistant to tearing from various straining forces.

Location: Lower layers of the skin (dermis) and in the protective white layer of the eyeball.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:30 am

Adipose Tissue

Description: Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet

Function: Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs

Location: Under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:30 am

Bone

Description: Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized.

Function: Bone supports and protects, provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation

Location: Bones

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:31 am

Blood

Description: Is the specialized connective tissue within the circulatory system that transports blood cells and dissolved substances throughout the body via blood vessels. As all connective tissue, it has cellular and extracellular components.

Function: Is a bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances, such as nutrients and oxygen, to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

Location: Blood vessels

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:31 am

Mucous Connective Tissue

Description: Fibroblast-like cells, which can be spindle or stellate shaped, make up mucous connective tissue.

Function: High turgor to resist compression

Location: Umbilical cord

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:32 am

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Description: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations. Skeletal Muscle Tissue is composed of long cells called muscle fiber that have striated appearance.

Function: Voluntary Movement, Locomotion, Manipulation of environment, facial expressions, and voluntary control

Location: In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:32 am

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Description: Cardiac Muscle Tissue is a specialized, organize type of tissue that only exist in the heart. It is involuntary control. Striated.

Function: Cardiac Muscle tissue works to keep your heart pumping and blood circulating around the body.

Location: The walls of the heart.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:32 am

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Description: Smooth muscle tissue is known as “involuntary muscle” It consist of narrow spindle-shaped cells with a single, centrally located nucleus. No Striations.

Function: Propels substances or objects (food stuff, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control

Location: Mostly in the walls of hollow organs (digestive, respiratory, reproductive tracts, blood vessels), Arrector pili, pupil of the eye, and etc.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:33 am

Structure of a neuron

Description: Neurons (also known as neurones or nerve cells) are the brain’s and nervous system’s basic units. The soma (cell body) of the neuron contains the axon (a nerve fiber that conducts electrical impulses away from the soma) and dendrites (tree-like structures that receive signals from other neurons).

Function: the cells in our brain that receive sensory input from the outside world, provide motor commands to our muscles, and transform and relay electrical signals at every step along the way

Location: The bulk of neurons in vertebrates are found in the central nervous system, although some are found in peripheral ganglia, and many sensory neurons are found in sensory organs like the retina and cochlea.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:34 am

Five types of neurons

Unipolar

Description: It possesses a single process emerging from the cell body. This short process also attaches to the axon, which makes it appear as if the cell body sits aside the axon.

Function: They convey information about temperature, taste, proprioception (body position), and visceral organ activity in addition to pain and touch.

Location: It is located within the skin, joints, muscles, and internal organs.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:34 am

Bipolar

Description: It is a type of neuron that has two extensions/ two processes (axon and dendrite).

Function: They are constantly sensory, conveying information about vision, olfaction, balance, and hearing. retina.

Location: The retina of the eye, the roof of the nasal cavity, and the inner ear all contain bipolar neurons.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:34 am

Multipolar

Description: It is the common type in CNS. It possesses a single axon and many dendrites (3 or more dendrites)

Function: Dendrites allow these neurons to accept impulses from numerous neurons. The messages are transmitted through the neuron by dendrites via an electrical signal that travels down the axon.

Location: They are found in the autonomic ganglia and the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:35 am

Pyramidal

Description: Neurons with a pyramidal shaped cell body (soma) and two distinct dendritic trees.

Function: to convert synaptic inputs into a structured action potential output

Location: It is found in the cerebral cortex

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:35 am

Purkinje

Description: Purkinje have multiple dendrites that fan our from the cell body.

Function: Purkinje cells are the cerebellar cortex’s sole output neurons, and they play an important role in movement coordination, regulation, and learning.

Location: It can be found in cerebellar cortex

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:35 am

Two types of neuroglia in PNS

Satellite Cells

Description: Sensory ganglia satellite glial cells are laminar cells that wrap around sensory neurons. Satellite cells were mononucleated cells jammed between the muscle fiber’s basement membrane and plasma membrane.

Function: Satellite cells are the antecedents of skeletal muscle cells, and they are responsible for muscle tissue regeneration.

Location: Satellite cells are small, flattened cells in the peripheral nervous system’s ganglia.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:36 am

Schwann Cells

Description: The Schwann cell resembles a rolled-up sheet of paper, with myelin layers between each coil.

Function: Myelination of the PNS axons is one of the most critical tasks of the Schwann cell.

Location: It can be found in the peripheral nervous system

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:37 am

Structure of three layers of the heart

Epicardium

Description: Thin, transparent outer layer of the heart wall. It is also called as Visceral layer of the serous pericardium. Composed of mesothelium and delicate connective tissue.

Function: Prevent excess expansion or movement of the heart

Location: Outer layer. In the zebrafish heart, the epicardium is a serous, nonmuscular membrane that surrounds the heart and is found close to the compact myocardium.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:37 am

Myocardium

Description: Middle layer. A cardiac muscle tissue and makes up about 95% of the heart. It is striated like skeletal muscle. cardiac muscle is involuntary.

Function: Initiates contraction driving the cardiac cycle

Location: Middle layer of the heart.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:37 am

Endocardium

Description: Inner layer. It is a thin layer of endothelium overlying a thin of connective tissue

Function: lines the cavities and valves.

Location: The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:38 am

Four chambers of the heart
Heart

Description: A little cone-shaped organ around the size of a fist. It measures approximately 12 cm (5 in.) long, 9 cm (3.5 in.) wide at its widest point, and 6 cm (2.5 in.) thick, with an average mass of 250 g (8 oz) in adult females and 300 g (10 oz) in adult males.

Function: The circulatory system pumps blood throughout the body, giving oxygen and nutrition to the tissues while eliminating carbon dioxide and other toxins.

Location: The heart rests on the diaphragm. Located within the mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax. It is flanked laterally by the lungs, posterior by the vertebral column, and anteriorly by the sternum.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:38 am

Right Atrium

Description: The right atrium’s muscular walls are significantly thinner than those of the ventricles, and the auricle is a wrinkled flap shaped like a floppy dog ear. The auricle is hollow and spreads outward from the anterior surface of the right atrium to enhance the interior capacity.

Function: The right atrium receives and pumps oxygen-depleted blood from the body to the right ventricle.

Location: It is located in the upper right corner of the heart superior to the right ventricle.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:39 am

Right Ventricle

Description: The right ventricle is triangular and extends from the right atrium’s tricuspid valve to the heart’s apex. The atrium’s wall is thickest at the apex and thins towards the base.

Function: The right ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs.

Location: It is found below the right atrium and opposite the left ventricle in the bottom right part of the heart.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:39 am

Left Ventricle

Description: The heart’s left ventricle is the thickest chamber. The left ventricle is longer and has thicker walls than the right ventricle, and it has a conical shape with an anteriorly protruding apex.

Function: The left ventricle is responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the body.

Location: It is located in the bottom left portion of the heart below the left atrium, separated by the mitral valve.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:39 am

Left Atrium

Description: A unique appendage of the left atrium is a finger-like pouch that extends from the main body of the atrium.

Function: The left atrium receives and pumps oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left ventricle.

Location: The cuboidal-shaped left atrium is the most posterior of all the cardiac chambers, located near the base of the heart.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:41 am

Structure of five layers of the skin

Skin

Description: The biggest single organ in the body, accounting for 15% to 20% of total body weight and exposing 1.5 to 2 m2 of surface area to the external environment in adults.

Function: Thermoregulation, Blood reservoir, Protection, Cutaneous sensations, Excretion and absorption, Synthesis of Vitamin D

Location: Covers the body’s exterior surface.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:42 am

Stratum Basale

Description: Deepest, single layer of cuboidal to low columnar cells in contact with basement membrane; mitosis occurs here; melanocytes and Merkel cells also

Function: Proliferation and attachment of the epidermis to the dermis

Location: The basement membrane (basal lamina) separates the dermis from the lowest layer, which is linked to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:42 am

Stratum Spinosum

Description: The stratum spinosum (also known as the spinous layer or prickly cell layer) is an epidermal layer that lies between the stratum granulosum and the stratum basale.

Function: Responsible for skin’s strength and flexibility

Location: The stratum spinosum (also known as the spinous layer or prickly cell layer) is an epidermal layer that lies between the stratum granulosum and the stratum basale.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:43 am

Stratum Granulosum

Description: the epidermis layer just beneath the stratum corneum or (on the palms and soles) just beneath the stratum lucidum; contains dying and moving cells (with visible granules). They begin to shed their nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles, transforming into keratinized squames of the next layer. A lipid-rich secretion found in the granules works as a water sealant.

Function: Act as a transitional layer where keratinocyte skin cells develop into their final form and die

Location: above the stratum spinosum and below the stratum corneum (stratum lucidum on the soles and palms)

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:43 am

Stratum Lucidum

Description: the epidermal layer in the skin of the palms and soles just beneath the stratum corneum

Function: Capability of the skin to stretch, degeneration of skin cells, effects of friction in skin

Location: It is found on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:43 am

Stratum Corneum

Description: The stratum corneum is the epidermis’s outermost layer, marking the end of keratinocyte maturation and development.

Function: Prevents unwanted materials from entering and loss of water from exiting the body.

Location: The stratum corneum is the epidermis’ outermost layer (skin).

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:44 am

Structure of the nail

NAIL

Description: Each distal phalanx has hard keratin plates on the dorsal surface.

Function: The role of a healthy fingernail is to protect the distal phalanx, fingertip, and surrounding soft tissues from injury. It also helps to improve exact sensitive movements of the distal fingers by applying counter-pressure to the finger pulp.

Location: Dorsal surface of each distal phalanx of the fingers and toes

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:44 am

Free Edge

Description: The free edge of the nail bed, also known as the nail tip, protrudes beyond the end of the finger.

Function: this ensures that all the nail bed is covered and therefore protected.

Location: Nails

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:45 am

Nail Groove

Description: The depression between the nail plate’s borders and the skin.

Function: The grooves on the underside of the nail plate span the length of the nail and help secure it to the nail bed.

Location: Nails

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:45 am

Nail Fold

Description: skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail

Function: It secures the nail and protects it while it develops.

Location: The fold is connected to the cuticle, which is attached to your nail.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:45 am

Lunula

Description: the proximal region of the thickened nail matrix, which appears as a white crescent

Function: The lunula has a crucial structural role in defining the distal nail plate’s free edge. Anomalies of the lunula include alterations in form, structure, and color.

Location: It is located at the beginning of our nail bed and is part of our nail matrix.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:45 am

Nail Body

Description: the visible attached portion

Function: The sensitive tips of fingers and toes are protected by nails.

Location: Nails

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:46 am

Cuticle

Description: the thick proximal nail fold

Function: a diffusion barrier that restricts water and nutrient transport across the apoplast and protects the plant against chemical and mechanical harm, as well as pest and pathogen attack

Location: The cuticle is an epidermal cell’s exterior, periclinal cell wall that is also extruded between anticlinal walls.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:46 am

Phalanx

Description: Any of the long bones of the fingers or toes, numbering 14 for each hand or foot

Function: In 50 percent of fingertip injuries, the distal phalanx, which provides bone support for the nail bed, is fractured.

Location: Nails

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:46 am

Nail Matrix

Description: the thickened proximal part of the nail bed containing germinal cells responsible for nail growth

Function: The nail matrix is the starting point for the growth of your fingernails and toenails. The matrix generates new skin cells, pushing out the old, dead ones to form your nails.

Location: The nail matrix can be found beneath the base of the finger or toe nail.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:47 am

Nail Bed

Description: extension of the stratum basale beneath the nail

Function: The nail body is created on the nail bed and protects the tips of our fingers and toes, which are the body’s farthest extremities and face the most mechanical stress.

Location: The skin beneath the nail plate is known as the nail bed.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:47 am

Nail Plate

Description:

Function: The nail plate serves as a sharp extension of the phalanx for climbing, scratching, and digging for food while also supporting the underlying dorsal surface of the distal phalangeal pad.

Location: The proximal nail fold gives way to the nail plate, which is bordered on both sides by the lateral nail folds (paronychium).

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:48 am

Hyponychium

Description: The hyponychium is the skin directly beneath your nail’s free edge.

Function: The hyponychium acts as a barrier against pathogens and debris, preventing them from entering your nail.

Location: It’s near your fingertip, just beyond the distal end of your nail bed.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:48 am

Dermis

Description: Connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures are all found in the dermis. The papillary dermis is the thin upper layer, and the reticular dermis is the thick lower layer.

Function: It has a variety of purposes, including shielding your body from the elements, supporting your epidermis, sensing various sensations, and creating sweat.

Location: located between your epidermis (top layer) and hypodermis (bottom layer) in your skin.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:48 am

Epidermis

Description: Connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures are all found in the dermis. The papillary dermis is the thin upper layer, and the reticular dermis is the thick lower layer.

Function: Protection. The epidermis functions as a shield to protect your body from harmful UV rays, pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungus, and parasites), and chemicals.

Location: The epidermis is the top layer (skin)

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:50 am

Four Layers of the GI tract

Mucosa

Description: The mucosa is thick and reddish in the cranial region and pale in the caudal region. It is folded longitudinally and disappears when distended. The folds are caused by the mucosa collapsing. The mucosal membrane, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa are the three sublayers.

Function: The mucosa is the most inner layer and is responsible for absorption and secretion.

Location: It is typically produced from cells found in mucous glands, although it may also originate from mixed glands, which contain both serous and mucous cells.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:50 am

Submucusa

Description: Large blood veins, lymphatics, and nerves branch into the mucosa and muscularis externa from the submucosa, which is a dense uneven layer of connective tissue. On the inner side of the muscularis externa, it contains Meissner’s plexus, an enteric nerve plexus.

Function: The primary function of it is secretion.

Location: The submucosa lies under the mucosa

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:50 am

Muscularis

Description: An inner circular muscular layer and a longitudinal exterior muscular layer make up the muscularis, or muscularis externa.

Function: Peristalstic motions and segmental contractions in the alimentary canal are controlled by the muscularis layer.

Location: The muscularis mucosae, which lies next to the submucosa, is the deepest layer of mucosa.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:51 am

Serosa

Description: The serous membrane (also known as the serosa) is a smooth membrane made up of a thin connective tissue layer and a thin layer of cells that release serous fluid.

Function: It secretes a lubricating fluid to allow sliding motion between opposing surfaces.

Location: The serosa (or serous membrane) is a smooth membrane made up of a thin layer of cells that lines the outside wall of the serous cavity, which houses the organs of the abdominal cavity.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:51 am

Wall of the stomach with rugae

Description: Rugae are a series of ridges formed by the folding of an organ’s wall. Rugae most frequently refers to the gastric rugae on the stomachs inside surface.

Function: The gastric rugae have the function of allowing the stomach to expand after food and liquid consumption. This expansion creates more surface area, which aids in the absorption of nutrients. It also expands the stomach’s volume, allowing it to hold more food.

Location: In the stomach

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:51 am

Tooth

Description: Enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp tissue make up a tooth. The dental crown is the part of a tooth that is visible to the oral cavity, and the tooth root is the part below the dental crown.

Function: Mastication is the principal function of teeth, which involves cutting, mixing, and crushing ingested material into a bolus that can be swallowed by the tongue and oropharynx.

Location: Mouth. Gums surround the roots of teeth, which are embedded in the maxilla (upper jaw) or mandible (lower jaw).

Harmona Abonales says:

May 1, 2022 at 12:13 pm

Elastic Cartilage The epiglottis is an elastic cartilage structure at the base of the tongue that folds over the glottis when swallowing to avoid food or fluids from reaching the trachea. Elastic cartilage is identical to hyaline cartilage, but it has a dense network of branching elastic fibers in its matrix.

Harmona Abonales says:

May 1, 2022 at 12:14 pm

Simple Squamous Epithelium The small, sacs known as alveoli found throughout the lungs are lined by Simple Squamous Epithelia. Alveolar epithelial cells I (AEC I) occupy around 95% of the alveolar surface area and participate in exchange of gases. Alveoli transport oxygen from the respiratory system to the blood and CO2 from the blood back to the pulmonary tract. Because of the regenerating potential of AEC II, they contribute to lung defense.

Harmona Abonales says:

May 1, 2022 at 12:14 pm

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium In the trachea and bronchi, the epithelium lining it is pseudostratified which largely comprises of three cell types: cilia, goblet, and basal cells. The cilia are found across the apical surface to help mucus move through the respiratory tract.

Harmona Abonales says:

May 1, 2022 at 12:14 pm

More at: https://bioscience.lonza.com/lonza_bs/PH/en/what-are-airway-cells-and-their-function#:~:text=Therespiratoryepitheliumintrachea,mucusacrosstheairwaytract. https://histologyguide.com//slideview/MH-038-039-epiglottis/05-slide-1.html

Elisha Kristin Pasco says:

May 1, 2022 at 6:19 pm

The wall of the stomach is composed of four layers:

Mucosa: It is composed of the epithelium, lamina propia, and muscularis mucosae. It is also where you can find the gastric glands, tubular glands that extend from the pits of the muscularis mucosae.

Submucosa: composed of dense irregular connective tissue

Muscularis external: composed of an inner oblique layerm a middle circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer.

Adventitia: loose irregular connective tissue

Elisha Kristin Pasco says:

May 1, 2022 at 6:24 pm

The gastroduodenal junction is the boundary between the pyloric stomach and the duodenum of the small intestine. The passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum is controlled by the pyloric sphincter.

The stomach and the duodenum are composed of four layers that is a distinguishing feature of organs in the gastrointestinal tract. These layers are the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis external, and adventitia.

In the mucosa of the stomach you’ll find long pits and short coiled glands that abruptly changes as it reaches the duodenum.

The lamina propia in the pyloric stomach can be found between the gastric pits and glands, whereas in the duodenum it forms the core of the intestinal villi.

Elisha Kristin Pasco says:

May 1, 2022 at 6:58 pm

The ileum is the end portion of the small intestine, found between the jejunum and the large intestine. It is composes of the following:

Mucosa: In the mucosa you’ll find villi, tall, slender finger-like projections that houses the absorptive cells or enterocytes. These cells are simple columnar. Goblet cells are also found in the villi, these cells secrete mucus for lubrication. At the base of the villi are crypts composed of intestinal glands.

The lamina propria and the muscularis mucosae can also be found in the mucosa. On the lamina propria are Peyer’s patches, loose infiltrations of lymphatic tissue present in the intestinal wall.

Submucosa: Composed of connective tissue with permanent folds that circle the inner surface of the intestinal lumen.

Muscular external: two orthagona; layers of smooth muscle

Adventitia: loose irregular connective tissue

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 1, 2022 at 7:47 pm

TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
• Simple epithelia – consist of a single layer of cells where each cell connects to the basement membrane.
• Stratified epithelia – compromise more than one layer of cells. The cells on the basal surface are connected to the basement membrane. Whereas the partitions on the apical surface border an open space.
• Pseudostratified epithelia – has single-cell layers that give an illusion of being stratified.
• Squamous cells – They are flat cells with flat, disc-shaped nuclei
• Cuboidal cells – cells appear cube with spherical, centrally located nuclei.
• Columnar cells – these cells are higher than they are wide. Columnar cell nuclei are found on the basal surface and are typically oval, extending from top to bottom.
• Transitional cells – has basal cells that are either cuboidal or columnar. The surface cells also appear dome-shaped or squamous-like, depending on how stretched the organ is.

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 1, 2022 at 7:53 pm

• Bone
It supports, protects, and provides for the muscles to act on . It also stores calcium and other minerals.
• Dense regular connective tissue
It is found in the ligaments and tendons. The parallel arrangement of collagen fibers allows it to have a good resistance to force
• Dense irregular connective tissue
It is commonly found in the epidermis of the skin. It provides strength that makes the skin resistant to tearing since it can stretch forces from different direction
• Blood
It is contained within the blood vessels. It transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances.

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 1, 2022 at 7:54 pm

•Skeletal muscle tissue
Description – Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations o Consist flexible muscle fibers that is important for our movement. The fibers contract or tighten that allows muscle to move our bones
Function – Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expressions; voluntary control. Maintains body posture and protecting joints
Location – In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

•Cardiac muscle tissue
Description – Branching; striated; generally, uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs). Get strength and flexibility from its interconnected cardiac muscle cells/fibers o Contains one nucleus but some has two o Striation occurs due to alternating filaments called the actin and myosin
Function – As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control. Vital for pumping blood throughout circulatory system. It also resists fatigue
Location – The walls of the heart

•Smooth muscle tissue
Description – Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; cells arranged closely to form sheets; no striations 20-200 micrometer height. Bundles do not run parallel but consist in a complex system o Present throughout our body
Function – Propels substances or objects (foodstuff, urine, a baby) along internal passageways, involuntary control
Location – Mostly in the walls of hollow organs o Helps in digestion and nutrient collection. Present in urinary system that helps in removing toxin and balance electrolyte

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 1, 2022 at 7:56 pm

TYPES OF NEURON
✓ Unipolar (pseudounipolar) – single, short process
✓ Multipolar – three or more processes
✓ Pyramidal – neurons with a pyramidal shaped cell body (soma) and two distinct dendritic trees
✓ Bipolar – two processes (axon and dendrite)
✓ Purkinje – have multiple dendrites that fan out from the cell body

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 1, 2022 at 7:57 pm

•Epicardium – also known as the visceral layer of the serous pericardium. . It is composed of mesothelium and delicate connective tissue that imparts a smooth, slippery texture to the outermost surface of the heart.

•Myocardium – composed of cardiac muscle tissue that makes up about 95% of the heart and is responsible for its pumping action. It is involuntary like the smooth muscle

•Endocardium – It provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart and protects the valves of the heart. It is continuous with the endothelial lining of the large blood vessels attached to the heart, and it minimizes surface friction as blood passes through the heart and blood vessels.

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:01 pm

TOOTH
Description – hard, resistant structure in or around the mouth areas. It is used for catching and masticating food.
Function – Its function includes breaking down food, enabling people to pronounce words and shape the food.

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:02 pm

PARTS
•Enamel – is the hardest component of the human body
•Odontoblast – tall polarized cells derived from the cranial neural crest that line the tooth’s pulp cavity
•Ameloblast – contains numerous secretory granules with the proteins of the enamel matrix

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:05 pm

NAIL
Description:
Hard plates of keratin on the dorsal surface of each distal phalanx

Function:
A healthy fingernail has the function of protecting the distal phalanx, the fingertip, and the surrounding soft tissues from injuries. It also serves to enhance precise delicate movements of the distal digits through counter-pressure exerted on the pulp of the finger.

Location:
Dorsal surface of each distal phalanx of the fingers and toes

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:05 pm

HAIR
Description:
Are elongated keratinized structures that form within epidermal invaginations, the hair follicles. The color, size, shape, and texture of hairs vary according to age, genetic background, and region of the body.

Function:
The functions of hair include protection, regulation of body temperature, and facilitation of evaporation of perspiration; hairs also act as sense organs.

Location:
All skin has at least minimal hair except the glabrous skin of the palms, soles, lips, glans penis, clitoris, and labia minora.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:06 pm

1. The larynx (voice box or glottis), is the airway that unites the pharynx and the trachea and is found between the fourth and sixth vertebral levels.
The sublarynx, larynx, and supralarynx are the three sections of this organ. It is made up of nine cartilages that are joined by muscles and ligaments.
2. The lungs take in air and transport oxygen. It is then distributed throughout the rest of the body.
The organ seeks support from the body’s surrounding tissues.
The organ needs support from the diaphragm muscle, the intercostal muscles between the ribs, the abdominal muscles, and sometimes even the neck muscles.
3. The trachea, at the fifth thoracic vertebra, separates into right and left bronchi, sending air to the right or left lung. The hyaline cartilage on the tracheal wall provides stability and prevents it from collapsing. The epithelium that lines the trachea is the ciliated pseudostratified columnar, comparable to that found in the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. The cilia move the mucus upward, where it is either ingested or discharged, and the goblet cells generate mucus that captures germs.

Cassandra Maureen Uy says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:07 pm

References

Fletcher, J. (2020, March 27). Trachea: Definition, anatomy, function, and more. Medical and health information. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/trachea#function

Larynx & trachea. (n.d.). Welcome to SEER Training | SEER Training. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/respiratory/passages/larynx.html

Lung function. (n.d.). European Environment Agency. https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/air-quality/resources/glossary/lung-function

Newman, T. (2021, December 20). Lung function: What do the lungs do? Medical and health information. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/305190#function

Respiratory system: Functions, facts, organs & anatomy. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-system

Ellaine Rose Bahonsua says:

May 1, 2022 at 8:40 pm

The respiratory system helps us breathe since it allows the exchange of gases. Its function is to provide oxygen to all parts of the body and release carbon dioxide from the body. It includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, trachea, larynx, bronchi, and lungs (which contain sacs called alveoli). They can belong either to the respiratory zone (where gas is exchanged) or the conducting zone (where air comes in and out of the body).

The trachea or windpipe is a flexible tube with rings of cartilage. The rings help provide support to the trachea and keep it open for air to pass through. Hence, it serves as a useful pathway for oxygen to get inside the body.

The epiglottis, located above the larynx, functions to prevent food and/or drinks from entering the windpipe. Injury to this may lead to the airways becoming narrow or blocked, which can potentially lead to respiratory failure.

The lungs help in delivering oxygen to all cells in the body. It protects the airways from harmful substances and removes waste every time we exhale, such as carbon dioxide.

References:
Epiglottitis – Symptoms and causes. (2020). Mayo Clinic; https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epiglottitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20372227#:~:text=The%20epiglottis%20is%20a%20small,drink%20from%20entering%20your%20windpipe.

Respiratory System: Functions, Facts, Organs & Anatomy. (2020). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-system

Trachea (Windpipe): Function and Anatomy. (2021). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21828-trachea#:~:text=Your%20trachea’s%20main%20function%20is,oxygen%20to%20enter%20your%20body.

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 10:20 am

Simple Squamous Epithelium
Location: lining of heart and blood vessels; lining of ventral body cavity;
Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs
Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; may
secrete lubricating substance

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 10:21 am

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Location: Kidney tubules, ducts of small glands, ovary surface
Function: secretion and absorption

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 10:23 am

Simple Columnar Epithelium
Location: ciliated variety lines small bronchi and uretic tubes. Nonciliated variety lines most of the digestive tract and gallbladder
Function: absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus by ciliary action

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 10:26 am

Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Location: keratinized: epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane. Nonkeratinized: moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina
Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 10:31 am

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Location: sweat glands, mammary glands, circumanal glands, and salivary glands
Function: This type of epithelium lines collecting ducts and tubes and is involved in absorbing or secreting material into the ducts or tubes

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 10:32 am

Stratified Columnar
Location: conjuctiva, pharynx anus, and male urethra. It also occurs in embryo.
Function: Protects against physical and chemical near and tear

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 10:35 am

Pseudostratified Columnar
Location: ciliated: trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract. Nonciliated: ducts of large glands, parts of male urethra
Function: secretes substances, particularly of mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 10:36 am

Transitional Epithelium
Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra
Function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by stored urine

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 11:28 am

1. Collagen fiber
Location: skin, tendon, ligaments, bone, and cartilage
Function: support body tissues, major component of the extracellular matrix that support cells, gives skin strength, waterproofing, and elasticity

Elastic fiber
Location: lungs, arteries, veins, connective tissue proper, elastic cartilage, periodontal ligament, fetal tissue, and other tissues which must undergo mechanical stretching
Function: provide elasticity and resilience to the tissues

Reticular fiber
Location: kidney, liver, the spleen, and lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches as well as bone marrow
Function: acts as a supporting mesh in soft tissues

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 11:32 am

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
Description: Gel-like matrix with all three
fiber types; cell include
fibroblasts, phagocytes,
some WBC, and others
Function: Wraps and cushions organs,
its phagocytes engulf
bacteria, plays important
role in inflammation; hold
and conveys tissue fluid
Location: Widely distributed under
epithelia of the body;
packages organs; surrounds
capillaries

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 11:33 am

3. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Description: Primarily parallel collagen
fibers; a few elastin fibers;
major cell type is the
fibroblast
Function: Attaches muscles to bones
or to muscles to bones or to
muscles; attaches bones to
bones; withstands great
tensile stress when pulling
force is applied in one
direction
Location: Tendons, most ligaments,
aponeuroses

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 11:37 am

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Location: The dense irregular connective tissues are found in the lower layers of the skin (dermis) and in the protective white layer of the eyeball.
Function: provides strength, making the skin resistant to tearing by stretching forces from different directions.

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 11:38 am

Adipose tissue
Location: Adipose tissue is commonly known as body fat. It is found all over the body. It can be found under the skin (subcutaneous fat), packed around internal organs (visceral fat), between muscles, within bone marrow and in breast tissue.
Function: Provides reserve food fuel;
insulates against heat loss;
supports and protects
organs

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 11:40 am

6. Bone
Description Hard, calcified matric
containing many collagen
fibers; osteocytes lie in
lacunae. Very
well-vascularized
Function Bone supports and protects
provides levers for the
muscles to act on; stores
calcium and other mineral
and fat; marrow inside
bones is the site for blood
cell formation
Location Under the skin; around
kidneys and eyeballs; within
the abdomen; in breasts

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 11:40 am

7. Blood
Description Is the specialized connective
tissue in the circulatory
system that transports blood
cells and dissolved
substances throughout the
blood via the blood vessels
Function Is a body fluid that delivers
necessary substances, such
as nutrients and oxygen, to
the cells and transports
metabolic waste products
away from those same cells.
Location Blood vessels

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 11:41 am

Mucous Connective Tissue
Location: Umbilical cord
Function: supports and cushions large blood vessels

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 11:49 am

1. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Description: Skeletal muscle tissues are cylindrical, multinucleated, striated, and under voluntary control
Location: attached to the bones or occasionally to skin
Function: voluntary muscles; chewing and swallowing; locomotion; facial expressions; manipulation of the environment; voluntary control

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 11:50 am

2. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
DESCRIPTION: Branching; striated; generally
uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized
junctions (intercalated discs)
FUNCTION: As it contracts, it propels blood into the
circulation; involuntary control
LOCATION: The walls of the heart

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 11:51 am

3. SMOOTH MUSCLE tissues
DESCRIPTION: Spindle-shaped cells with central
nuclei; cells arranged closely to form sheets; no
striations
FUNCTION: Propels substances or objects
(foodstuff, urine, a baby) along internal
passageways; involuntary
control
LOCATION: Mostly in the walls of hollow organs

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 12:01 pm

1. Structure of a neuron
Description: The neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. Information flows from the dendrites to the cell body, and then on down the axon to its terminal.

* SOMA
Structure: contains the nucleus and other structures common to living things
Function: maintains the neuron’s structure and provides energy to drive activities
* AXON
Structure: long, tail-like structure
Function: It joins the cell body at a specialized junction called the AXON HILLOCK; instituated with a fatty substance called MYELIN which helps axons to conduct an electrical signal.
* DENDRITES
Structure: fibrous roots that branch out from the cell body
Function: receive and process signals from axons of other neurons

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 12:05 pm

2. Five types of neurons
* Unipolar – usually found in invertebrate
species
– has a single axon
-sensory neurons; supply the branching dendrites for incoming signals and an axon for outgoing signals
* Multipolar – single axon, but 3 or more
processes (symmetrical dendrites)
– most common form of our neuron in our CNS
-receive impulses from multiple neurons via dendrites
* Pyramidal – 1 axon and symmetrical dendrites
(2) that extend from it
– cell body in a pyramid type shape
– largest neuron cells mostly found in the cortex
(in the brain responsible for our conscious
thoughts)
-transform synaptic inputs into a patterned output of action potentials
*Bipolar – mostly found in the retina of the eye
but can also be found in parts of the nervous
system that helps in the nose and ears functions
– transmission of sense; sensory neurons (functions)
* Purkinje – Inhibitory neurons (release
neurotransmitters that keeps other neurons
from firing

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 12:05 pm

3. Two types of neuroglia in PNS
* Schwann Cells – counterpart of the
oligodentrocytes
– help in making myelin sheath
– important for Phagocytosis
* Satellite Cells – analogous to the Astrocytes in
the CNS
– maintain a stable chemical environment in the
nucleus

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 12:15 pm

1. Four chambers of the heart
Description:
RIGHT ATRIUM
▪ Forms the right border of the heart and receives blood from three veins:
➢ the superior vena cava
➢ inferior vena cava
➢ coronary sinus
▪ Is about 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in.) in average thickness
▪ It is also called the right atrioventricular valve.
LEFT ATRIUM
▪ Is about the same thickness as the right atrium and forms most of the base
of the heart. It is also called the left atrioventricular valve.
RIGHT VENTRICLE
▪ Is about 4–5 mm (0.16–0.2 in.) in average thickness and forms most of the anterior
surface of the heart
LEFT VENTRICLE
▪ Is the thickest chamber of the heart, averaging 10–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in.) and forms the
apex of the heart

Function:
RIGHT ATRIUM
▪ The right atrium receives blood low in oxygen from the body and then empties the blood into the right ventricle.
LEFT ATRIUM
▪ The left atrium receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle.
RIGHT VENTRICLE
▪ The right ventricle passes the blood on to the pulmonary artery, which sends it to the lungs to pick up oxygen.
LEFT VENTRICLE
▪ The left ventricle connects nearly all organ systems through its function to pump oxygenated blood to the body.

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 12:22 pm

2. Structure of three layers of the heart
Description:
EPICARDIUM- outermost layer of the heart; the visceral layer of serious pericardium; comprised of mesothelial cells and fat and connective tissues.
MYOCARDIUM- muscle layer/ cardiac muscle tissue that forms the heart; comprised of cardiomyocytes
ENDOCARDIUM-thin layer of endothelium overlying a thin layer of connective tissue’ innermost layer of heart

Function:
EPICARDIUM- protects the heart; produces factor that help the cardiac cells properly develop; ensures proper response to the cardiac cell injury
MYOCARDIUM- responsible for keeping the heart pumping blood around the body
ENDOCARDIUM- keeps the blood flowing through the heart separate from the myocardium; lines the valves, which opens and close to regulate blood flow through the chambers of heart

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 12:33 pm

1. Structure of five layers of the skin
Description:
STRATUM CORNEUM- Most superficial layer; 20-30 layers of dead, flattened, anucleate, keratin-filled
keratinocytes; protects against friction and water loss
STRATUM LUCIDUM- seen only in thick skin; dead cells; -3 layers of anucleate
STRATUM GRANULOSUM- a thin layer of cells in the epidermis lying above the stratum spinosum and below the stratum corneum
STRATUM SPINOSUM- contains spiny protrusions that hold the cells tightly together to prevent skin from tearing and blistering
STRATUM BASALE- deepest layer; single layer of cuboidal to low columnar cells in contact with the basement membrane
Function:
STRATUM CORNEUM- prevents unwanted materials from entering, and excessive loss of water from exiting the body.
STRATUM LUCIDUM- responsible for the capability of the skin to stretch
STRATUM GRANULOSUM- help to form a waterproof barrier that functions to prevent fluid loss from the body
STRATUM SPINOSUM- helps make your skin flexible and strong.
STRATUM BASALE- home to melanocytes that produce melanin (the pigment responsible for skin color).

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 12:40 pm

2. Structure of the nail
Description:
NAIL BODY- the visible attached portion
FREE EDGE- the portion of the nail that grows out away from the body
NAIL ROOT- the part that is embedded in the skin and adheres to an epithelial nail bed
NAIL FOLDS- skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail
EPONYCHIUM- the thick proximal nail fold commonly called the cuticle
NAIL BED- extension of the stratum basale beneath the nail
NAIL MATRIX- the thickened proximal part of the nail bed containing germinal cells responsible for nail
growth
LUNULA- the proximal region of the thickened nail matrix, which appears as a white crescent
NAIL GROOVE- grooves on the skin of the sides of the free edge, and the nail follow them as a guideline when it grows
HYONICHIUM- this skin line where the nail plate separates from the nail bed.
Function:
NAIL BODY- protect the sensitive tips of fingers and toes
FREE EDGE- ensures that all the nail bed is covered and therefore protected.
NAIL ROOT- produces most of the volume of the nail and the nail bed.
NAIL FOLDS- keeps the nail in place and protects it as it grows
EPONYCHIUM- forms a seal that prevents allergens, irritants, and pathogens from entering the potential space between the distal skin of the digit and the nail plate
NAIL BED- produce melanin
NAIL MATRIX- reates new skin cells, which pushes out the old, dead skin cells to make your nails
LUNULA- base of the nail lying over matrix
NAIL GROOVE- guideline of the nail as it grows
HYONICHIUM- stops external substances from getting under your nail

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 12:45 pm

1. Tooth
Description: The teeth are hard, white structures of the mouth. Dental crowns are tooth-shaped “caps” that can be placed over your tooth. The neck is the region of the tooth that is at the gum line, between the root and the crown. The root is the region below the gum.
Function: The teeth break down food for swallowing and further digestion. The crown restores the shape, size, strength, and appearance of the tooth. The root supports and fastens a tooth in the jawbone.

Mycah Jane C. Pata says:

May 2, 2022 at 12:49 pm

The respiratory system is comprised of organs and tissues that helps in breathing. Airways, lungs, and blood arteries are all part of it.

Larynx – is part of respiratory system. It’s a hollow tube that connects your throat (pharynx) to your trachea, which then connects to your lungs. It is also known as the voice box since it houses your vocal chords and is necessary for human speaking.
Trachea – the major function of the trachea is to transport air into and out of the lungs. It provides a reliable channel for oxygen to enter your body because it is a rigid, flexible tube.
Lungs – are the main organs of the respiratory system, which helps to keep the body supplied with oxygen at all times.

Reference:
Larynx (Voice Box): Anatomy & Function. (2021). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21872-larynx#:~:text=Your%20larynx%20is%20part%20of,often%20called%20the%20voice%20box.
Newman, T. (2021, December 21). What is the function and structure of the lungs, and how to do a lung function test. Medicalnewstoday.com; Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/305190
Respiratory System: Functions, Facts, Organs & Anatomy. (2020). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-system
Trachea (Windpipe): Function and Anatomy. (2021). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21828-trachea#:~:text=Your%20trachea’s%20main%20function%20is,oxygen%20to%20enter%20your%20body.

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Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 12:55 pm

2. Four layers of the GI tract
Description:
Mucosa- innermost layer of GI tract; made up of 3 layers (epithelium, lamina propia, and muscularis mucosae)
Submucosa- the layer of dense, irregular connective tissue or loose connective tissue that supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa bulk of underlying smooth muscle
Muscularis- consists of an inner circular layer and a longitudinal outer muscular layer
Serosa- outermost layer of loose connective tissue covered by the visceral peritoneum
Function:
MUCOSA- functions in absorption and secretion
SUBMUCOSA- supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa bulk of underlying smooth muscle
MUSCULARIS- responsible for segmental contractions and peristatic movement of in the GI tract
SEROSA- provides a partition between the internal organs and the abdominal cavity

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 2, 2022 at 12:57 pm

3. Wall of the stomach with rugae
Description:
The outer layer of the stomach wall is smooth, continuous with parietal peritoneum. The inner wall is thrown into folds known as RUGAE.
Function: The function of rugae is to allow the stomach, or other tissue to expand when needed. When the stomach is not full, the rugae folds in the tissue, However, as the stomach fills, it expands by unfolding the rugae

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

May 2, 2022 at 2:59 pm

The 𝐊𝐈𝐃𝐍𝐄𝐘 is the organ that filters blood and produces urine. It is multilobed (10 to 12 lobes) separated by renal columns (cortical tissue that extends alongside the margin of pyramids in the medulla),
The 𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬 in the kidney is lined with 𝐬𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐨𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐮𝐦. This kind of epithelial tissue is 𝘴𝘱𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘥 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘥𝘪𝘧𝘧𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘢𝘣𝘴𝘰𝘳𝘱𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯. The movement of water and salts enters and exits the kidney tubules. The simple cuboidal epithelium facilitates the diffusion of these substances.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

May 2, 2022 at 2:59 pm

The 𝐔𝐑𝐄𝐓𝐄𝐑 transports urine from the kidney to the bladder. It is lined with an epithelium that is impermeable to water and ions. This epithelium is the 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐮𝐦, also known as the 𝐮𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐮𝐦. This type of epithelial tissue consists of two to three cell layers in the upper ureter with up to ten cell layers near the bladder. Moreover, the transitional epithelium has a distinct feature of dome-shaped cells or umbrella cells. They are the upper layer of cells that 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚 𝙨𝙝𝙖𝙥𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙥𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙤𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙧 (relaxed).

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

May 2, 2022 at 3:05 pm

The 𝐔𝐑𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐑𝐀 is a fibromuscular tube, which functions as a conduit for urine to exit the body, and in males, as a conduit for semen during sexual function.

𝐌𝐀𝐋𝐄 𝐔𝐑𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐑𝐀
Epithelia of different types line the male urethra, usually 𝐩𝐬𝐞𝐮𝐝𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐧𝐚𝐫, 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐞𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐮𝐦.

𝐅𝐄𝐌𝐀𝐋𝐄 𝐔𝐑𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐑𝐀
The female urethra is shorter and is initially lined by 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐞𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐮𝐦.

The one on the illustration that I made is the female urethra with stratified squamous epithelium.

Ayessa G. Ibañez says:

May 2, 2022 at 3:09 pm

REFERENCES:
Histology Guide (n.d.). Chapter 16 – Urinary System. Retrieved from https://histologyguide.com/slidebox/16-urinary-system.html

Indiana University (2016). Urinary System, The Urethra. Retrieved from https://vmicro.iusm.iu.edu/hs_vm/docs/lab11_6.htm

John Hopkins Medicine (n.d.). Anatomy of the Urinary System. Retrieved from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/anatomy-of-the-urinary-system#:~:text=The%20urinary%20system's%20function%20is,and%20converts%20them%20to%20energy.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Location, Structure & Function. (2016, February 28). Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/simple-cuboidal-epithelium-location-structure-function.html.

Donna Rose Abad says:

May 2, 2022 at 3:39 pm

The alveoli are the passages via which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the lungs and the blood during the process of inhalation and exhalation. The oxygen that is taken in through the air is transported through the alveoli and into the bloodstream, where it is distributed throughout the body’s tissues.

The trachea is the long tube connecting the larynx to the bronchi. The trachea is a vital component of the respiratory system. The trachea is composed of cartilage rings. It is lined with mucus-producing cells.

The larynx is a hollow tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the rest of the respiratory system. It aids in safe swallowing and contains the vocal cords, which is why it is frequently referred to as the voice box.

Reference:

Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Larynx (Voice Box): Anatomy & Function. Cleveland Clinic; my.clevelandclinic.org. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21872-larynx#:~:text=Your%20larynx%20is%20a%20hollow,strategies%20and%20specialists%20can%20help.

Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Trachea (Windpipe): Function and Anatomy. Cleveland Clinic; my.clevelandclinic.org. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21828-trachea#:~:text=The%20trachea%20is%20the%20long,with%20cells%20that%20produce%20mucus.

NCI (n.d.). Alveoli. National Cancer Institute; http://www.cancer.gov. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/alveoli

Rhoda Christine J. Nacional says:

May 2, 2022 at 8:45 pm

References:

Eldridge, L. (2021, November 6). Function and Disorders of the Alveoli. Verywell Health; Verywellhealth. https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-alveoli-2249043

Elastic Cartilage – Definition, Function and Location. (2019, April 26). Biology Dictionary. https://biologydictionary.net/elastic-cartilage

Fletcher, J. (2020, March 27). Trachea: Definition, anatomy, function, and more. http://Www.medicalnewstoday.com. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/trachea

Richmond Zent A. Fulache says:

May 2, 2022 at 9:30 pm

Stratified columnar epithelium
Function: Absorption and protection
Location: Large glandular ducts
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Function: Secretes mucus which is moved with cilia
Location: Trachea and most of upper respiratory tract
Transitional Epithelium
Function: Allow distension of urinary tract
Location: Urinary bladder, ureter

Richmond Zent A. Fulache says:

May 2, 2022 at 9:31 pm

types of connective tissue

Richmond Zent A. Fulache says:

May 2, 2022 at 9:37 pm

types of conn

Richmond Zent A. Fulache says:

May 2, 2022 at 9:41 pm

connective tissue

Richmond Zent A. Fulache says:

May 2, 2022 at 9:44 pm

connective tissue2

Richmond Zent A. Fulache says:

May 2, 2022 at 9:49 pm

neuron

Richmond Zent A. Fulache says:

May 2, 2022 at 9:55 pm

heart

Richmond Zent A. Fulache says:

May 2, 2022 at 10:00 pm

intestine

Xander Yong says:

May 2, 2022 at 10:49 pm

The respiratory system is a collection of organs and tissues that work together to enable you to breathe.

The trachea or the windpipe is a long, U-shaped tube that connect the larynx to the lungs. It functions to carry air in and out of your lungs.

Bronchioles are the lower part of the Bronchi. They function to allow air to pass inside the lungs, specifically to the network of alveoli in your lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs.

Alveoli are small, balloon-shaped air sacs found at the end of the bronchioles. They allow the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood during respiration. The oxygen inhaled passes through the alveoli and then into the blood while carbon dioxide is transferred from the blood to the alveoli then expelled after exhalation.

REFERENCES:
Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Trachea. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21828-trachea#:~:text=Your%20trachea's%20main%20function%20is,oxygen%20to%20enter%20your%20body.
Eldridge, L. (2020). The Anatomy of Bronchioles. https://www.verywellhealth.com/bronchioles-anatomy-function-and-diseases-2248931
National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). alveoli. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/alveoli

Sera C. Silot says:

May 2, 2022 at 11:20 pm

The respiratory system is a network of organs and tissues that aid in breathing. It consists of your airways, lungs, and blood vessels. The respiratory system includes the muscles that power your lungs. These components work together to transport oxygen throughout the body and remove waste gases such as carbon dioxide.

Alveoli are air sacs and functional respiratory sites with a dense network of blood capillaries for excellent gas exchange.

The trachea is the passageway that connects your throat and lungs.

Elastic cartilage provides moderate elasticity in support. It is mostly found in the larynx, the external part of the ear (pinna), and the tube that connects the middle of the ear to the throat (eustachian or auditory tube).

Sera C. Silot says:

May 2, 2022 at 11:32 pm

References:
Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Respiratory System. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-system

has_geek. (2020). Respiratory System – Air Passage Ways, Pharynx and Larynx, Lung Capacities. Retrieved from https://www.guyhowto.com/the-respiratory-system/#:~:text=In%20humans%2C%20the%20respiratory%20system%20consists%20of%20air,network%20of%20blood%20capillaries%20for%20excellent%20gas%20exchange.

Watkins, J., et al. (2009). The Pocket Podiatry Guide: Functional Anatomy. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702030321000044

Jay Ryan Jacutin says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:03 am

Jacutin_Cell Description

Tisha Rana says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:15 am

The respiratory system is a network of organs and tissues that help in breathing. It includes your airways, lungs, blood arteries, and the muscles that power your lungs. These parts work together to deliver oxygen throughout the body and remove waste gases such as carbon dioxide.

• Lungs: The lungs are one of the largest organs in the human body. They’re in charge of supplying oxygen to capillaries and exhaling carbon dioxide.

• Trachea: The trachea is the main airway to the lungs, and it’s located right below the larynx.

• Bronchioles: Bronchioles are small bronchial tube branches that connect to the alveoli.

Jhoana Mae Eder says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:19 am

The respiratory system is a collection of organs and tissues that aid in breathing. This system assists our bodies in absorbing oxygen from the air so that our organs can function properly. It also removes waste gases from our blood, such as carbon dioxide.

1. Nasal Cavity – The nasal cavity is a wide, air-filled region in the centre of the face above and behind the nose. The nasal septum splits the cavity into two fossae, or cavities. One of the two nostrils continues into each hollow. The mucociliary system protects the respiratory tract by humidifying, warming, filtering, and acting as a conduit for inhaled air in the nasal cavity. The olfactory receptors are also found in the nasal cavity.
2. Larynx – The larynx, often known as the voice box or glottis, is the airway that connects the pharynx above and the trachea. It is found between the fourth and sixth vertebral levels. The sublarynx, larynx, and supralarynx are the three sections of the larynx. It is made up of nine cartilages that are joined by muscles and ligaments. The larynx is an important part of human speech. The vocal cords tighten together and vibrate as air exhaled from the lungs passes between them during sound production. The false vocal cords do not produce sound, but they do assist in closing down the larynx when food is swallowed.
3. Lungs – Lungs are tissue sacks found just beneath the rib cage and above the diaphragm. They play a key role in the body’s waste management and respiratory system. The lungs function similarly to bellows. They pull air into the body when they expand. When they compress, they release carbon dioxide, a waste gas produced by living things. However, there are no muscles in the lungs to pump air in and out. The lungs are primarily pumped by the diaphragm and rib cage.

Tisha Rana says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:23 am

References:

The Healthline Editorial Team. (2015, March 13). Respiratory. Healthline. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/respiratory-system#2

Respiratory System. (2020, January 24). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-system

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:36 am

Simple Squamous
Location: kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, the lining of the heart and
blood vessels, and lining of the ventral cavity
Function: allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration
Simple Cuboidal
Location: kidney tubules, ducts of small glands, ovary surface, pancreas,
and salivary glands
Function: secretion and absorption
Simple Columnar
Location: Non-ciliated: digestive tract and gallbladder
Ciliated: small bronchi and uterine tubes
Function: absorption, secretion, and propels mucus

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:37 am

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
Location: Non-keratinized: esophagus, mouth, vagina
Keratinized epidermis of the skin
Function: protects underlying tissue in areas subjected to abrasion
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL
Location: sweat glands, developing ovarian follicles
Function: protection and secretion
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
Location: conjunctiva
Function: protection

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:39 am

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR
Location: Non-ciliated: large glands and parts of the male urethra
Ciliated: trachea, the upper part of the respiratory system
Function: absorption and secretion of mucus, protection from foreign, and transport of materials such as hormones and enzymes
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
Location: ureters, urinary bladder, parts of the urethra
Function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organs by stored urine

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:42 am

COLLAGEN FIBER
Location: bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
Function: essential for tensile strength, transmit forces, store an dissipate energy
ELASTIC FIBER
Location: lungs, arteries, and skin
Function: elasticity and resilience
RETICULAR FIBER
Location: kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
Function: provide structural support

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:43 am

LOOSE CT
Location: epithelia, capillaries, package organs
Function: wraps and cushion organs, engulf bacteria, an important role in inflammation, conveys tissue fluid
DENSE REGULAR CT
Location: ligaments and tendons
Function: transfer forces to bones
DENSE IRREGULAR CT
Location: joint capsules, muscle fascia, the dermis of the skin
Function: provides strength, resistance to stretching forces

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:45 am

ADIPOSE TISSUE
Location: under skin, kidneys, eyeballs, abdomen, and breasts
Function: provides reserve food for fuel, insulates against heat loss, and supports and protects organs
BONE
Location: bones
Function: support and protection, stores calcium and other minerals, site for blood cell formation
BLOOD
Location: blood vessels
Function: delivers substances to cells and transports metabolic wastes away from those cells
MUCOUS CT
Location: matrix of fetal umbilical cord
Function: supports and cushions large blood vessels

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:47 am

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
Description: long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells; obvious striations
Location: skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to the skin
Function: voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:48 am

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
Description: branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs)
Location: walls of the heart
Function: as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:48 am

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
Description: spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; cells arranged closely to form sheets; no striations
Location: mostly in the walls of hollow organs
Function: propels substances or objects along internal passageways; involuntary control

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:51 am

Structure of a neuron:

Cell body – contains numerous organelles and a cell nucleus that produces RNA for protein synthesis. It also produces proteins that are consumed by other parts of the neuron in order to function properly

Processes (axon & dendrites) – finger-like projections from the cell body that is able to conduct and transmit signals. The dendrites receive electrical messages and transfer received information to the soma. The axon form branches to send messages to several neurons at once

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:52 am

Five types of neurons:

– Unipolar (pseudo unipolar) – single, short processes
– Multipolar – three or more processes
– Pyramidal – neurons with a pyramidal shaped cell body and two
distinct dendritic trees
– Bipolar – two processes
– Purkinje – have multiple dendrites that fan out from the cell body

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:52 am

Two types of neuroglia in PNS:

Satellite cells – flattened cells with prominent nuclei that surrounds nerve cells of ganglia. They insulate and support neurons of ganglia

Schwann cells – flattened cells with a flattened nucleus that form myelin sheath in the peripheral NS

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:56 am

Structure of 3 layers of the heart

Epicardium – thin, transparent, outer layer of the heart wall (visceral pericardium) which is composed of mesothelium and delicate connective tissue that imparts a smooth, slippery texture to the outermost surface of the heart

Myocardium – cardiac muscle tissue that makes up about 95% of the heart and is responsible for its pumping action. It is striated and involuntary.

Endocardium – a thin layer of endothelium overlying a thin layer of connective tissue that provides a smooth lining for the heart chamber and covers the heart valves. It is continuous with the endothelial lining of large blood vessels attached to the heart and minimizes surface friction as blood passes.

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:56 am

4 chambers of the heart

Right atrium – is about 2-3 mm thick and forms the right border of the heart which receives blood from the epicardium, superior and inferior vena cava, and coronary virus.

Left atrium – same thickness as RA and forms most of the base of the heart. It receives blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins.

Right ventricle – about 4-5 mm thick and forms most of the anterior surface of the heart. Blood passes from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve into the large artery.

Left ventricle – is about 10-15 mm thick and forms the apex of the heart. Blood passes from the left ventricle through the aortic valve into the ascending aorta.

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:59 am

Structure of the 5 layers of the skin

Stratum corneum – outermost layer composed of 20-30 layers of dead, flattened cells; anucleate, keratin-filled keratinocytes which protect against friction and water loss

Stratum lucidum – 2-3 layers of anucleate, dead cells; seen only in thick skin on the palm of the hands and fingers, and soles of the feet

Stratum granulosum – 3-5 layers of keratinocytes with distinct keratohyalin granules; keratinocytes produce lipids and a natural moisturizing factor that makes the skin waterproof and holds moisture

Stratum spinosum – several layers of keratinocytes all joined by desmosomes to prevent the skin from tearing and blistering; Langerhans cells are present

Stratum basale – deepest, a single layer of cuboidal to low columnar cells in contact with basement membrane; mitosis occurs here; melanocytes and Merkel cells are present

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 12:59 am

Structure of the nail

Root – appears as a white crescent (lunula); embedded in the skin and adheres to an epithelial nail bed; produces most of the volume of the nail

Nail bed – an extension of the stratum basale beneath the nail; contains blood vessels, nerves, and melanocytes that produce melanin

Body – visible attached portion

Free edge – grows out away from the body

Nail fold – skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail

Eponychium – thick proximal nail fold commonly called the cuticle

Nail matrix – thickened proximal part of the nail bed containing germinal cells responsible for nail growth

Lunula – proximal region of the thickened nail matrix, which appears as a white crescent

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 1:01 am

4 layers of the GI tract

Mucosa – a mucous membrane composed of a layer of epithelium in direct contact with GI tract contents, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. It lines the inside of the stomach as surface cells and forms numerous tiny invaginations called gastric pits.

Submucosa – a thick layer of connective tissue that is flexible and mobile. Aside from rich vasculature and lymphatics, this layer also holds the submucosal plexus which carries parasympathetic intervention to the blood vessels and smooth muscle of the stomach walls

Muscularis – smooth muscle located deep in the submucosa which consists of 3 layers – oblique, middle circular, and outer longitudinal. It produces movements required for mechanical digestion

Serosa – consists of a simple squamous layer called mesothelium and underlying connective tissue. This lubricates the outer wall of the stomach and ensures its movement in the abdominal cavity.

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 1:01 am

Wall of the stomach with rugae

Rugae is the lining of the stomach at rest which forms into thick, velvety folds. These contain microscopic invaginations called gastric pits, that each open into gastric glands. It allows for expansion of the stomach after the consumption of food and liquid.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

May 3, 2022 at 1:02 am

1. Urethra. It is a duct that transmits urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body during urination. The urethra is held closed by the urethral sphincter, which is a muscular structure that helps keep urine in the bladder until voiding can occur.

Because the urethra is anatomically linked with the reproductive structures, its characteristics in males are quite different from those in females. The male’s urethra is about 18 to 20 cm (7 to 8 inches) long and passes along the length of the penis before emptying. The male urethra can be divided into three sections: the prostatic urethra (the uppermost segment within the prostate), the membranous urethra (the segment within the urethral sphincter), and the spongy urethra (the lowermost and longest section within the penis).

Meanwhile, the female urethra is embedded within the vaginal wall, and its opening is situated between the labia. The female urethra is much shorter than that of the male, being only 4 cm (1.5 inches) long. It begins at the bladder neck and opens to the outside just after passing through the urethral sphincter.

Daphne Sumodlayon says:

May 3, 2022 at 1:02 am

Tooth

A tooth is composed of four dental tissues. Three of them – enamel, dentine, and cementum – are hard tissues. The 4th tissue is called the pulp, which contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. Besides being essential for chewing, the teeth play an important role in speech. A normal adult has 32 teeth.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

May 3, 2022 at 1:02 am

2. Kidney. These are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of your spine. Your kidneys remove wastes and extra fluid from your body. Furthermore, kidneys remove acid that is produced by the cells of your body and maintains a healthy balance of water, salts, and minerals—such as sodium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium—in your blood. Without this balance, nerves, muscles, and other tissues in your body may not work normally. Your kidneys can also make hormones that help control your blood pressure, make red blood cells, and keep your bones strong and healthy.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

May 3, 2022 at 1:03 am

3. Urinary Bladder. It is a temporary storage reservoir for urine. It is located in the pelvic cavity, posterior to the symphysis pubis, and below the parietal peritoneum. The size and shape of the urinary bladder vary with the amount of urine it contains and with the pressure it receives from surrounding organs.
The inner lining of the urinary bladder is a mucous membrane of transitional epithelium that is continuous with that in the ureters.
The second layer in the walls is the submucosa, which supports the mucous membrane. It is composed of connective tissue with elastic fibers.
The next layer is muscular, which is composed of smooth muscle. The smooth muscle fibers are interwoven in all directions and, collectively, these are called the detrusor muscle. On the superior surface, the outer layer of the bladder wall is the parietal peritoneum. In all other regions, the outer layer is fibrous connective tissue.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

May 3, 2022 at 1:04 am

FUN FACTS ABOUT THE URINARY SYSTEM:
1. The male and female urethras are different.
The female urethra is only about 1.5 inches long, while the male urethras are 7 to 8 inches long. The male urethra is also a conduit for semen. As the male urethra passes through the prostate gland, sperm and fluid enter it to be ejaculated. And because of the female urethra’s location and length, females are more prone to UTIs (urinary tract infections) than males.
2. Each kidney is about the size of your fist.
This translates to about 45 gallons per day. By the time you are 40 years old, your kidneys have filtered blood volume equivalent to an Olympic-size pool! And for an average 150- to 180-pound adult, the kidneys filter all the blood in their body once every 38 to 48 minutes.
3. The bladder can stretch to hold up to two cups of urine.
It is a balloon-like organ that sits low in the pelvis between the pelvic bones. While you can’t control the urine coming into your bladder, you do have control over releasing it. Most people first feel the urge to urinate when the bladder fills with about a cup of urine. Once you’re ready, muscles in the bladder wall squeeze and muscles at the outlet relax allowing urine to flow. How often you feel the urge depends on how much fluid you drink throughout the day and other factors.
4. Each ureter ranges from about 8 to 12 inches long.
Ureters run from each kidney to the bladder. Their length depends on how long your torso is. These tubes are about 0.25 inches wide with muscular walls. The walls squeeze small amounts of urine down from the kidneys into the bladder every 10 to 15 seconds.
5. The color of urine can tell you a lot.
Urine is mostly water, along with urea—a waste product—and various salts and minerals. It also contains urochrome, which gives it a yellowish color. The amount of urine you produce depends on several things, one of which is how much fluid you drink. When you’re drinking enough, urine should be a pale yellow. Dark urine can be a sign of dehydration. Urine can also turn colors, including red, pink, orange, brown, and even blue or green. Medications and foods may explain color changes. But strange colors or cloudy urine can also be a sign of a medical condition.

Jose Emmanuel Cisneros says:

May 3, 2022 at 1:04 am

SOURCES:
https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/urinary/components/
https://www.britannica.com/science/urethra
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidneys-how-they-work
https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/urinary/components/bladder.html#:~:text=The%20urinary%20bladder%20is%20a,it%20receives%20from%20surrounding%20organs.
https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/kidneys-and-the-urinary-system/7-surprising-facts-about-the-urinary-tract

Aliya Solana says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:57 am

The digestive system functions to break down food that goes inside the body. It converts the food into energy and nutrients or waste which is eliminated by the body. The organs present in this system are where the food passes through which starts from the mouth up to the anus.

Aliya Solana says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:04 am

The nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the mouth makes up the oral mucosa. This tissue has many layers of flat cells. It is found in the thick lining of the oral cavity. This tissue serves as protection and covering for the mouth since it is prone to wear and tear. It functions to provide support for the stress and friction that the mouth goes through during mastication or chewing.

Aliya Solana says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:25 am

The areolar tissue in the stomach keeps the organ in its place. It is weblike in appearance due to the collagen fibers present. It contains a gelatinous extracellular matrix where fibroblasts are also seen. This tissue fills the spaces between muscle fibers and is a component of the mucus membranes of the digestive system. It is also used as attachment for the epithelial tissue which makes the areolar tissue a binding site for the stomach lining and the muscular coat.

Aliya Solana says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:30 am

The simple columnar epithelium in the rectum functions mainly for protection. It serves as an impermeable barrier against bacteria and other foreign substances that may have been ingested. This tissue also lines most of the digestive tract and plays a role in the absorption and secretion of substances.

Aliya Solana says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:42 am

The elastic cartilage in the larynx functions to support the organ with enough elasticity. It allows the closing or folding of the laryngeal opening when you swallow. The elastic cartilage has chondrocyte cells and many elastic fibers in its amorphous extracellular matrix. It provides strength and elasticity to the organ.

Aliya Solana says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:46 am

The ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium found in the bronchi provides protection to the lungs from foreign substances which may cause irritation. The goblet cells found in the epithelium traps these substances by secreting mucus. The cilia also helps in the movement and transportation of the particles from the nasal cavity. Thus, the tissue helps in producing mucus and keep the respiratory tract clean and unobstructed.

Aliya Solana says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:57 am

The smooth muscle in the trachea is more specifically called airway smooth muscle (ASM). This is responsible for controlling the amount of air that goes through the trachea and lungs. It moves involuntarily and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

May 3, 2022 at 9:26 am

• Urethra – is connected from the bladder. This is where urine exits from the body. The urethra of females measures about 1.5 inches long and is initially lined by transitional epithelium that transitions to stratified squamous epithelium. In males, it is shorter which measures about 7-8 inches and is usually lined with pseudostratified or stratified columnar epithelium that transitions to stratified squamous epithelium.

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

May 3, 2022 at 9:26 am

• Kidney/s – are the main organs of your urinary system. Each of your kidneys are held in place by a connective tissue called renal fascia that is surrounded and protected by a thick layer of adipose tissue called perirenal fat. Enveloping your kidneys to protect the soft tissues inside are your renal capsules which is a tough, fibrous connective tissue.

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

May 3, 2022 at 9:26 am

• Ureter/s – Each of your kidneys have a ureter and they function to carry urine from your kidneys to your bladder. Your ureter wall is composed of three layers, and they are your fibrous coat, the muscular coat, and the mucosa.

Kylie Stephanie Flame-Turtal says:

May 3, 2022 at 9:27 am

REFERENCES:
Kidneys, (n.d.). National Cancer Institute: SEER Training Modules. Retrieved from https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/urinary/components/kidney.html#:~:text=Each%20kidney%20is%20held%20in,soft%20tissue%20that%20is%20inside.
Travers, C. (2020). The Anatomy of the Urethra. Very Well Health. Retrieved from https://www.verywellhealth.com/urethra-anatomy-4842856
Ureters, (n.d.). National Cancer Institute: SEER Training Modules. Retrieved from https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/urinary/components/ureters.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20the%20ureter,and%20outer%20longitudinal%20smooth%20muscle.
Urinary System, (2019). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21197-urinary-system#:~:text=The%20urinary%20system%20includes%20the,urinary%20tract%20infections%20(UTIs).
Urinary System, The Urethra, (2016). Human Structure Virtual Histology. Retrieved from https://vmicro.iusm.iu.edu/hs_vm/docs/lab11_6.htm

Janiene Lerio says:

May 3, 2022 at 10:24 am

For this first part, I decided to focus on the G.I. Tract. The G.I. Tract is a series of hollow organs from the mouth to the anus. This includes the esophagus, the stomach, and many other organs of the digestive system.

Erika Marie Columnas says:

May 3, 2022 at 2:52 pm

1. Elastic cartilage – Elastic cartilage, also known as yellow fibrocartilage, is a form of cartilage that gives specific portions of the body both strength and elasticity.

2. Esophagus – The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach (pharynx). The esophagus is around 8 inches length and coated with mucosa, a moist pink tissue. The esophagus is located behind the windpipe (trachea), in front of the heart, and behind the spine. The esophagus travels through the diaphragm just before entering the stomach.

3. Salivary glands- Saliva is produced by salivary glands, which improves digestion, keeps your mouth moist, and promotes tooth health. The parotid, sublingual, and submandibular salivary glands are located beneath and behind your jaw.

References:
Elastic cartilage. (2017). Kenhub. https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/histology-of-elastic-cartilage#:~:text=Elastic%20cartilage%20%2C%20sometimes%20referred%20to,of%20the%20external%20auditory%20meatus.

‌Hoffman, M. (2009, September 11). Picture of the Esophagus. WebMD; WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-esophagus

‌Salivary gland tumors – Symptoms and causes. (2020). Mayo Clinic; https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salivary-gland-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20354151#:~:text=Salivary%20glands%20make%20saliva%2C%20which,%E2%80%94%20parotid%2C%20sublingual%20and%20submandibular.

‌

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:35 pm

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Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:39 pm

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Description: It is a tissue composed of a single layer of simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the impression that the epithelium is stratified. It can also possess fine hair-like extensions of its apical (luminal) membrane called cilia.
Function: It secretes mucous while some ciliated tissues move mucous. It also acts as a protection from foreign particles and serves as transportation for materials such as hormones and enzymes.
Location: Ciliated tissues line the trachea, nose, bronchi, fallopian tube, and uterus of females. In contrast, non-ciliated tissues are located in the prostate and membranous part of male vas deferens.

Transitional Epithelium

Description: It is a stratified epithelium, also called urothelium, found in organs that can distend. When the tissue is not stretched, it appears to be stratified cuboidal. However, when the organ is distended and the tissue stretches, it becomes a stratified squamous epithelium.
Function: It allows the urinary organs to expand and stretch.
Location: It lines the bladder, urethra, ureters.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:42 pm

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

Description: It is the most widely distributed type of connective tissue and serves as a universal packing material between other tissues. The cell-to-fiber combination makes it flexible but not very resistant to mechanical stress.
Function: It supports the internal organs, assists in tissue repair of muscles and skin, and acts as a binding tissue between organs by filling the space inside the organs. It also helps in defending against infection.
Location: It is present in the lamina propria of the alimentary and respiratory tracts, mucous membranes of the urinary and reproductive tract, glands, mesentery, and dermis of the skin.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Description: This tissue consist of closely packaged bundles of collagen fibers aligned parallel to each other. These fibers are also slightly wavy and can stretch a little bit.
Function: It attaches muscles to bones or muscles. It also attaches bones to bones & withstands great tensile strength.
Location: It is present in the ligaments, tendons, and aponeurosis.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Description: It has collagen fibers randomly interwoven, forming a three-dimensional network resistant to distension in all directions. It has the same structure as dense regular tissue, but the bundles of collagen fibers are much thicker and arranged irregularly.
Function: It provides structural strength and is able to withstand tension exerted in many directions
Location: It is mainly found in the reticular layer or deep layer of the dermis. It is also found in the sclera, deeper skin layers, and fibrous capsules of organs and joints.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:43 pm

Adipose Tissue

Description: It is an energy-storing loose connective tissue. It consists of adipocytes, cells filled with lipids (fats) composed of roughly 80% fat.
Function: It mainly conserves energy by storing it in the form of fat. It also cushions internal organs and insulates the body
Location: It is found directly beneath the skin, between the muscles, around the kidneys and heart, behind the eyeballs and abdominal membranes

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:43 pm

Bone

Description: Bone, or osseous tissue, is a mineralized and viscous-elastic connective tissue with a large amount of two different matrix materials.
Function: It stores minerals, provides internal support, protects vital organs, enables movement & provides attachment sites for muscles and tendons
Location: Bone is the tissue that comprises the body’s skeleton. It is found in intervertebral discs of the bony vertebrae & knee meniscus.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:44 pm

Blood

Description: It is a specialized connective tissue within the circulatory system. It is a vital liquid that usually conveys blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen throughout the body via blood vessels.
Function: It transports respiratory gases, waste, nutrients, immune response, and blood clotting
Location: It is found in every blood vessels.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:44 pm

Mucous Connective Tissue

Description: It is a primitive (embryonic) and gelatinous type of connective tissue that persist in the umbilical cord. It is also composed of fibroblast-like cells, which can be spindle or stellate shaped.
Function: It produces the surrounding, abundant, gelatinous ground substance (Wharton’s jelly) and delicate collagen and reticular fibers. It also supports the blood vessels of the umbilical cord.
Location: It persists in the umbilical cord.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:46 pm

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Description: It has long, cylindrical & multinucleated cells with obvious striations.

Function: Voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression, etc. It also attaches to and moves bones by contracting and relaxing in response to voluntary messages from the nervous system.

Location: It is found in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:46 pm

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Description: It has short, branching, striated, generally uninucleated cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs).

Function: It propels blood into the circulation as it contracts. It also keeps your heart pumping through involuntary movements.

Location: It is found in the walls of the heart.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:46 pm

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Description: It has short spindle-shaped cells with single, centrally located nuclei. Its cells are arranged closely to form sheets, with no presence of striations.

Function: It helps with digestion and nutrient collection. It propels substances or objects (foodstuff, urine, etc.) along internal passageways; involuntary control.

Location: It is mainly found in the walls of hollow internal organs (such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder & blood vessels, among other portions of the body).

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:48 pm

Structure of a Neuron

Description: Neurons (nerve cells) are the cells considered to be the basis of nervous tissue. It consists of a cell body, dendrites, and axons. Information flows from the dendrites, which transmits it to the cell body, then down to the axon to its terminal.

Dendrites – A dendrite (tree branch) is where a neuron receives input from other cells.

Cell body – It is also called the soma. It is the spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus.

Axon – It is where electrical impulses from the neuron travel away to be received by other neurons

Function: Neurons generate and carry out nerve impulses. It also responds to stimuli, communicates and integrates, provides electrical insulations to nerve cells, and removes debris.

Location: In vertebrate animals, neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:49 pm

Five types of Neurons

Description: There are many different types of neurons, and they all have special functions in the brain, spinal cord & muscles that control our body. The five types of neurons are multipolar, unipolar, bipolar, pyramidal & Purkinje.

Multipolar
– It has a single axon and symmetrical dendrites that extend from it. It is responsible for receiving impulses from multiple neurons via dendrites. It is the most common form of neuron in the CNS.

Unipolar
– This neuron has a single axon that is responsible for sending electrical signals. It is usually only found in invertebrate species.

Bipolar
– It has two extensions extending from the cell body and is responsible for sending and receiving information from the world (ex: eyes, nose, and ear).

Pyramidal
– This neuron has one axon but several dendrites to form a pyramid-type shape. It has the largest neuron cells and is primarily found in the cortex.

Purkinje
– This inhibitory neuron has multiple dendrites that fan out from the cell body.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:50 pm

Two types of Neuroglia in PNS

– Neuroglia in the PNS includes Schwann cells & satellite cells.

Schwann cell

Description: It is also known as neurilemma cells, shaped like a rolled-up sheet of paper, with layers of myelin between each coil.
Function: Schwann cells provide myelination to peripheral neurons. They play essential roles in the maintenance, development, process, and regeneration of peripheral nerves. Functionally, they are similar to oligodendrocytes.
Location: Commonly found in close contact with axons in the peripheral nerves.

Satellite Cells

Description: They are small, flattened cells found in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system
Function: They play an essential role in modulating the PNS following injury & inflammation. They may also help regulate the neuronal environment and be involved in neurotransmission. These resemble the astrocytes of the CNS.
Location: They are found on the surface of neuron bodies in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:52 pm

Structure of three layers of the heart

Description: The walls of the heart are composed of 3 layers: Epicardium (outer layer), Myocardium (middle muscular layer), and Endocardium (inner layer). These tissue layers are highly specialized & perform different functions.
Functions: The epicardium functions to protect the inner layers of the heart. It also assists in the production of pericardial fluid. The myocardium is responsible for keeping the heart pumping blood around the body. The endocardium lines the cavities & valves. It keeps the blood flowing through the heart separate from the myocardium.
Location: The epicardium is adjacent to the myocardium and surrounds the heart. The myocardium is present in the walls of all four heart chambers. At the same time, the endocardium lines the chambers and extends over valves, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:52 pm

Four chambers of the heart

Description: Each side of the heart has a small collecting chamber called an “atrium” that connects to a large pumping chamber called the “ventricle.” The heart’s four chambers include the left & right atrium (upper chambers) & the left and right ventricle (lower chambers).
Function: Each of the four chambers of the heart has different functions. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body & pumps it to the right ventricle via the tricuspid valve. The right ventricle then pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries, where it becomes oxygenated. The left atrium receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve. The left ventricle then pumps the oxygenated blood to the aortic valve and then to the aorta, where it gets delivered to the different parts of the body.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:55 pm

Structure of five layers of the skin

Description: The epidermis is made up of epithelial cells depending on their location in the body. The skin that has four layers is called thin skin. While, thick skin is only found in the palms of the hand and soles of the feet. This skin is further divided into five layers from the most superficial to the deepest layer. They are the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum & stratum basale.

Function: The layers of the skin have their own individual functions. The stratum corneum helps repel water & protects you from abrasions, heat, and pathogens. The stratum lucidum is a transparent layer of keratinocytes. Stratum granulosum is where Keratin production occurs. Stratum spinosum gives the skin strength & flexibility. The stratum basale contains keratinocytes & melanocytes.

Location: The Stratum corneum is found on the top layer of the epidermis. Underneath it is the Stratum lucidum, followed by the Stratum granulosum and then the Stratum spinosum. The Stratum basale is found in the deepest layer of the epidermis.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:55 pm

Structure of the nail

Description: The nail is a horny plate that grows on the back of each finger and toe at its outer end. Its structure includes the nail bed, nail plate, free edge, hyponychium, nail grooves, matrix, nail mantle, lunula, cuticle (eponychium), nail walls, and perionychium.

Function: The structures of the nails have individual functions. The nail bed is to supply nourishment & protection. A nail plate is used to protect the living nail bed of the fingers & toes. The free edge protects the fingertip & the hyponychium. The hyponychium is used to protect the nail bed from infection. The nail groove is to keep the nail growing in a straight line. The matrix serves to produce new nail cells. The nail mantle is to protect the matrix from physical damage. The lunula is white in color and can be easily damaged. The cuticle is used to protect the matrix from infection. The nail wall/fold protects the nail plate edges, While the eponychium (cuticle) protects the matrix from infection.

Location: Nails are found on the fingers and toes.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:56 pm

Four layers of the GI tract

Description: The GI tract contains four layers. It includes the mucosa (innermost layer), underneath it is the submucosa, followed by the muscularis propria & lastly, the serous layer or serosa.

Function: The four layers of each have different functions. The mucosa functions in absorption & secretion. The submucosa contains mucous secreting glands. The muscularis propria are used for peristalsis. Lastly, the serosa contains blood vessels, lymphatics & nerves.

Location: The mucosa is found in the inner lining of the stomach. The submucosa surrounds the mucosa. The muscularis propria is the next layer that covers the submucosa. And lastly, the serosa is the next layer that covers the submucosa.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:57 pm

Wall of the Stomach with rugae

Description: The gastric folds (rugae) are coiled secretions of tissue that exist in the mucosal & submucosal layers of the stomach.

Function: The gastric rugae allows the expansion of the stomach after the consumption of foods and liquids. This results in greater surface area, thereby helpful in absorbing nutrients.

Location: It is found in the inner oblique layer of the stomach.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 4:57 pm

Tooth

Description: A tooth is a hard, calcified structure used to break down food. They are made up of different layers namely enamel, dentin, pulp cavity, and cementum.

Function: Teeth are essential for chewing food (mastication), helping people to speak, to defend, and to smile. It also gives shape to their face and performs other specialized functions.

Location: It is found in the jaws and in or around the mouth of many vertebrates.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:00 pm

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Description: Simple squamous epithelium cells are flat in shape and arranged in a single layer. This type of epithelium forms thin, delicate sheets of cells through which molecules can easily pass.

Function: It allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration. It also secretes lubricating substances.

Location: It is located in the alveoli of the lungs, the lining of the heart (endocardium), blood vessels (endothelium), glomeruli of the kidneys, serous membranes (mesothelium), and lymphatic vessels

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:01 pm

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Description: Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of single-layer cells that are as tall as they are wide (resembles a box-like cube). This epithelium offers greater protection than simple squamous due to its increased thickness.

Function: It secretes and absorbs materials into the ducts/tubes.

Location: It can be found in ducts & secretory portions of small collecting glands such as the kidneys, pancreas, and salivary glands.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:01 pm

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Description: Simple columnar epithelium is a single row of tall, closely packed cells aligned in a row. This epithelium often includes apical specializations (e.g., microvilli, cilia), which enhance its absorptive function or offer motility.

Function: It excretes, absorbs, and secretes mucous and enzymes

Location: Ciliated tissues can be present in the bronchi, uterine tubes & uterus. Whereas non-ciliated tissues can be present in the digestive tract (e.g., stomach, intestine & gallbladder).

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:01 pm

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Description: It consists of flattened epithelial cells arranged in many layers. This type is further divided into keratinized and non-keratinized.

Function: It acts as a protection against abrasion, microorganisms, and water loss

Location: It lines the oral cavity, esophagus, larynx, anal canal, vagina, and the outer layer of the cornea.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:02 pm

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Description: It is a rare type of Epithelium composed of cells that are as tall as they are wide and are arranged in many layers.

Function: It acts as a protective tissue layer.

Location: It lines the excretory ducts of sweat glands, salivary glands & mammary glands.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:02 pm

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Description: It is composed of column-shaped cells arranged in many layers. It is less common than the other stratified types.

Function: It is involved primarily in providing protection and secretion.

Location: It is located in the male urethra, the retina of the eye, taste buds on the tongue, ampullae in the inner ear, uterus, anus, pharynx, vas deferens, and lobar ducts of the salivary glands.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:03 pm

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Description: It is a tissue composed of a single layer of simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the impression that the epithelium is stratified. It can also possess fine hair-like extensions of its apical (luminal) membrane called cilia.

Function: It secretes mucous while some ciliated tissues move mucous. It also acts as a protection from foreign particles and serves as transportation for materials such as hormones and enzymes.

Location: Ciliated tissues line the trachea, nose, bronchi, fallopian tube, and uterus of females. In contrast, non-ciliated tissues are located in the prostate and membranous part of male vas deferens.

Christine Therese D. Olasiman says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:03 pm

The digestive system takes in food, digests and absorbs nutrients, and excretes waste, all of which are necessary for energy production and protein anabolism. The Duodenum, Esophagus, and Liver Lobule are the three body tissues depicted in the histology art.

The duodenum is a portion of the small intestine that takes the shape of a C or a horseshoe. The size of this part of the small intestine is referred to as “12 fingers” in Latin, which refers to the organ’s approximate length. It is responsible for receiving pancreatic enzymes. A structure known as the hepatoduodenal ligament also connects the duodenum to the liver. The duodenum receives bile for mixing with chyme at this point, which is an important aspect of the chemical digestion process.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:03 pm

Transitional Epithelium

Description: It is a stratified epithelium, also called urothelium, found in organs that can distend. When the tissue is not stretched, it appears to be stratified cuboidal. However, when the organ is distended and the tissue stretches, it becomes a stratified squamous epithelium.

Function: It allows the urinary organs to expand and stretch.

Location: It lines the bladder, urethra, ureters.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:05 pm

Collagen Fiber

Description: It is a fibrous protein secreted into the extracellular space. It is also the most abundant protein fiber type and is predominantly made of collagen type I.

Function: It supports structures and anchors cells to each other. It also provides high tensile strength to the matrix and rigidity to tissues.

Location: It is present in the skin, tendon, ligaments, bone, and cartilage

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:06 pm

Elastic Fiber

Description: It is made from the protein elastin. This fiber is also long and thin and forms branching networks in the extracellular matrix.

Function: It provides elasticity & resilience to the tissues

Location: It is found in the skin, lungs, arteries, walls of large blood vessels, connective tissue proper, elastic cartilage, yellow ligament, and other tissues.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:06 pm

Reticular Fiber

Description: It consists of collagen type III and is short, thin, and delicate collagenous fibers that form mesh-like networks in organs.

Function: It acts as a supporting mesh in soft tissues

Location: It is found in kidneys, liver, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, and bone marrow.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:07 pm

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

Description: It is the most widely distributed type of connective tissue and serves as a universal packing material between other tissues. The cell-to-fiber combination makes it flexible but not very resistant to mechanical stress.

Function: It supports the internal organs, assists in tissue repair of muscles and skin, and acts as a binding tissue between organs by filling the space inside the organs. It also helps in defending against infection.

Location: It is present in the lamina propria of the alimentary and respiratory tracts, mucous membranes of the urinary and reproductive tract, glands, mesentery, and dermis of the skin.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:07 pm

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Description: This tissue consist of closely packaged bundles of collagen fibers aligned parallel to each other. These fibers are also slightly wavy and can stretch a little bit.

Function: It attaches muscles to bones or muscles. It also attaches bones to bones & withstands great tensile strength.

Location: It is present in the ligaments, tendons, and aponeurosis.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:08 pm

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Description: It has collagen fibers randomly interwoven, forming a three-dimensional network resistant to distension in all directions. It has the same structure as dense regular tissue, but the bundles of collagen fibers are much thicker and arranged irregularly.

Function: It provides structural strength and is able to withstand tension exerted in many directions

Location: It is mainly found in the reticular layer or deep layer of the dermis. It is also found in the sclera, deeper skin layers, and fibrous capsules of organs and joints.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:08 pm

Adipose Tissue

Description: It is an energy-storing loose connective tissue. It consists of adipocytes, cells filled with lipids (fats) composed of roughly 80% fat.

Function: It mainly conserves energy by storing it in the form of fat. It also cushions internal organs and insulates the body

Location: It is found directly beneath the skin, between the muscles, around the kidneys and heart, behind the eyeballs and abdominal membranes

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:08 pm

Bone

Description: Bone, or osseous tissue, is a mineralized and viscous-elastic connective tissue with a large amount of two different matrix materials.

Function: It stores minerals, provides internal support, protects vital organs, enables movement & provides attachment sites for muscles and tendons

Location: Bone is the tissue that comprises the body’s skeleton. It is found in intervertebral discs of the bony vertebrae & knee meniscus.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:09 pm

Blood

Description: It is a specialized connective tissue within the circulatory system. It is a vital liquid that usually conveys blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen throughout the body via blood vessels.

Function: It transports respiratory gases, waste, nutrients, immune response, and blood clotting

Location: It is found in every blood vessels.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:10 pm

Mucous Connective Tissue

Description: It is a primitive (embryonic) and gelatinous type of connective tissue that persist in the umbilical cord. It is also composed of fibroblast-like cells, which can be spindle or stellate shaped.

Function: It produces the surrounding, abundant, gelatinous ground substance (Wharton’s jelly) and delicate collagen and reticular fibers. It also supports the blood vessels of the umbilical cord.

Location: It persists in the umbilical cord.

Christine Therese D. Olasiman says:

May 3, 2022 at 5:52 pm

Your respiratory system includes built-in techniques to keep hazardous items in the air from entering your lungs.

Hairs in your nose help filter out big particles. Cilia, tiny hairs that move in a sweeping motion along your air passageways, keep them clean. The cilia, however, can cease operating if you breathe in hazardous substances like as cigarette smoke. This can result in health issues such as bronchitis.

Mucus is produced by cells in your trachea and bronchial tubes, which keeps air passages moist and prevents dust, bacteria, viruses, and allergy-causing substances out of your lungs.

Samantha Elizabeth T. Muyco says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:09 pm

There are three types of muscle tissues. Skeletal muscle tissues, attach to and move bones by contracting and relaxing in response to voluntary messages from the nervous system.

Samantha Elizabeth T. Muyco says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:10 pm

Skeletal muscles attach to and move bones by contracting and relaxing in response to voluntary messages from the nervous system.

Samantha Elizabeth T. Muyco says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:10 pm

Cardiac muscle tissue forms the muscle surrounding the heart. With the function of the muscle being to cause the mechanical motion of pumping blood throughout the rest of the body, unlike skeletal muscles, the movement is involuntary as to sustain life.

Samantha Elizabeth T. Muyco says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:11 pm

Smooth muscle is present throughout the body, where it serves a variety of functions. It is in the stomach and intestines, where it helps with digestion and nutrient collection.

Samantha Elizabeth T. Muyco says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:13 pm

The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract—also called the GI tract or digestive tract—and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. Food passes from the mouth (hence the tooth) to the stomach.

Samantha Elizabeth T. Muyco says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:14 pm

The wall of the digestive tract has four layers or tunics:

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular layer
Serous layer or serosa

Samantha Elizabeth T. Muyco says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:15 pm

The wall of the stomach has four layers:
The mucosa is the inner layer (stomach lining). It contains glands that produce enzymes and acid, which help digest food.
The submucosa attaches the mucosa to the muscularis.
The muscularis is a layer of muscle. …
The serosa is a strong outer membrane which covers the stomach

Samantha Elizabeth T. Muyco says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:15 pm

tooth, plural teeth, any of the hard, resistant structures occurring on the jaws and in or around the mouth and pharynx areas of vertebrates. Teeth are used for catching and masticating food, for defense, and for other specialized purposes.

Samantha Elizabeth T. Muyco says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:16 pm

Your heart is the only circulatory system organ.

Samantha Elizabeth T. Muyco says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:16 pm

Three layers of tissue form the heart wall. The outer layer of the heart wall is the epicardium, the middle layer is the myocardium, and the inner layer is the endocardium.

Samantha Elizabeth T. Muyco says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:17 pm

On each side of the wall, there is a small collecting chamber called an ‘atrium’, which leads into a large pumping chamber called a ‘ventricle’. There are four chambers: the left atrium and right atrium (upper chambers), and the left ventricle and right ventricle (lower chambers).

Samantha Elizabeth T. Muyco says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:18 pm

The nail and the skin is part of the integumentary system.

Samantha Elizabeth T. Muyco says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:20 pm

fingernails enhances grip or the fine motor functions

Samantha Elizabeth T. Muyco says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:20 pm

The layers of the epidermis include the stratum basale (the deepest portion of the epidermis), stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum (the most superficial portion of the epidermis).

Samantha Elizabeth T. Muyco says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:23 pm

There are five types of neurons and two types of neuroglia in PNS

Samantha Elizabeth T. Muyco says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:23 pm

Based on shapes, neurons are classified into five types namely Unipolar neurons, Bipolar neurons, Pseudounipolar neurons, Anaxonic neurons, and Multipolar neurons.

Samantha Elizabeth T. Muyco says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:23 pm

There are two types of neuroglia found within the peripheral nervous system:
Schwann cells – myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system.
Satellite cells – regulate nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:44 pm

Simple squamous Epithelium
Location: Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart and blood vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)
Function: A single layer of flattened cells makes up simple squamous epithelia. This type of epithelia lines the inner surface of all blood vessels (endothelium), forms the lung’s alveolar sac wall, and lines body cavities (mesothelium). The basic purpose of simple squamous epithelia is to allow gases and tiny molecules to diffuse

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:44 pm

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Location: Kidney tubules; ducts of small glands; ovary surface
Function: Simple cuboidal epithelium consist of a single layer of cells that are approximately as tall as they are wide. This type of epithelium lines collecting ducts and tubes and is involved in absorbing or secreting material into the ducts or tubes.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:44 pm

Simple Columnar Epithelium
Location: Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum) and gallbladder
Ciliated variety lines small bronchi and uterine tubes
Function: A single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide makes up simple columnar epithelium. This form of epithelia lines the small intestine, where it collects nutrients from the lumen. Simple columnar epithelia are also seen in the stomach, where acid, digestive enzymes, and mucous are secreted.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:45 pm

Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Location: Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina. Keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane
Function: Multiple layers of cells make up stratified squamous epithelia, with the outermost layer being squamous. The other layers may contain cuboidal and/or columnar cells, but the epithelium is classified only by the shape of the cells in the topmost layer. This form of epithelium is prevalent in the skin and protects it from mechanical stress and desiccation.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:45 pm

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Location: This type of epithelium is not as common and is found in the excretory ducts of your salivary and sweat glands.
Function: Stratified cuboidal epithelium is a form of epithelial tissue found mostly in glands, where the gland specializes in selective absorption and release into blood or lymph arteries. Stratified cuboidal epithelium enables glands and organs to build a barrier between the functioning cells of an organ or gland and the arteries that supply it.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:45 pm

Stratified Columnar
Location: It is found in the conjunctiva, pharynx, anus, and male urethra
Function: The excretory system’s stratified columnar epithelium and glands fulfill the role of secreting waste materials into the ducts and out of the body. Similarly, mucus is secreted by the columnar epithelium in the conjunctiva of the eyes to keep the eyes moist and clean.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:46 pm

Pseudostratified Columnar
Location: Nonciliated type in ducts of large glands, parts of male urethra. Ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract
Function: The absorption and secretion of mucus, protection from external particles (dust, viruses, and allergies), and transport of molecules such as hormones and enzymes are all functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:46 pm

Transitional Epithelium
Location: Lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra
Function: The urinary tract’s transitional epithelium is bordered by a layer of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which serve to prevent microbial and crystal adherence to the bladder epithelium and to reduce the passage of urine solutes and proteins through the bladder epithelium.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:47 pm

Collagen Fibers

Location: Connective tissue such as in cartilage, bones, tendons, ligaments, and skin
Function: Supports body tissue and collagen is a major component of the extracellular matrix that support cells.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:48 pm

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

Location: Widely distributed under epithelia of body, packages organs, surrounds capilliaries.
Function: wraps and cushion organs, phagocytes engulf bacteria, helps in inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:48 pm

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Location: tendons and ligaments
Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles, attaches bones to bones, and withstands great tensile strength

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:49 pm

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Location: Lower layers of the skin (dermis) and in the protective white layer of the eyeball.
Function: It offers strength to the skin, making it resistant to tearing from various straining forces

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:49 pm

Adipose Tissue

Location: Under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
Function: Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:49 pm

Bone

Location: Bones
Function: Bone supports and protects, provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:49 pm

Blood

Location: Blood vessels
Function: Is a bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances, such as nutrients and oxygen, to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:50 pm

Mucous Connective Tissue

Location: Umbilical cord
Function: High turgor to resist compression

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:51 pm

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Location: In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin.
Function: Voluntary Movement, Locomotion, Manipulation of environment, facial expressions, and voluntary control

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:52 pm

Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Location: The walls of the heart.
Function: Cardiac Muscle tissue works to keep your heart pumping and blood circulating around the body.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:52 pm

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Location: Mostly in the walls of hollow organs (digestive, respiratory, reproductive tracts, blood vessels), Arrector pili, pupil of the eye, and etc.
Function: Propels substances or objects (food stuff, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:53 pm

Structure of a neuron
Description: Cell body or Soma – Produces the proteins that the other parts of the neuron, including the dendrites, axons and synapses, need to function properly.
Dendrites – Functions by receiving electrical messages and transfer the received information to the soma of the neuron through the nervous system.
Axon – Axons help with the cable transmission between neuron. They form side branches called azon collaterals so they can send messages to several neurons at once.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:53 pm

Five types of neurons
Description: Unipolar (pseudounipolar) – Unipolar neurons are the most common type of sensory neuron. In addition to pain and. touch, they also carry information about temperature, taste, proprioception (body position) and visceral organ activity.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:54 pm

Multipolar – A multipolar neuron is a type of neuron that possesses a single axon and many dendrites (and dendritic branches), allowing for the integration of a great deal of information from other neurons. These processes are projections from the neuron cell body.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:54 pm

Pyramidal – The pyramidal tracts are part of the UMN system and are a system of efferent nerve fibers that carry signals from the cerebral cortex to either the brainstem or the spinal cord. It divides into two tracts: the corticospinal tract and the corticobulbar tract

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:54 pm

Bipolar – A type of neuron that has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite). Many bipolar cells are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of sense. As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing, touch, balance and proprioception.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:54 pm

Purkinje – Purkinje cells are a unique type of neuron-specific to the cerebellar cortex. They are remarkable (and instantly recognizable) for their massive, intricately branched, flat dendritic trees, giving them the ability to integrate large amounts of information and learn by remodeling their dendrites.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:54 pm

Two types of neuroglia in PNS
Description: Satellite Cells – Satellite glial cells are a type of glia found in the peripheral nervous system, specifically in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia. They compose the thin cellular sheaths that surround the individual neurons in these ganglia.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:55 pm

Schwann Cells – Schwann cell, also called neurilemma cell, any of the cells in the peripheral nervous system that produce the myelin sheath around neuronal axons. Schwann cells are named after German physiologist Theodor Schwann, who discovered them in the 19th century.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:56 pm

Structure of three layers of the heart

Epicardium

Location: Outer layer. In the zebrafish heart, the epicardium is a serous, nonmuscular membrane that surrounds the heart and is found close to the compact myocardium.
Function: Prevent excess expansion or movement of the heart

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:56 pm

Myocardium

Location: Middle layer of the heart.
Function: Initiates contraction driving the cardiac cycle

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:56 pm

Endocardium

Location: The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart
Function: lines the cavities and valves.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:56 pm

Four chambers of the heart
Right Atrium
Location: The outer walls of the right atrium contribute to the convexity of the right pulmonary surface, the upper right part of the anatomical base, and the upper anterior surface of the heart.
Function: The right atrium receives blood low in oxygen from the body and then empties the blood into the right ventricle.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:57 pm

Right Ventricle
Location: The right ventricle is the most anteriorly positioned chamber of the heart, sitting directly posterior to the sternum.
Function: The right ventricle passes the blood on to the pulmonary artery, which sends it to the lungs to pick up oxygen. The left atrium receives the now oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:57 pm

Left Atrium
Location: Viewed from the frontal aspect of the chest, the left atrium is the most posteriorly situated of the cardiac chambers.
Function: The left atrium receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:57 pm

Left Ventricle
Location: The left ventricle is one of four chambers of the heart. It is located in the bottom left portion of the heart below the left atrium, separated by the mitral valve.
Function: The left ventricle connects nearly all organ systems through its function to pump oxygenated blood to the body. Left ventricular failure would likely result in impairment to all other organ systems. Organs may react to low ventricular function by initiating mechanisms to increase blood delivery

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:58 pm

Structure of five layers of the skin

Stratum Corneum

Location: The stratum corneum is the epidermis’ outermost layer (skin).
Function: Prevents unwanted materials from entering and loss of water from exiting the body.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:58 pm

Stratum Lucidum

Location: It is found on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
Function: Capability of the skin to stretch, degeneration of skin cells, effects of friction in skin

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:59 pm

Stratum Granulosum

Location: above the stratum spinosum and below the stratum corneum (stratum lucidum on the soles and palms)
Function: Act as a transitional layer where keratinocyte skin cells develop into their final form and die

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:59 pm

Stratum Spinosum

Location: The stratum spinosum (also known as the spinous layer or prickly cell layer) is an epidermal layer that lies between the stratum granulosum and the stratum basale.
Function: Responsible for skin’s strength and flexibility

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:59 pm

Stratum Basale

Location: The basement membrane (basal lamina) separates the dermis from the lowest layer, which is linked to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes.
Function: Proliferation and attachment of the epidermis to the dermis

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:59 pm

Structure of the nail

Nail Body
Location: Nails
Function: The sensitive tips of fingers and toes are protected by nails.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 7:59 pm

Free Edge
Location: Nails
Function: this ensures that all the nail bed is covered and therefore protected.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 8:00 pm

Nail root
Location: The root portion of this nail lies below the skin, underneath the nail, and extends several millimeters into the finger.
Function: The root of the nail is also known as the germinal matrix. Its edge appears as a white crescent, known as the lunula

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 8:00 pm

Nail Folds
Location: The nail fold, the most proximal aspect of the perionychium, is composed of a dorsal roof and a ventral floor. It is found approximately 15 mm distal to the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP).
Function: It keeps the nail in place and protects it as it grows. The fold is connected to the cuticle, which is attached to your nail. Together, the fold and cuticle stop germs from entering your skin. It’s recommended that you avoid cutting or trimming the proximal nail fold.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 8:00 pm

Eponychium
Location: In human anatomy, the eponychium is the thickened layer of skin at the base of the fingernails and toenails. It can also be called the medial or proximal nail fold.
Function: The cuticle, also known as the eponychium, is an extension of the stratum corneum from the proximal nail fold. It forms a seal that prevents allergens, irritants, and pathogens from entering the potential space between the distal skin of the digit and the nail plate.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 8:00 pm

Nail bed
Location: The nail bed is the skin underneath the nail plate. It contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to the fingertip.
Function: The nail bed is a specialized structure of the epidermis that is found at the tips of our fingers and toes. The nail body is formed on the nail bed, and protects the tips of our fingers and toes as they are the farthest extremities and the parts of the body that experience the maximum mechanical stress

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 8:00 pm

Nail matrix
Location: The nail matrix is the area where your fingernails and toenails start to grow. The matrix creates new skin cells, which pushes out the old, dead skin cells to make your nails
Function: The nail matrix is the area where your fingernails and toenails start to grow. The matrix creates new skin cells, which pushes out the old, dead skin cells to make your nails.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 8:01 pm

Lunula
Location: The half-moon shape at the base of your fingernail is known as a lunula. Lunulae cover the bottom of your nail, just above your cuticle. Lunulae are part of your nail matrix. The matrix refers to the tissue just beneath your nail.
Function: The lunula has a primary structural role in defining the free edge of the distal nail plate. Lunular anomalies include changes in form and structure and in color.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 8:02 pm

Four Layers of the GI tract

Mucosa
Location: The moist, inner lining of some organs and body cavities (such as the nose, mouth, lungs, and stomach). Glands in the mucous membrane make mucus (a thick, slippery fluid). Also called mucosa.
Function: The mucosa is the innermost layer, and functions in absorption and secretion. It is composed of epithelium cells and a thin connective tissue. The mucosa contains specialized goblet cells that secrete sticky mucus throughout the GI tract.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 8:02 pm

Submucosa
Location: The submucosa lies under the mucosa and consists of fibrous connective tissue, separating the mucosa from the next layer, the muscularis externa. Layers of stomach lining: Stomach.
Function: The submucosa, a dense network of connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics, neurons, and esophageal glands, primarily functions as a secretory layer.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 8:02 pm

Muscularis
Location: The muscularis mucosae is the deepest layer of mucosa, lying next to the submucosa. It consists of an outer longitudinal and inner circular layer of smooth muscle cells.
Function: The muscularis layer is responsible for the peristaltic movements and segmental contractions in and the alimentary canal

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 8:02 pm

Serosa
Location: The outer lining of organs and body cavities of the abdomen and chest, including the stomach.
Function: Serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth tissue membrane of mesothelium lining the contents and inner walls of body cavities, which secrete serous fluid to allow lubricated sliding movements between opposing surfaces.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 8:03 pm

Wall of the stomach with rugae
Esophagus
Location: The esophagus is located in the center of your chest in an area called the mediastinum. It lies behind your windpipe (trachea) and in front of your spine.
Function: The primary function of your esophagus is to carry food and liquid from your mouth to your stomach. When you swallow, food and liquid first move from your mouth to your throat (pharynx).

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 8:03 pm

Fundus
Location: The fundus of the uterus is the top part of the uterus that is across from the cervix (the opening of the uterus). The fundus of the bladder is the back, bottom part of the bladder. Certain organs, including the bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, and eye, have a fundus.
Function: The fundus collects digestive gases, the body secretes pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid, and the pylorus is responsible for mucus, gastrin and pepsinogen secretion.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 8:03 pm

Pylorus
Location: It is near the bottom of the stomach, proximal to the pyloric sphincter, which separates the stomach and the duodenum.
Function: The pylorus is a valve that opens and closes during digestion. This allows partly digested food and other stomach contents to pass from the stomach to the small intestine. The stomach is an organ in the upper abdomen.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 8:03 pm

Rugae
Location: The rugae are folds in the stomach lining. Surface epithelial cells, specialized mucus cells of the neck, and mucus cells in the glands also secrete mucin, a high molecular weight glycoprotein.
Function: A purpose of the gastric rugae is to allow for expansion of the stomach after the consumption of foods and liquids.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 3, 2022 at 8:04 pm

Doudenum
Location: The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine (5-7 m), followed by the jejunum and ileum (in that order); it is also the widest and shortest (25 cm) part of the small intestine. The duodenum is a C-shaped or horseshoe-shaped structure that lies in the upper abdomen near the midline.
Function: To help break food down, the small intestine receives digestive juices from other organs in your digestive system, including your liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Ducts from these organs feed into the duodenum.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

May 3, 2022 at 11:10 pm

Respiratory Tract – Involves organs that are involved in breathing. These include the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Also called respiratory system. The elastic cartilage helps to protect the airway during swallowing.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

May 3, 2022 at 11:11 pm

Trachea – It is the long tube that connects your larynx (voice box) to your bronchi. Your trachea’s main function is to carry air in and out of your lungs. Because it’s a stiff, flexible tube, it provides a reliable pathway for oxygen to enter your body.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

May 3, 2022 at 11:13 pm

Epiglottis – The epiglottis is a small, movable “lid” just above the larynx that prevents food and drink from entering your windpipe.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

May 3, 2022 at 11:17 pm

Liver – The liver is an organ about the size of a football. It sits just under your rib cage on the right side of your abdomen. The liver is essential for digesting food and ridding your body of toxic substances.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

May 3, 2022 at 11:17 pm

Gall Bladder – The gallbladder is a small pouch that sits just under the liver. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver. After meals, the gallbladder is empty and flat, like a deflated balloon. Before a meal, the gallbladder may be full of bile and about the size of a small pear.

Vergil Ted P. Abrasaldo says:

May 3, 2022 at 11:18 pm

Tongue – The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth. The tongue is covered with moist, pink tissue called mucosa. Tiny bumps called papillae give the tongue its rough texture. Thousands of taste buds cover the surfaces of the papillae. Taste buds are collections of nerve-like cells that connect to nerves running into the brain.

Kyra Kris Lequin says:

May 4, 2022 at 1:19 am

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Kyra Kris Lequin says:

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Kyra Kris Lequin says:

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Kyra Kris Lequin says:

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Jacqueline Oppliger says:

May 4, 2022 at 1:26 pm

The mucosa is the innermost layer, and functions in absorption and secretion. It is composed of epithelium cells and thin connective tissue. The mucosa contains specialized goblet cells that secrete sticky mucus throughout the GI tract. Read more about it through this article: https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/22%3A_Digestive_System/22.05%3A_Layers_of_the_Alimentary_Canal/22.5A%3A_Mucosa#:~:text=The%20mucosa%20is%20the%20innermost%20layer%2C%20and%20functions%20in%20absorption,mucus%20throughout%20the%20GI%20tract.

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

May 4, 2022 at 1:27 pm

The submucosa is a connective tissue layer deep to and supporting the mucosa. Examples: The substance of the submucosa is ordinary loose connective tissue. It allows the mucosa to move flexibly during peristalsis. Read it again here: https://histology.siu.edu/erg/giguide.htm#:~:text=The%20submucosa%20is%20a%20connective,to%20move%20flexibly%20during%20peristalsis.

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

May 4, 2022 at 1:29 pm

the serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth membrane that consists of a thin connective tissue layer and a thin layer of cells that secrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid to reduce friction from muscle movements. Find more about this digestive tract tissue here: https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/22%3A_Digestive_System/22.05%3A_Layers_of_the_Alimentary_Canal/22.5D%3A_Serosa

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

May 4, 2022 at 1:51 pm

What is a Small Intestine? A long tube-like organ that connects the stomach and the large intestine. It is about 20 feet long and folds many times to fit inside the abdomen. The small intestine has three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It helps to further digest food coming from the stomach. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by the body. The small intestine is part of the digestive system.

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

May 4, 2022 at 1:52 pm

The large intestine includes the colon, rectum and anus. It’s all one, long tube that continues from the small intestine as food nears the end of its journey through your digestive system. The large intestine turns food waste into stool and passes it from the body when you poop.

Jacqueline Oppliger says:

May 4, 2022 at 1:53 pm

What is the Function of your Stomach? Your stomach’s purpose is to digest food and send it to your small intestine. It has three functions: Temporarily store food. Contract and relax to mix and break down food.

Miguel Gatsi says:

May 4, 2022 at 3:08 pm

Kidney, Cuboidal Epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a monolayer of epithelial cells that appear to be square-shaped in cross section. With large, rounded, centrally located nuclei, all the cells of this epithelium are directly attached to the basement membrane. In the kidney, this tissue is found in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of a nephron, as well as in collecting ducts. Here, these cells are specialized to perform selective secretion and reabsorption in the process of generating urine.

Miguel Gatsi says:

May 4, 2022 at 3:09 pm

The mammalian ureter contains two main cell types: a multilayered water-tight epithelium called the urothelium, surrounded by smooth muscle layers that, by generating proximal to distal peristaltic waves, pump urine from the renal pelvis toward the urinary bladder.

Miguel Gatsi says:

May 4, 2022 at 3:09 pm

The cells on the surface of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium are very flat. Not only are they flat, but they are no longer alive. They have no nucleus or organelles. They are filled with a protein called keratin, which is what makes our skin waterproof.

Francesca E. Sierra says:

May 4, 2022 at 3:55 pm

Epithelial Tissue Illustration 2

Francesca E. Sierra says:

May 4, 2022 at 3:59 pm

Connective Tissue Illustration 2

Francesca E. Sierra says:

May 4, 2022 at 4:06 pm

Nervous Tissue Illustrations 2

Francine E. Sierra says:

May 4, 2022 at 4:09 pm

Epithelial tissue part 2

Francesca E. Sierra says:

May 4, 2022 at 4:13 pm

Digestive System Illustrations 2

Francine E. Sierra says:

May 4, 2022 at 4:14 pm

Connective tissue part 2

Francine E. Sierra says:

May 4, 2022 at 4:25 pm

Nervous tissue part 2

Francine E. Sierra says:

May 4, 2022 at 4:26 pm

Nervous tissue part 3

Francine E. Sierra says:

May 4, 2022 at 4:31 pm

Circulatory tissue part 2

Francine E. Sierra says:

May 4, 2022 at 4:35 pm

Integumentary tissue part 2

Francine E. Sierra says:

May 4, 2022 at 4:41 pm

Digestive tissue part 2

Veronica Buen Abella says:

May 4, 2022 at 4:41 pm

The liver regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile. This helps carry away waste products from the liver.

Its main function is to store bile. Bile helps your digestive system break down fats. Bile is a mixture of mainly cholesterol, bilirubin and bile salts.

The tongue (L. lingua; G. glossa) functions as a digestive organ by facilitating the movement of food during mastication and assisting swallowing. Other important functions include speech and taste.

Jib Andrei S. Tampus says:

May 4, 2022 at 4:50 pm

Stratified columnar epithelium
Function: Absorption and protection
Location: Large glandular ducts

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Function: Secretes mucus which is moved with cilia
Location: Trachea and most of upper respiratory tract

Transitional Epithelium
Function: Allows expansion and recoil after stretching
Location: Urinary bladder, ureter

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Veronica Buen Abella says:

May 4, 2022 at 4:58 pm

1.The epiglottis is a small, movable “lid” just above the larynx that prevents food and drink from entering your windpipe.
2. Elastic cartilage provides strength, and elasticity, and maintains the shape of certain structure such as the external ear.
3. trachea’s main function is to carry air in and out of your lungs. Because it’s a stiff, flexible tube, it provides a reliable pathway for oxygen to enter your body.

Jib Andrei S. Tampus says:

May 4, 2022 at 5:03 pm

Description: Transmits electrical impulses from one site and receive and process information
Five types of neurons
Unipolar – single, short process
Pyramidal – neurons with a pyramidal shaped cell body (soma) and two distinct dendritic cells/trees
Multipolar – three or more processes
Bipolar – two processes (axon and dendrite)
Purkinje – have multiple dendrites that fan out from the cell body

Two types of neuroglia in PNS
Satellite Cells
Similar to functions of astrocytes small cells that surround the neurons in the sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, helping to regulate the external chemical environment

Schwann Cells
Similar in function to oligodendrocytes and microglial cells, providing myelination to axons in the RNS, also have phagocytosis activity.

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Jib Andrei S. Tampus says:

May 4, 2022 at 5:10 pm

1. Structure of three layers of the heart
Epicardium – the outer layer of the heart wall
Function – protect the inner heart layers and assists in the production of pericardial fluid

Myocardium – the middle layer of the heart wall
Function – stimulates heart contractions to pump blood from the ventricles and relaxes the heart to allow atria to receive blood, allowing a heartbeat

Endocardium – the thin inner layer of the heart wall
Function – lines cavities and valves to regulate blood flow. Keeps blood flowing through the heart separated from the myocardium or cardiac muscles

2. Four chambers of the heart
Right Atrium – forms the right border of the heart and receives blood from three veins
Function – receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle

Left Atrium – forms most of the base of the heart
Function – receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle

Right Ventricle – forms most of the anterior surface of the heart
Function – pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

Left Ventricle – forms the apex of the heart (thickest chamber)
Function – pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body

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Jib Andrei S. Tampus says:

May 4, 2022 at 5:18 pm

1. Structure of five layers of the skin
a. stratum corneum – most superficial layer; 20-30 layers of dead, flattened, anucleate, keratin-filled keratinocytes.
Function – protection and waterproof/water loss

b. stratum lucidum – 2-3 layers of anucleate, dead cells; seen only in thick skin
Function – extra protection

c. stratum granulosum – 3-5 layers of keratinocytes with distinct keratohyalin granules
Function – contains cells that have granules to make keratin

d. stratum spinosum – several layers of keratinocytes all joined by desmosomes; Langerhans cells present
Function – phagocytosis

e. stratum basale – deepest, single layer of cuboidal to low columnar cells in contact with basement membrane
Function – makes brown pigment (melanin)

2. Structure of nail
Description – hard plates of keratin on the dorsal surface of each distal phalanx
Function – protects the distal phalanx, fingertip, and the surrounding soft tissues from injuries. Also serves to enhance precise delicates movements of the distal digits through counter-pressure exerted on the pulp of the finger.

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Jib Andrei S. Tampus says:

May 4, 2022 at 5:27 pm

1. Four layers of the GI tract
a. Mucosa – inner lining of the GI tract; is a mucous membrane
Function – absorption and secretion of digestive juices

b. Submucosa – consists of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis
Function – allows mucosa to move flexibly during peristalsis

c. Muscularis – thin layer of smooth muscle that forms part of a mucous membrane.
Function – peristaltic movements and segmental contractions

d. Serosa – the outer lining of organs and cavities of the abdomen, including stomach.
Function – lubrication of large intestine through secreting serous fluid.

2. Wall of the stomach with rugae
Rugae – the mucosa and submucosa of the empty stomach have large, longitudinally directed folds called rugae; flattens when the stomach fills with food.
Function – allows expansion of the stomach after the consumption of food

3. Tooth
Description – hard, resistant structure occurring on the jaws or around the mouth
Function – breaking down of food to allow food to be turned into bolus

Enamel – the hardest component of the human body

Odontoblast – tall polarized cells derived from the cranial neural crest that line the tooth’s pulp cavity

Ameloblast – contains numerous secretory granules with the proteins of the enamel matrix.

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Jay Ryan Jacutin says:

May 4, 2022 at 6:40 pm

Tissues incorporated in the histology art are first, the cerebrum, the largest portion of the brain responsible for movement, initiation, coordination, and regulating temperature.

Second is the Purkinje fibers in the heart network of specialized muscle cells that carry cardiac impulses to the heart’s ventricles and causes contraction.

Jay Ryan Jacutin says:

May 4, 2022 at 6:40 pm

Among the tissues, I selected the brain because it needs sufficient intellectuality for resolving the country’s adversities and the heart, which is the servant leadership of the aspiring candidate for the position that everyone’s yearning for the betterment of the nation.

Bryce Men Kenk C. Ablir says:

May 4, 2022 at 7:16 pm

Stomach- The stomach wall consists of 4 layers of tissue. From deep (external) to superficial (internal) these are the serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa and mucosa. This layered arrangement follows the same general structure in all regions of the stomach, and throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract.

Bryce Men Kenk C. Ablir says:

May 4, 2022 at 7:16 pm

Intestine- The small intestine consists of four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscle layer, and adventitia. The intestinal epithelium is lined with a single layer of polarized cells, among which the major types include enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells, stem cells, and others.

Bryce Men Kenk C. Ablir says:

May 4, 2022 at 7:17 pm

Esophagus- The human esophageal epithelium is nonkeratinized stratified squamous and comprises many cell layers. Normally, the esophageal lining (the epithelium) consists of flat, layered cells similar to those in the skin. This squamous epithelium stops abruptly at the junction of the esophagus with the stomach near the lower end of the lower esophageal sphincter.

Bryce Men Kenk C. Ablir says:

May 4, 2022 at 7:33 pm

LUNGS- The lungs are covered by a thin tissue layer called the pleura. The same kind of thin tissue lines the inside of the chest cavity — also called pleura. A thin layer of fluid acts as a lubricant allowing the lungs to slip smoothly as they expand and contract with each breath.

Bryce Men Kenk C. Ablir says:

May 4, 2022 at 7:33 pm

PHARYNX- The pharynx is composed of mucous membrane, submucosal connective tissue, glands, lymphoid tissue, muscle and an outermost adventitial coating. The mucous membrane does not possess a muscular layer.

Bryce Men Kenk C. Ablir says:

May 4, 2022 at 7:33 pm

ALVEOLI- An alveolus consists of an epithelial layer of simple squamous epithelium (very thin, flattened cells), and an extracellular matrix surrounded by capillaries. The epithelial lining is part of the alveolar membrane, also known as the respiratory membrane, that allows the exchange of gases.

Clare Eulette B. Galleposo says:

May 4, 2022 at 7:46 pm

The large intestine is approximately 5 feet long and 3 inches in diameter. Water is absorbed by the colon from wastes, resulting in stool. Nerves in the rectum cause the urge to defecate as feces enters.

Clare Eulette B. Galleposo says:

May 4, 2022 at 7:47 pm

The appendix is at the lower right corner of your abdomen. The appendix is a four-inch-long, thin tube that is part of your digestive tract.

Clare Eulette B. Galleposo says:

May 4, 2022 at 7:47 pm

The esophagus is a hollow, muscular tube that connects your throat to your stomach and transports food and liquid. Food is propelled down to your stomach by muscles in your esophagus.

Clare Eulette B. Galleposo says:

May 4, 2022 at 7:48 pm

The stomach is a muscular digestive organ. It is part of the gastrointestinal tract. When you eat, your stomach contracts and produces acids and enzymes that break down the food. Your stomach sends food to your small intestine once it has been broken down.

Clare Eulette B. Galleposo says:

May 4, 2022 at 7:48 pm

The tongue serves as a digestive organ by helping swallowing and promoting food flow during mastication. Speech and taste are two other key functions.

Shantal Liana Guillen says:

May 4, 2022 at 8:52 pm

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Shantal Liana Guillen says:

May 4, 2022 at 8:54 pm

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Shantal Liana Guillen says:

May 4, 2022 at 9:00 pm

Nervous

Shantal Liana Guillen says:

May 4, 2022 at 9:10 pm

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Leo Benedict Wagas says:

May 4, 2022 at 9:11 pm

Stratified squamous epithelia are tissues formed from multiple layers of cells resting on a basement membrane, with the superficial layer(s) consisting of squamous cells. Underlying cell layers can be made of cuboidal or columnar cells as well.
Epithelia consisting of multiple cell layers are generally found in regions where there is mechanical or chemical abrasion and stress and these tissues protect underlying structures from harm. Stratified squamous epithelia are found in nearly every organ system where the body comes into close contact with the outside environment from the skin to the respiratory, digestive, excretory and reproductive systems. They also protect the body from desiccation and water loss.

Shantal Liana Guillen says:

May 4, 2022 at 9:12 pm

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Leo Benedict Wagas says:

May 4, 2022 at 9:13 pm

The vasculature system that transports blood throughout the body is controlled by smooth muscle. Smooth muscles contract to regulate blood pressure and other cardiovascular processes. They also aid in food digestion through peristalsis, which is the rhythmic wave-like contraction of muscles around the digestive tract.
Smooth muscle is a type of tissue found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the intestines, uterus and stomach . You can also find smooth muscle in the walls of passageways, including arteries and veins of de cardiovascular system.

Shantal Liana Guillen says:

May 4, 2022 at 9:14 pm

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Leo Benedict Wagas says:

May 4, 2022 at 9:14 pm

The four main functions of the heart are: Pumping oxygenated blood to other body parts. Pumping hormones and other vital substances to different parts of the body. Receiving deoxygenated blood and carrying metabolic waste products from the body and pumping it to the lungs for oxygenation. Maintaining blood pressure.
The heart is in the chest, slightly left of center. It sits behind the breastbone and between the lungs.

Leo Benedict Wagas says:

May 4, 2022 at 9:16 pm

The main function of the nail plate is to protect the living nail bed of the fingers and toes. The Free Edge: The nail plate leaves the end of the finger and forms a projection that is called the free edge. This is attached to the nail bed and appears as white. The function of the free edge is to protect the fingertip and the hyponychium.
The keratin in nails makes them hard but flexible. Nails serve a number of purposes, including protecting the digits, enhancing sensations, and acting like tools. A nail has three main parts: the root, plate, and free margin.

Leo Benedict Wagas says:

May 4, 2022 at 9:17 pm

The teeth are a group of hard organs found in the oral cavity. We use teeth to masticate (or chew) food into tiny pieces. They also provide shape to the mouth and face and are important components in producing speech. A tooth can be divided into two main parts: the crown and root.
Function of Premolars used for chewing and grinding food. Function of Molars also used to chew and grind food. The Tooth Numbering System. In addition to knowing the types and functions of teeth, the dental assistant must become familiar with the different tooth numbering systems to properly chart and describe a patient’s teeth.

Leo Benedict Wagas says:

May 4, 2022 at 9:19 pm

Schwann cells are a type of glial cell that keeps myelinated and unmyelinated peripheral nerve fibres intact. Schwann cells produce the myelin sheath in myelinated axons. The sheath does not follow the contours of the body.
Schwann cells are specific to the peripheral nervous system, which consists of all of the nerve cells outside of the brain and spinal cord. Schwann cells take on many of the roles that nerve cells cannot complete themselves.

Kristelle Marie Bajamunde says:

May 4, 2022 at 10:27 pm

Epithelial tissues

Kristelle Marie Bajamunde says:

May 4, 2022 at 10:27 pm

Epithelial tissues' location and function

Deje says:

May 4, 2022 at 10:36 pm

The Four Chambers of the Heart
The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle.
The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.
The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body.

Deje says:

May 4, 2022 at 10:43 pm

1) Structure of a Neuron 2) Types of Neuron -Unipolar (pseudounipolar) – single, short process -Multipolar – three or more processes -Pyramidal – neurons with a pyramidal-shaped cell body (soma) and two distinct dendritic trees -Bipolar – two processes (axon and dendrite) -Purkinje – have multiple dendrites that fan out from the cell body 3) Types of Neuroglia in PNS Satellite cells – Surround the nerve cells of ganglia – Flattened cells with prominent nuclei – Insulate & support neurons of ganglia ▪ Schwann cells – Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system – Flattened cells with a flattened nucleus

Dinah Marie Cabrera says:

May 4, 2022 at 11:07 pm

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (2)

PAROTID GLAND: The parotid glands are the largest salivary glands. They produce most of the saliva in your mouth and are located just in front of the ears. Moreover, the large parotid gland consists entirely of serous acini with cells producing amylase and other proteins for storage in secretory granules.

LINGUAL PAPILLAE: Lingual papillae are the small, nipple-like structures on the upper surface of the tongue. This structure is what gives the tongue its rough texture. There are four types of papillae namely filiform, fungiform, circumvallate (or vallate), and foliate. In the illustration, the dorsal surface of the tongue is shown with both the filiform and fungiform papillae. The filiform papillae are responsible for giving the tongue its texture. Aside from this, it is also responsible for the sensation of touch. The fungiform papillae’s function, on the other hand, is not just to sense temperature and touch but also, to detect flavor as well.

ESOPHAGUS: The esophagus is a tube that connects the throat and the stomach. It forms an important piece of the gastrointestinal tract and functions as a transport tube or as the conduit for food and liquids that have been swallowed into the pharynx to reach the stomach.

Dinah Marie Cabrera says:

May 4, 2022 at 11:08 pm

BRONCHIOLE: Bronchioles are tubes in the lungs which branch off from the larger bronchi that enter each lung, from the large and singular trachea which connects to the mouth. It serves as a transition between the large cartilage supported bronchi that enter the lungs and the tiny alveolar ducts that connect directly to the alveoli. It carries the oxygen rich air into the lungs and the carbon dioxide rich air out of the lungs, thereby aiding in the processes of breathing and respiration. The smooth muscle that surrounds the bronchioles can constrict or dilate the airway, which can aid in getting the proper amount of oxygen into the blood.

LARYNX: The larynx is a hollow tube that connects your throat (pharynx) to the rest of your respiratory system. It is found in the front of the neck and houses the vocal cords, producing speech sounds and contributing to respiration.

TRACHEA: The trachea is a is a tube-like structure within the neck and upper chest. Its primary function is to transport air to and from the lungs. Aside from this, it also helps regulate the temperature of the air coming in and out of the lungs. Moreover, it also helps in defending the body against diseases as well. The mucus in the trachea helps capture microorganisms such as viruses and harmful bacteria before they enter the lungs.

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

May 4, 2022 at 11:24 pm

KIDNEYS – are the organs that filter the blood, remove the wastes, and excrete the wastes in the urine. Each kidney is held in place by connective tissue, called renal fascia, and is surrounded by a thick layer of adipose tissue, called perirenal fat, which helps to protect it. A tough, fibrous, connective tissue renal capsule closely envelopes each kidney and provides support for the soft tissue that is inside.

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

May 4, 2022 at 11:29 pm

BLADDER – The urinary bladder is a muscular sac that stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and voluntary. It is lined by transitional epithelium (urothelium), and has a thick layer of smooth muscle.

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

May 4, 2022 at 11:29 pm

URETER – The ureters are fibromuscular tubes that transport urine by peristalsis from the kidney to the bladder. Like the bladder, it is lined by transitional epithelium (urothelium).

Christianne Claire Catadman says:

May 4, 2022 at 11:29 pm

Source: https://histologyguide.com//slidebox/16-urinary-system.html

Chrystal Angelica Avengoza says:

May 4, 2022 at 11:37 pm

Esophagus
Food is digested by your stomach, which is a muscular organ. Food is transported from the mouth cavity to the stomach via the esophagus. A stratified squamous epithelium lines it.

Stomach
With its columnar epithelial cells, narrow lamina propria, and pink-staining muscularis mucosa, the mucosal layer is visible here. Some blood vessels can be detected in the loose connective tissue of the submucosa.

Colon
The colon’s job is to dehydrate and shape the remaining food into feces. It accomplishes this by gently collecting water and electrolytes as the waste is moved along by its muscle system. There are no villi and the tissue folds are less dramatic than in the small intestine. There are several goblet cells present, however they are not visible at this magnification.

Chrystal Angelica Avengoza says:

May 4, 2022 at 11:41 pm

Lung
Elastic tissues in the lungs allow them to inflate and deflate without losing their form. A thin lining called the pleura protects them. The bronchial tree, lungs, heart, and other structures are all housed in the thorax, which is an airtight cage.

Trachea
It is the airway that continues below the larynx. To maintain the trachea open, strong cartilage rings are attached to the walls. Cilia line the trachea, which push fluids and foreign particles out of the airway, keeping them out of the lungs.

Alveoli
During the act of breathing in and out, the alveoli are where the lungs and blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Simple squamous epithelium lines each alveolus, which is extremely thin to allow oxygen diffusion while yet establishing an epithelial barrier between the outside air and interior body fluids.

Jia Tabal says:

May 4, 2022 at 11:54 pm

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Jia Tabal says:

May 4, 2022 at 11:55 pm

Epithelial tissues are widespread throughout the body. They form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands. They perform a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.

Jia Tabal says:

May 4, 2022 at 11:56 pm

The circulatory system (cardiovascular system) pumps blood from the heart to the lungs to get oxygen. The heart then sends oxygenated blood through arteries to the rest of the body. The veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart to start the circulation process over.

Jia Tabal says:

May 4, 2022 at 11:58 pm

The integumentary system is the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain. The integumentary system includes the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails.

Jia Tabal says:

May 4, 2022 at 11:59 pm

The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract—also called the GI tract or digestive tract—and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus.

Jia Tabal says:

May 5, 2022 at 12:00 am

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Jia Tabal says:

May 5, 2022 at 12:01 am

Connective tissue is the tissue that connects or separates, and supports all the other types of tissues in the body. Like all tissue types, it consists of cells surrounded by a compartment of fluid called the extracellular matrix (ECM).

Shaun Lester Gutib says:

May 5, 2022 at 4:43 am

Trachea – The primary function of your trachea is to transport air into and out of your lungs. It provides a reliable pathway for oxygen to enter your body because it is a stiff, flexible tube.

Shaun Lester Gutib says:

May 5, 2022 at 4:43 am

Lungs – Your lungs are a part of the respiratory system, which is a collection of organs and tissues that work together to allow you to breathe. The primary function of the respiratory system is to move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases.

Shaun Lester Gutib says:

May 5, 2022 at 4:44 am

Larynx – your larynx is a part of the respiratory system. It's a hollow tube that transports air from your throat (pharynx) to your trachea and then to your lungs. It also houses your vocal cords and is necessary for human speech, so it's also known as the voice box.

Shaun Lester Gutib says:

May 5, 2022 at 4:49 am

Gallbladder – your gallbladder is a component of the digestive system. Its primary function is to hold bile. Bile aids in the breakdown of fats by the digestive system. Bile is primarily composed of cholesterol, bilirubin, and bile salts.

Shaun Lester Gutib says:

May 5, 2022 at 4:49 am

Stomach – The purpose of your stomach is to digest food and transport it to your small intestine. It serves three purposes: temporarily storing food, temporarily storing food, and temporarily storing food. To mix and break down food, contract and relax.

Shaun Lester Gutib says:

May 5, 2022 at 4:49 am

Liver – your liver regulates the majority of chemical levels in the blood and excretes bile. This aids in the removal of waste products from the liver. Your liver filters all blood that leaves the stomach and intestines.

Valerie Loyd V. Tan says:

May 5, 2022 at 10:02 am

KIDNEYS – These organs are always in action. They filter your blood and produce urine, which is then excreted by your body. You have two kidneys, one on each side of your abdomen, directly behind your rib cage. Each kidney is around the size of a fist. The kidneys are protected by a tough fibrous capsule (irregular dense connective tissue). They have relatively little connective tissue between the nephrons otherwise.

Valerie Loyd V. Tan says:

May 5, 2022 at 10:03 am

URETER – Each ureter is a tiny tube that runs from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder, measuring about 25 cm in length. Underneath the epithelium, there is a thick, fibroelastic lamina propria.

Valerie Loyd V. Tan says:

May 5, 2022 at 10:03 am

URETHRA – The urine from your bladder is carried out of your body through this tube. It ends in the penis (in men) or in front of the vaginal opening to the outside of your body (in women). The female urethra is coated with stratified columnar epithelium and a few tiny mucosal glands that release mucus, and it is attached to the vaginal anterior wall by an external layer of fibrous connective tissue.

Valerie Loyd V. Tan says:

May 5, 2022 at 10:03 am

References: Urinary System. (n.d.). https://My.Clevelandclinic.Org/. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21197-urinary-system#:~:text=The%20urinary%20system%20includes%20the,urinary%20tract%20infections%20(UTIs).
Urinary System. (n.d.-b). https://Www.Histology.Leeds.Ac.Uk/. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/urinary/urethra.php

Alysam Mae Antolin says:

May 5, 2022 at 10:43 am

Muscle tissue is composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts. The tissue is highly cellular and is well supplied with blood vessels.

Alysam Mae Antolin says:

May 5, 2022 at 10:44 am

Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. It stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning.

Alysam Mae Antolin says:

May 5, 2022 at 10:45 am

The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system.

Alysam Mae Antolin says:

May 5, 2022 at 10:46 am

The integumentary system is the set of organs forming the outermost layer of an animal’s body. It comprises the skin and its appendages, acting as a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain the body of the animal.

Alysam Mae Antolin says:

May 5, 2022 at 10:47 am

The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion. Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body.

Joshua Ayuban says:

May 5, 2022 at 11:09 am

Bronchus (bronchi)
The bronchi primarily serve as a way for air to go from the mouth and trachea to the alveoli and back out of the body. Cartilage, smooth muscle, and mucous membranes make up the bronchi. Bronchioles are tiny tubes that branch out from bronchi. The right main bronchus is a narrow airway that leads to your right lung. A thin, lengthy route into your left lung is known as the left main bronchus.

Bronchioles
Bronchioles are air channels within the lungs that branch off from the bronchi like tree branches. They keep their form by attaching themselves to lung tissue with bundles of protein fibers called elastin. The bronchioles’ job is to transport air to the lungs’ alveoli.

Trachea
The trachea is the primary pathway for air to go from the upper respiratory tract to the lungs. Before entering the lungs, air gets warmed and moisturized as it passes through the trachea.

Chrys Mark A. Umbac says:

May 5, 2022 at 11:22 am

Ganahan kaayo kos mga Pokemon bro. 🙂

Eunice Lyle R. Peralta says:

May 5, 2022 at 11:39 am

Epithelial- protective boundaries
-involved in diffusion of ions and molecules
-sheets of cells that cover exterior surface of body
-lines internal cavities passageways
-forms certain glands
-held together by tight junctions

Eunice Lyle R. Peralta says:

May 5, 2022 at 11:39 am

Muscle
– is a highly cellular and vascular tissue specialized for contraction via the interaction of myofilaments (between thin and thick filaments)
-contract together to produce a force
-consist of fibers surrounded by protective tissue
-these protective tissue are bundled together in a thick protective tissue
-for muscles to contract it uses ATP
-you can acquire muscle pain, spasm, weakness
-maintain body temperature
85% of heat produced in the body is a result of muscle contraction

Eunice Lyle R. Peralta says:

May 5, 2022 at 11:40 am

Nervous tissue consists of

1. Neuron – transmit electrical impulses from one site and receive and process information
-The electrical signals travel from the brain to muscles and skin. Organs and muscles
-billions of cells send and recv signals to tell it what to do
-basic fundamental unit of brain and NS
-specialized conductor cell
-rcv and transmit electrochemical impulses
-responsible for receiving sensory input from external world
-sending motor commands, one of our effector
-and

2. Supporting cells (neuroglia) – are non – conducting cells that are intimate physical contact with neurons
-cells that help support neuron to enable them
-diverse in terms of type or class
-provide biological, developmental, physiological and metabolic support for neurons
-responsible for maintaining homeostatic control and immune surveillance in our NS

Eunice Lyle R. Peralta says:

May 5, 2022 at 11:40 am

THE HEART -pumps blood with the help of network of arteries and veins
-muscular organ
-inside chest in front of lungs, behind sternum or breastbone
-left side of body
-double pump made of 4 chambers
-primary organ of circulatory system
-has 4 chambers (muscles) powered by electrical impulses
-maintains blood pressure

Eunice Lyle R. Peralta says:

May 5, 2022 at 11:40 am

INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM

-the body system which surrounds you
-the system that can instantly tell us whether someone is old or young their ethnicity or race
-made up of hair, skin, naild, glands or nerves
-main function is to protect the inside of your body from the elements in the env. Ex, bacter, pollution, r UV rays
-importance is to guard the body that provides a barrier to infection and shielding our body against temperature changes and adverse effects of potentially harmful substances such as uv
Thickest is found in feet
Thinnest found in eyelids

Eunice Lyle R. Peralta says:

May 5, 2022 at 11:43 am

Layers of tooth

• Enamel – is the hardest component
of the human body
• Odontoblast – tall polarized cells
derived from the cranial neural crest
that line the tooth’s pulp cavity
• Ameloblast – contains numerous
secretory granules with the proteins
of the enamel matrix

Joshua Ayuban says:

May 5, 2022 at 12:33 pm

Esophagus
The esophagus is a hollow, muscular tube that starts in the pharynx and goes to the stomach, passing through the diaphragm along the way. It uses peristalsis to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach.

Gallbladder
The gallbladder is a 4-inch-long, pear-shaped organ in the upper right portion of the belly, located underneath the liver. It helps the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins and minerals by storing bile, a substance generated by the liver to break down fat.

Liver
The liver controls the majority of chemical levels in the blood and excretes bile. This aids in the removal of waste materials from the liver. The liver filters all of the blood that leaves the stomach and intestines. The liver processes blood, breaking down, balancing, and creating nutrients, as well as metabolizing medications into forms that are simpler to use or harmless for the rest of the body.

Zyr Kirsty Adalid says:

May 5, 2022 at 4:21 pm

The larynx is an air channel between the trachea and oropharynx that plays a role in sound production. The muscles move some cartilages concerning others, increasing or reducing the opening of the rima glottis and the stress on the vocal folds (cords). Vibrations of various wavelengths are produced in the passing air, and sound is formed. It has vocal folds, which regulate the passage of air via the larynx.

Zyr Kirsty Adalid says:

May 5, 2022 at 4:22 pm

The trachea is a flexible air tube that connects the larynx to the thorax. Its primary role is to act as an air conduit. A series of C-shaped hyaline cartilages layered on top of one another provide a supporting structure that keeps the trachea lumen open. The tracheal wall is divided into four distinct layers: mucosa, submucosa, cartilaginous layer, and adventitia.

Zyr Kirsty Adalid says:

May 5, 2022 at 4:22 pm

The terminal air chambers of the respiratory system are known as alveoli. Their septa serve as points for gas exchange between the air and the body as well as the blood. The lung alveoli enhance the surface area accessible for gas exchange.

Ma. Disa Ricafort says:

May 5, 2022 at 4:40 pm

Our kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that help the body pass waste as urine. In addition, these organs filter blood before sending it back to the heart, maintain overall fluid balance, and create hormones that help produce red blood cells, promote bone health, and regulate blood pressure. This histology art illustrates simple cuboidal epithelium forming the many tubules, which comprise the medulla of the kidney.

Zyr Kirsty Adalid says:

May 5, 2022 at 6:36 pm

The kidneys are big, reddish, bean-shaped organs positioned in the retroperitoneal area of the posterior abdominal cavity on either side of the spinal column. They contribute to bodily homeostasis by preserving electrolytes and fluids and disposing of metabolic waste.

Zyr Kirsty Adalid says:

May 5, 2022 at 6:36 pm

The ureters are paired tubular structures that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. They are coated by transitional epithelium (urothelium), an impermeable layer that coats the urine excretory tubes from the renal calyces to the urethra—the capacity of this epithelium to thin and flatten permits all of these channels to accept urine distension.

Zyr Kirsty Adalid says:

May 5, 2022 at 6:37 pm

The urinary bladder is a reservoir for urine positioned in the pelvis, posterior to the pubic symphysis; when it fills, its size and shape change. The urinary bladder collects urine from the two ureters and holds it until neurological activation induces it to contract and release pee through the urethra. It is bordered by transitional epithelium as well (urothelium).

Janine Macarat says:

May 5, 2022 at 7:03 pm

Bronchi are made up of a combination of cartilage and tissue. The cartilage keeps the bronchi strong and open as air travels through with each inhale and exhale. As the airways get smaller and smaller, the ratio of cartilage to smooth muscle decreases.

The lungs are covered by a thin tissue layer called the pleura. The same kind of thin tissue lines the inside of the chest cavity — also called pleura. A thin layer of fluid acts as a lubricant allowing the lungs to slip smoothly as they expand and contract with each breath.

Jan Trisha Jumao-as Caballero says:

May 5, 2022 at 8:05 pm

Histology art incorporates some epithelial tissues to form the names Leni and Kiko, which represent as my President and Vice President. In addition, I used a Google image that I inserted into my histology art.

(Photo of Leni and Kiko )ccto: https://www.redbubble.com/i/poster/Leni-Kiko-2022-art-by-Ernest-Caritativo-by-BaybayinArt/95226537.LVTDI

Cheevey Jocson says:

May 6, 2022 at 1:37 am

URINARY BLADDER is a triangle shaped hollow organ located in the lower abdomen. It is served as the storage for your urine. That is why its wall is capable of relaxing and expanding as well as contracting when emptying via the urethra. -Hopkins medicine

Cheevey Jocson says:

May 6, 2022 at 1:40 am

Ureters are narrow tubes that delivers urine from the kidney to the bladder. The muscles in ureter consistently contracting and relaxing forcing urine downward away from the kidneys.

Cheevey Jocson says:

May 6, 2022 at 1:44 am

Kidney balances the level of fluid in your body as well as the salt content. It filters your blood reabsorbing the nutrients needed for your body and removing wastes. -niddk.nih.gov

Aia Krystelle Llanera says:

May 6, 2022 at 3:30 am

“Tissues – Respiratory System.” https://respsyst.weebly.com/tissues.html
“Human Respiratory System.” https://byjus.com/biology/human-respiratory-system/

Vivien Jean A. Rosario says:

May 6, 2022 at 10:14 am

SALIVARY GLANDS TISSUE

Salivary glands make saliva, which aids in digestion, keeps your mouth moist and supports healthy teeth. You have three pairs of major salivary glands under and behind your jaw — parotid, sublingual and submandibular.

Many other tiny salivary glands are in your lips, inside your cheeks, and throughout your mouth and throat.

There are two types of salivary glands:
the major salivary glands
the minor salivary glands

MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS

The major salivary glands are the largest and most important salivary glands. They produce most of the saliva in your mouth.

There are three pairs of major salivary glands: the parotid glands, the submandibular glands, and the sublingual glands.

Parotid Glands
The parotid glands are the largest salivary glands. They are located just in front of the ears. The saliva produced in these glands is secreted into the mouth from a duct near your upper second molar.

Submandibular Glands
About the size of a walnut, the submandibular glands are located below the jaw. The saliva produced in these glands is secreted into the mouth from under the tongue.

Sublingual Glands
The sublingual glands are the smallest of the major salivary glands. These almond-shaped structures are located under the floor of the mouth and below either side of the tongue.

MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS

There are hundreds of minor salivary glands throughout the mouth and the aerodigestive tract. Unlike the major salivary glands, these glands are too small to be seen without a microscope. Most are found in the lining of the lips, the tongue, and the roof of the mouth, as well as inside the cheeks, nose, sinuses, and larynx (voice box).

Vivien Jean A. Rosario says:

May 6, 2022 at 10:14 am

GALLBLADDER TISSUE

The gallbladder is a small pouch that sits just under the liver. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver. After meals, the gallbladder is empty and flat, like a deflated balloon. Before a meal, the gallbladder may be full of bile and about the size of a small pear.

In response to signals, the gallbladder squeezes stored bile into the small intestine through a series of tubes called ducts. Bile helps digest fats, but the gallbladder itself is not essential. Removing the gallbladder in an otherwise healthy individual typically causes no observable problems with health or digestion yet there may be a small risk of diarrhea and fat malabsorption.

Vivien Jean A. Rosario says:

May 6, 2022 at 10:14 am

LIVER TISSUE

The liver is an organ about the size of a football. It sits just under your rib cage on the right side of your abdomen. The liver is essential for digesting food and ridding your body of toxic substances.

The liver has two large sections, called the right and the left lobes. The gallbladder sits under the liver, along with parts of the pancreas and intestines. The liver and these organs work together to digest, absorb, and process food.

The liver is located in the upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm, and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and intestines

Vivien Jean A. Rosario says:

May 6, 2022 at 10:14 am

STOMACH WALL TISSUE

The wall of the stomach is made up of the mucosa (innermost layer), submucosa, muscle layer, subserosa, and serosa (outermost layer). The stomach is an organ in the upper abdomen

The muscular wall of stomach plays a major role in the process of digestion. They contain secretary glands that release digestive juice. The lining of stomach has ridges called rugae.

The inner surface of the stomach is lined by a mucous membrane known as the gastric mucosa. The mucosa is always covered by a layer of thick mucus that is secreted by tall columnar epithelial cells.

Vivien Jean A. Rosario says:

May 6, 2022 at 10:15 am

INTESTINAL VILLUS

Intestinal villi are tiny, finger-like projections made up of cells that line the entire length of your small intestine. Your villi absorb nutrients from the food you eat and then shuttle those nutrients into your bloodstream so they can travel where they’re needed.

Villi are specialized for absorption in the small intestine as they have a thin wall, one cell thick, which enables a shorter diffusion path. They have a large surface area so there will be more efficient absorption of fatty acids and glycerol into the blood stream.

Millions of tiny finger-like structures called villi project inwards from the lining of the small intestine. The large surface area they present allows for rapid absorption of digestion products.

Julie Ann Enejosa says:

May 6, 2022 at 7:01 pm

Credits to all artist who are behind these art pieces which I only have put together: Leni face: Jonarth Prepose Molinyawe Kiko face: Jowee Aguinaldo Citizen background: Myke Guisinga Arm: Google

Rosemarie C. Abraham says:

May 6, 2022 at 9:29 pm

Credits: image of VP Leni and Kiko to PhilNews.ph

Rosemarie C. Abraham says:

May 7, 2022 at 12:39 am

For more details, you can visit —–> https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21197-urinary-system

Thank you!

Carl Paulo says:

May 7, 2022 at 4:39 am

The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food. It is a long, twisting tube that starts at the mouth and goes through the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.

It breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins. They can then be absorbed into the bloodstream so the body can use them for energy, growth and repair. Unused materials are discarded as faeces (poo).
Esophagus
The primary function of your esophagus is to carry food and liquid from your mouth to your stomach. When you swallow, food and liquid first move from your mouth to your throat (pharynx). A small muscular flap called the epiglottis closes to prevent food and liquid from going down the “wrong pipe” — your windpipe (trachea). Another small flap called the uvula helps prevent liquid from passing upward into your nasal cavity.
Tongue
The tongue (L. lingua; G. glossa) functions as a digestive organ by facilitating the movement of food during mastication and assisting swallowing. Other important functions include speech and taste. It is an accessory organ of the digestive system
Stomach
The stomach is a hollow organ, or “container,” that holds food while it is being mixed with stomach enzymes. These enzymes continue the process of breaking down food into a usable form. Cells in the lining of your stomach secrete a strong acid and powerful enzymes that are responsible for the breakdown process. When the contents of the stomach are processed enough, they’re released into the small intestine.

Carl Paulo says:

May 7, 2022 at 4:40 am

The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food. It is a long, twisting tube that starts at the mouth and goes through the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.

It breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins. They can then be absorbed into the bloodstream so the body can use them for energy, growth and repair. Unused materials are discarded as faeces (poo).
Esophagus
The primary function of your esophagus is to carry food and liquid from your mouth to your stomach. When you swallow, food and liquid first move from your mouth to your throat (pharynx). A small muscular flap called the epiglottis closes to prevent food and liquid from going down the “wrong pipe” — your windpipe (trachea). Another small flap called the uvula helps prevent liquid from passing upward into your nasal cavity.
Tongue
The tongue (L. lingua; G. glossa) functions as a digestive organ by facilitating the movement of food during mastication and assisting swallowing. Other important functions include speech and taste. It is an accessory organ of the digestive system
Stomach
The stomach is a hollow organ, or “container,” that holds food while it is being mixed with stomach enzymes. These enzymes continue the process of breaking down food into a usable form. Cells in the lining of your stomach secrete a strong acid and powerful enzymes that are responsible for the breakdown process. When the contents of the stomach are processed enough, they’re released into the small intestine.

Joana Enrera says:

May 7, 2022 at 12:50 pm

1. Parotid Gland
As an exocrine gland, the parotid gland is composed of a lobular system of branching ducts that are separated by connective tissue septa. Like its fellow major salivary glands, the parotid gland is also surrounded by a dense connective tissue capsule. It also has a pseudocapsule arising from the deep investing layer of the cervical fascia. It produces watery, serous saliva as opposed to seromucous secretions like the other two major salivary glands, or mucous secretions like the minor glands.
The parotid gland is rich in serous cells, which are pyramidal cells with circular nuclei. These cells are polarized and rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules towards the apex of the cells. The cells are tightly adhered to each other at the respective tight junctions and are arranged in grape-like clusters known as serous acini (singular, “acinus”). They are also rich in alpha-amylase, which promotes hydrolysis of carbohydrates and protein abundant in proline.

Joana Enrera says:

May 7, 2022 at 12:52 pm

2. Lip

The external surface of the lip:
• is covered with thin skin formed of epidermis and dermis with the associated hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands.
• underneath the skin, bundles of circular skeletal muscle of the orbicularis oris ms., are present.
The internal surface of The lip:

Lines by mucous membrane which is formed of:
• stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium (thicker than that of epidermis of the external surface)
• lamina propria: formed of C.T. contain; Bl.Vs. , lymphatic Vs. , nerves and group of labial minor salivary glands (mucous acini)

The Vermilion (red) margin of the lip:
is continuous with the thin skin of the ext. surface of the lip covered by modified skin characterized by:
• transparent epithelium; formed of stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium without hair follicles, sebaceous glands or sweat glands.
• deeply and heavily vascular dermal papillae (giving the red color of the lip margin), highly supplied with nerves.

Joana Enrera says:

May 7, 2022 at 12:55 pm

3. Esophagus

Esophageal Mucosa
• Esophageal Epithelium: The esophageal epithelium is an unkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium designed to protect the esophagus as it conducts food downwards.
• Esophageal Lamina Propria: Fairly thin and contains a few lymphoid aggregates
• Esophageal Muscularis Mucosa: Is also fairly thin and insignificant

Esophageal Submucosa
• The collagenous esophogeal submucosa is fairly loose and can be significantly distended in order to accommodate passing food boluses. Small glands are also visible in this layer that secrete mucus which lubricates the passage of food.

Esophageal Muscularis Propria:
• The muscularis of the esophagus is the most prominent layer and allows for powerful peristalsis. The upper third of the esophageal muscularis is composed of skeletal muscle cells while the lower third is made of smooth muscle cells.

Esophageal Adventitia:
• Is a relatively thin layer histology layer of collagenous tissue which invests the entire esophagus.

Joana Enrera says:

May 7, 2022 at 1:03 pm

1. Gastric Gland

Gastric Mucosa
> Gastric Epithelium: Throughout the stomach, the areas of the gastric epithelium which face the lumen of the stomach produce substantial amounts of mucus which covers the gastric wall and offers protection from the digestive gastric juice. The gastric epithelium also forms large invaginations into the Lamina Propria, creating gastric glands which are described in the next section.
> Gastric Lamina Propria: Is a fairly wide layer which accommodates the rather lengthy gastric glands and contains some lymphoid aggregates of MALT
> Gastric Muscularis Mucosa: Is a thin layer of smooth muscle cells which forms the border past which gastric glands do not extend.

Gastric Submucosa:
Is a relatively loose collagenous layer which conducts larger blood vessels.

Gastric Muscularis Propria:
The gastric muscularis propria, in addition to posessing an inner circular muscle layer and an outer longitudinal muscular layer common to all GI tract segments, also possesses an innermost muscle layer with an oblique geometry.

Gastric Adventitia
The adventitia of the stomach is composed solely of a layer of serosa which forms the gastric surface of the peritoneum.

Joana Enrera says:

May 7, 2022 at 1:07 pm

2. Stomach

Mucosa
> Surface mucous cells: simple columnar epithelium
> Gastric pits: surface mucous cells
> Gastric glands: parietal, chief, enteroendocrine cells
> Lamina propria: connective tissue
> Muscularis mucosa: two smooth muscle layers

Submucosa
> Connective tissue, submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus

Muscularis externa
> Smooth muscle layers (longitudinal, circular, oblique), myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus

Serosa
> Connective tissue, mesoderm

Joana Enrera says:

May 7, 2022 at 1:13 pm

3. Pyloric Gland

The mucosal (pyloric glands) in this region look different to the gastric glands in the body of the stomach. The pits are deeper, and the glands shorter and more branched. There are fewer parietal cells, and most of the cells are mucosa secreting cells, which you can tell from the pale staining appearance. There are also some specialised enteroendocrine cells called G cells, mostly in the neck of the glands, which secrete the peptide hormone gastrin. Gastrin is secreted in response to the presence of food in the stomach, and it stimulates the secretion of pepsin and acid by the gastric glands. (The hormone will be transported in the local capillary system, and act locally). There are also neuro-endocrine cells (enteroendocrine cells) that secrete serotonin, and somatostatin (a regulating hormone that controls levels of insulin, glucagon, gastrin and growth hormone secretion).

Raniah Macaundas says:

May 7, 2022 at 3:34 pm

Ureters – are small tubes around 25 cm long, located inside your pelvis. It transports urine from your kidney to the bladder. Its histological feature is bordered by an epithelium that is impermeable to water and ions. The peristaltic contraction of the smooth muscle causes urine to flow.

Raniah Macaundas says:

May 7, 2022 at 3:37 pm

Kidney – is a pair of bean-shaped organs that is approximately the size of your fist and its job is to filter the blood. Each kidney has a thick fibrous capsule consisting of irregular dense connective tissue for protection.

Raniah Macaundas says:

May 7, 2022 at 3:38 pm

Urinary bladder – acts as the storage of urine and holds it until you are ready to expel the urine. The bladder has three layers of smooth muscle and transitional epithelium. It is a muscular sac that stretches and holds urine temporarily. It is due to the transitional epithelial lining that looks like stratified squamous epithelium when stretched.

Raniah Macaundas says:

May 7, 2022 at 3:39 pm

Sources:
https://histologyguide.com//slidebox/16-urinary-system.html
https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/urinary/index.php
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21197-urinary-system#:~:text=The%20urinary%20system%20includes%20the,urinary%20tract%20infections%20(UTIs).

Angelika Ruperto says:

May 7, 2022 at 5:22 pm

Just like the epithelial tissues that line most of the organs in our body, Leni-Kiko has the potential to form a selective barrier, protecting the rights and integrity of the Filipino people from economical and political insults such as corruption, deceit, and instability. I choose to shade the future PINK. #KULAYROSASANGBUKAS

Harold Peregrino says:

May 7, 2022 at 8:48 pm

The lamina propria has been theorized to be the “functional center” for localized control of the bladder, coordinating the activities of the urothelium and detrusor smooth muscle.
umbrella cells alter their apical surface area by exocytosis and endocytosis. In addition to its role as a barrier, the uroepithelium can modulate the movement of ions, solutes, and water across the mucosal surface of the bladder.
Bowman’s capsule is a part of the nephron that forms a cup-like sack surrounding the glomerulus. Bowman’s capsule encloses a space called “Bowman’s space,” which represents the beginning of the urinary space and is contiguous with the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron.

References:
https://histologyguide.com//slidebox/16-urinary-system.html
Andersson, K. E., & McCloskey, K. D. (2014). Lamina propria: the functional center of the bladder?. Neurourology and urodynamics, 33(1), 9-16.
Khandelwal, P., Abraham, S. N., & Apodaca, G. (2009). Cell biology and physiology of the uroepithelium. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, 297(6), F1477–F1501. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00327.2009
Falkson SR, Bordoni B. Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Bowman Capsule. [Updated 2021 Aug 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554474/

Shanelle Sy says:

May 7, 2022 at 11:29 pm

My President and Vice-President 💗 Here’s the Histology Art I made to support my chosen presidential and vice-presidential candidates :>

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 8, 2022 at 12:03 am

Esophagus – The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach. The esophagus is about 8 inches long, and is lined by moist pink tissue called mucosa. The esophagus runs behind the windpipe (trachea) and heart, and in front of the spine. Just before entering the stomach, the esophagus passes through the diaphragm. Your esophagus is an important part of your digestive system and your digestive tract. Your digestive tract is a series of hollow organs that carry food from your mouth to your anus. The food you eat can’t be used for energy until your digestive system breaks it down into small molecules that your body can absorb.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 8, 2022 at 12:04 am

Stomach – The stomach is a muscular organ located on the left side of the upper abdomen. The stomach receives food from the esophagus. As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it enters the stomach through a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 8, 2022 at 12:04 am

Small Intestine – The small intestine, or small bowel, is a hollow tube about 20 feet long that runs from the stomach to the beginning of the large intestine. The small intestine breaks down food from the stomach and absorbs much of the nutrients from the food.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 8, 2022 at 12:04 am

Large intestine – The large intestine includes the colon, rectum and anus. It’s all one, long tube that continues from the small intestine as food nears the end of its journey through your digestive system. The large intestine turns food waste into stool and passes it from the body when you poop.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 8, 2022 at 12:06 am

Muscularis – The muscularis, or muscularis externa, consists of an inner circular muscular layer and a longitudinal outer muscular layer. The coordinated contractions of these layers is called peristalsis, which propels the food through the GI tract.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 8, 2022 at 12:06 am

Submucosa – The submucosa is a thick layer of loose connective tissue that surrounds the mucosa. This layer also contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. Glands may be embedded in this layer

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 8, 2022 at 12:06 am

Liver – The liver is an organ located in the upper right part of the belly (abdomen). It is beneath the diaphragm and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and intestines. The liver controls most chemical levels in the blood. It also secretes a clear yellow or orange fluid called bile. Bile helps to break down fats, preparing them for further digestion and absorption. All of the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver. The liver processes this blood and breaks down, balances, and creates nutrients for the body to use.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 8, 2022 at 12:07 am

Pancreas – The pancreas contains glands that release substances to help with digestion and control blood sugar. Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are common pancreatic conditions. Other pancreas conditions include pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Your pancreas plays a big role in digestion. It is located inside your abdomen, just behind your stomach. It’s about the size of your hand. During digestion, your pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches. Your pancreas also helps your digestive system by making hormones.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 8, 2022 at 12:07 am

Villus – Intestinal villi are a unique structural and functional unit for the luminal sensing, digestion, absorption, secretion, and immune defense in the small intestine. Subepithelial fibroblasts form three-dimensional cellular network in the villi and play major roles in these functions. Lining the folds are tiny finger-like projections called villi. Each villus (singular) is composed of connective tissue, an artery, a vein, and a strand of muscle all linked to a network of capillaries and vessels that move nutrients from the lumen of the intestine into the circulatory system.

Christian Pavillar Edulan says:

May 8, 2022 at 12:07 am

Kidney

It filter blood and produce urine. Unlike the human kidney which is multilobed (10 to 12 lobes) separated by renal columns (cortical tissue that extends alongside the margin of pyramids in the medulla), the monkey kidney is unilobular.

Cortex – darker outer region.
Renal Corpuscles – spherical structures that form ultrafiltrate from blood.
Cortical Labyrinths – regions between renal corpuscles and medullary rays that contain proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
Medullary Rays – projections of tubules between the cortex and medulla that contains straight tubules and collecting ducts.
Medulla – lighter inner region.
Pyramids – equal to the number of lobes and form conical structures whose base faces the cortex and their apex form the renal papilla. Urine passes through the minor calyx which is cup-shaped structure that is an extension of the renal pelvis.
Renal Pelvis – funnel-shaped origin of the ureter.
Arcuate Arteries – branches of interlobular arteries that form an arcade over the pyramids at the junction of the cortex and medulla.
Hilum – concave surface with a deep fissure in which vessels enter and exit the kidney.

Caryl Jole Paligsa says:

May 8, 2022 at 12:07 am

Jejunum – The jejunum is one of three sections that make up the small intestine. The small intestine is part of the digestive system and is vital for breaking down and absorbing nutrients. It extends from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the ileocecal valve that connects the small intestine to the large intestine.

Christian Pavillar Edulan says:

May 8, 2022 at 12:08 am

Ureter
It transports urine from the kidney to the bladder. It is lined with an epithelium that is impermeable to water and ions. Peristaltic contraction of the smooth muscle moves urine from the kidney to the bladder.

Transitional Epithelium (Urothelium) – consists of two to three cell layers in the upper ureter with up to ten cell layers near the bladder
Umbrella Cells – upper layer of cells that change shape depending on the distention of the ureter (extended)
Lamina Propria – thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen and elastic fibers
Muscularis Externa – irregular arrangement of smooth muscle in two layers (inner longitudinal and outer circular) in the upper ureter or three layers (inner longitudinal, middle circular and outer longitudinal) near the bladder
Adventitia – loose connective tissue with blood vessels, nerves and adipose cells

Christian Pavillar Edulan says:

May 8, 2022 at 12:09 am

Bladder

It is an expandable vessel for the storage of urine. It is lined with an epithelium that is impermeable to water and ions. Like the ureters, the bladder is composed of four concentric layers.

Transitional Epithelium (Urothelium) – consists of three to five cell layers.
Umbrella Cells – the upper layer of cells that change shape depending on the distention of the bladder.
Lamina Propria – thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen and elastic fibers.
Muscularis Externa – irregular arranged smooth muscle that forms an inner longitudinal, middle circular and outer longitudinal layers.
Outer Layer of Connective Tissue – most of the bladder is covered externally by adventitia with parts of its superior surface covered by serosa of the peritoneum.
Adventitia – loose connective tissue with blood vessels, nerves and adipose cells.
Serosa – composed of a surface layer of mesothelium supported by loose irregular connective tissue.

Christine Casamayor says:

May 8, 2022 at 12:49 am

your drawings are sooo pretty ;0

Christine Casamayor says:

May 8, 2022 at 12:51 am

omg ka effort, so prettyyy ;0

Shanelle Sy says:

May 8, 2022 at 12:59 am

The system of tissues and organs that help you breathe is known as your respiratory system. This system assists your body in absorbing oxygen from the air so that your organs can function properly. It also removes waste gases from your blood, such as carbon dioxide. Allergies, illnesses, and infections are common issues.

Duchess Mariss Cloma says:

May 8, 2022 at 1:22 am

Ureter
• Lined by transitional epithelium and consists of mucosa,
muscularis, and adventitia
• Upper part lined by inner longitudinal and middle circular
smooth muscle layers
• Third longitudinal smooth muscle layer added in the lower
third of ureter
• Connective tissue adventitia surrounds the ureter

Duchess Mariss Cloma says:

May 8, 2022 at 1:23 am

Bladder
• Thick muscular wall with three indistinct layers of smooth muscle
• Serosa lines superior surface and adventitia covers the inferior surface
• Transitional epithelium in empty bladder exhibits about six layers of cells
• When stretched, the transitional epithelium appears stratified squamous
• Changes in epithelium caused by thicker plasma membrane of superficial cells and plaques
• Plaques act like hinges, and allow cells to expand during stretching; cells become squamous
• Thicker plasma membrane and transitional epithelium provide osmotic barrier to urine

Fiona Jane says:

May 8, 2022 at 9:11 am

Stomach – is a muscular organ located on the left side of the upper abdomen. The stomach receives food from the esophagus. As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it enters the stomach through a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter.

The stomach secretes acid and enzymes that digest food. Ridges of muscle tissue called rugae line the stomach. The stomach muscles contract periodically, churning food to enhance digestion. The pyloric sphincter is a muscular valve that opens to allow food to pass from the stomach to the small intestine.

Fiona Jane says:

May 8, 2022 at 9:12 am

Pancreas – The pancreas is an organ located in the abdomen. It plays an essential role in converting the food we eat into fuel for the body’s cells. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar.

The pancreas is located behind the stomach in the upper left abdomen. It is surrounded by other organs including the small intestine, liver, and spleen. It is spongy, about six to ten inches long, and is shaped like a flat pear or a fish extended horizontally across the abdomen.

Fiona Jane says:

May 8, 2022 at 9:13 am

Small Intestine – The small intestine is part of your digestive system. It makes up part of the long pathway that food takes through your body, called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. When food leaves your stomach, it enters the small intestine, also called the small bowel. The small bowel connects to the large bowel, also called the large intestine or colon. The intestines are responsible for breaking food down, absorbing its nutrients and solidifying the waste. The small intestine is the longest part of the GI tract, and it is where most of your digestion takes place.

Fiona Jane says:

May 8, 2022 at 9:16 am

Large Intestine – The large intestine is larger in diameter than the small intestine. It begins at the ileocecal junction, where the ileum enters the large intestine, and ends at the anus. The large intestine consists of the colon, rectum, and anal canal.

Unlike the small intestine, the large intestine produces no digestive enzymes. Chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine before the chyme reaches the large intestine. Functions of the large intestine include the absorption of water and electrolytes and the elimination of feces.

Fiona Jane says:

May 8, 2022 at 9:18 am

Duedenum – The duodenum, the first and shortest section of the small intestine, is a key organ in the digestive system. The small intestine’s most important function is to digest nutrients and pass them into the blood vessels—located in the intestinal wall—for absorption of the nutrients into the bloodstream.

Together, the duodenum and other organs of the alimentary canal (the pathway by which food enters the body and solid wastes are expelled) form the digestive system of the body.

Michaela Alexis Almedilla says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:25 am

Kidneys serve multiple purposes:
• Excretion – the discharge of water -soluble metabolic waste products and foreign compounds as urine
• Regulation – maintain an appropriate fluid volume and electrolyte concentrations in body fluids, normal blood pressure, and blood pH.
• Endocrine – hormone secretion
• Regulation of blood pressure by Renin

Michaela Alexis Almedilla says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:25 am

Ureter

The ureters are fibromuscular tubes that transport urine from the kidney to the bladder via peristalsis. As with the urinary bladder, it is lined with transitional epithelium (urothelium).

Michaela Alexis Almedilla says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:26 am

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a muscular sac that stores urine, enabling infrequent and voluntary urination. It has a thick layer of smooth muscle and is lined by transitional epithelium (urothelium)..

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:49 am

Ileum – considered as the last part of the small intestine
Functions: helps further digest food coming from the stomach and other parts of the small intestine. It also absorbs nutrients and water from food for the body to work.
Locations: found between the jejenum and large intestine

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:50 am

Stomach – Part of the gastrointestinal tract that have the j-shape which solely digests food.
Functions: Produces enzymes and juices that helps in breaking down or digesting food. It also temporary stores food.
Locations: found in the upper abdomen on the left side of the body

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:50 am

Large intestine – a long tube-like organ that includes the colon, rectum, and anus.
Functions: absorb water and salts from the material that has not been digested as food and turns food waste into stool and passes it from the body when defecating.
Locations: can be seen in the lower abdominal cavity from the waist down.

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:50 am

Human appendix –
Functions: scientists before say that it has no function, however recent studies show that the human appendix works as a repository for good bacteria. These bacteria help in producing vitamins and hormones that are needed in the body.
Locations: sits near the junction of the large and small intestines.

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:51 am

Duodenum – considered as the first part of the small intestine
Functions: It completes the first phase of digestion by breaking down food through enzymes and bile.
Locations: between the stomach and jejenum or the middle part of the small intestine

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:51 am

Esophagus – a muscular tube that is part of the digestive system which has long, thin and hollow structure
Functions: transports food and liquid from the throat to the stomach
Locations: can be found in the center of the chest area called the mediastinum

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:51 am

Muscularis – also known as the muscularis externa; it consists of an inner circular muscular layer and a longitudinal outer muscular layer
Functions: the contractions of the layers in the muscularis propels the food through the gastrointestinal tract
Locations: found in the deepest layer of the mucosa that lies next to the submucosa

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:51 am

Submucosa – a layer of connective tissue that supports and lies underneath the mucosa.
Functions: It enables the mucosa to move more freely during peristalsis—the contraction of layers in the muscularis
Locations: sits in between the outermost layer of the mucosa

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:51 am

Gall bladder – appears as small and pear-shaped organ.
Functions: stores bile, a digestive fluid that is discharged into the small intestine. This fluid helps digest and break down food. They are remove in the body when there are gallstones present.
Locations: found on the right side of the abdomen, below the liver.

Franzgayle T. Husain says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:51 am

Liver lobule – made up of hepatocytes, a type of liver cells. It lines up in a radiating rows.
Functions: It serves as the building block of the liver tissue. It contains a channel that drains bile from the liver to the common hepatic duct.
Locations: in the liver

Carl Paulo says:

May 8, 2022 at 11:02 am

Practice your rights to suffrage; And when voting; remember to not only vote for yourself, nor your family, but for our beloved Philippines!

Clare Eulette B. Galleposo says:

May 8, 2022 at 4:24 pm

The pleura is a thin tissue layer that covers the lungs. Pleura is the same type of thin tissue that lines the inside of the chest cavity. With each breath, a small coating of fluid works as a lubricant, helping the lungs to expand and collapse easily.

Clare Eulette B. Galleposo says:

May 8, 2022 at 4:24 pm

The bronchi are a combination of cartilage and tissue. Each inhale and exhale passes through the cartilage, which keeps the bronchi robust and open. The ratio of cartilage to smooth muscle reduces as the airways become smaller.

Clare Eulette B. Galleposo says:

May 8, 2022 at 4:25 pm

The trachea is made up of roughly 20 strong cartilage rings. Each ring’s back is made up of muscle and connective tissue. The mucosa is a moist, silky tissue that lines the inside of the trachea. With each breath in, the trachea widens and lengthens slightly before returning to its resting state.

Diane Llanera says:

May 8, 2022 at 5:03 pm

The inner lining of the urinary bladder is a mucous membrane of transitional epithelium that is continuous with that in the ureters. When the bladder is empty, the mucosa has numerous folds called rugae. The rugae and transitional epithelium allow the bladder to expand as it fills.

Diane Llanera says:

May 8, 2022 at 5:04 pm

Each kidney is held in place by connective tissue, called renal fascia, and is surrounded by a thick layer of adipose tissue, called perirenal fat, which helps to protect it. A tough, fibrous, connective tissue renal capsule closely envelopes each kidney and provides support for the soft tissue that is inside.

Diane Llanera says:

May 8, 2022 at 5:04 pm

The ureter is lined by urothelium, a type of transitional epithelium that is capable of responding to stretches in the ureters. The transitional epithelium may appear as a layer of column-shaped cells when relaxed, and of flatter cells when distended. Below the epithelium sits the lamina propria.

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 8, 2022 at 5:47 pm

1. The salivary glands are exocrine glands that are positioned in the head, in and around the oral cavity and secrete their salivary contents into the mouth. Their function is to help keep the oral mucosa protected and lubricated.

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 8, 2022 at 5:47 pm

2. The pharynx is a fibrous muscular tube that lies behind the oral and nasal cavity. It transports air and food to the larynx and esophagus respectively.

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 8, 2022 at 5:47 pm

3. The esophagus is a hollow, muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. It lies behind the trachea (windpipe) and in front of the spine.

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 8, 2022 at 5:48 pm

4. The stomach is a muscular organ located on the left side of the upper abdomen. The stomach receives food from the esophagus. As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it enters the stomach through a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter. The stomach secretes acid and enzymes that digest food.

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 8, 2022 at 5:48 pm

5.The small intestine is coiled inside the lower abdominal cavity beneath the stomach. The small intestine breaks down food from the stomach and absorbs much of the nutrients from the food.

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 8, 2022 at 5:48 pm

6. The large intestine is in your lower abdominal cavity from your waist down. The purpose of the large intestine is to absorb water and salts from the material that has not been digested as food, and get rid of any waste products left over.

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 8, 2022 at 5:48 pm

7. The rectum is the last several inches section of the large intestine, and it connects the colon to the anus. It is where the body stores stool before a person is ready to have a bowel movement.

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 8, 2022 at 5:48 pm

8. The liver is the largest solid organ in the body. It removes toxins from the body’s blood supply, maintains healthy blood sugar levels, regulates blood clotting, and performs hundreds of other vital functions. It is located beneath the rib cage in the right upper abdomen.

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 8, 2022 at 5:48 pm

9. Your gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath your liver. . Your gallbladder stores and releases bile to help your digestive system break down fats.

Julia Joie Capuyan says:

May 8, 2022 at 5:48 pm

10. Our pancreas sits behind your stomach and in front of your spine. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar.

Richmond Zent A. Fulache says:

May 8, 2022 at 5:50 pm

Art by Alejandro

Chryss Jullianne G. Bong-got says:

May 8, 2022 at 7:29 pm

ctto: https://mobile.twitter.com/vengaza

Rhamises Ragpa says:

May 8, 2022 at 8:30 pm

Sources:
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/anatomy-of-the-urinary-system#:~:text=Two%20ureters.,a%20kidney%20infection%20can%20develop.
https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/kidney#health-tips
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21197-urinary-system#:~:text=The%20urinary%20system%20includes%20the,urinary%20tract%20infections%20(UTIs).

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 8, 2022 at 8:44 pm

1. Salivary glands are exocrine glands that release saliva into the mouth. They are located in the head, in and around the oral cavity. Their job is to keep the mouth mucosa lubricated and protected.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 8, 2022 at 8:44 pm

2. Behind the oral and nasal cavities is the pharynx, a fibrous muscle tube. Air and food are transported to the larynx and esophagus, respectively.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 8, 2022 at 8:44 pm

3. The esophagus is a muscular tube that links the neck and stomach. It is located in front of the spine, behind the trachea (windpipe).

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 8, 2022 at 8:44 pm

4. The stomach is a muscular organ found on the upper abdomen's left side. The esophagus delivers food to the stomach. When food reaches the end of the esophagus, it passes through a muscle valve known as the lower esophageal sphincter and into the stomach. The stomach produces acid and enzymes that aid in the digestion of meals.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 8, 2022 at 8:44 pm

5. The small intestine is coiled beneath the stomach in the lower abdominal region. The small intestine breaks down food in the stomach and absorbs a large portion of the nutrients.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 8, 2022 at 8:45 pm

6. From your waist down, the large intestine is located in your lower abdominal cavity. The large intestine's job is to absorb water and salts from food that hasn't been digested yet, as well as to eliminate any waste products.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 8, 2022 at 8:45 pm

7. The rectum connects the colon to the anus and is the last several inches of the large intestine. It's the place in the body where stool is stored until a person is ready to poop.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 8, 2022 at 8:45 pm

8. The liver is the body's largest solid organ. It eliminates pollutants from the bloodstream, regulates blood clotting, and conducts hundreds of other critical activities. It's in the right upper abdomen, beneath the rib cage.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 8, 2022 at 8:45 pm

9. Your gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located beneath your liver on the right side of your belly. . Bile is stored in your gallbladder and released to assist your digestive system in breaking down lipids.

Kizel Mikaela C. Cardoza says:

May 8, 2022 at 8:45 pm

10. The pancreas is located behind the stomach and front of the spine. The pancreas has two primary functions: exocrine digestion and endocrine blood sugar regulation.

Princess Anne Opolentisima says:

May 8, 2022 at 8:49 pm

Sources:
Kalkstein, T. (2009). 47 – IDIOPATHIC LOWER URINARY TRACT DISEASE. ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781560534617500516

Kauvery Hospital. (2021, October 26). Holding in your urine for long is hazardous to health. https://kauveryhospital.com/blog/urology/holding-in-your-urine-for-long-is-hazardous-to-health/

Kidneys | SEER Training. (n.d.). National Cancer Institute. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/urinary/components/kidney.html

Ureters | SEER Training. (n.d.). National Cancer Institute. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/urinary/components/ureters.html

Urinary Bladder | SEER Training. (n.d.). National Cancer Institute. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/urinary/components/bladder.html

Princess Maranda says:

May 8, 2022 at 9:38 pm

The ureters are fibromuscular tubes that transport urine by peristalsis from the kidney to the bladder. Like the bladder, it is lined by transitional epithelium (urothelium).

Princess Maranda says:

May 8, 2022 at 9:38 pm

The urinary bladder is a muscular sac that stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and voluntary. It is lined by transitional epithelium (urothelium), and has a thick layer of smooth muscle.

Princess Maranda says:

May 8, 2022 at 9:40 pm

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that are roughly the size of a fist. A tough, fibrous renal capsule surrounds each kidney and provides support for the soft tissue inside. Beyond that, two layers of fat serve as further protection. The adrenal glands lie on top of the kidneys.

The main role of the kidneys is maintaining homeostasis. They manage fluid levels, electrolyte balance, and other factors that keep the internal environment of the body consistent and comfortable.

Dennesse Mari M. Uy says:

May 8, 2022 at 9:46 pm

These “pink” histology arts reflect the color of the future. My president is a woman! And she is a SuperMom! <3 #KulayRosasAngBukas

Nestor D. Maquiling Jr. says:

May 8, 2022 at 9:52 pm

Yes bobo po tayo for todays video! hahaha made this using microsoft word

Jenny Rose Hernando says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:05 pm

Each voter has only one vote, but it is critical, especially at this time in our country's history when we are trying to recover from six years of toxic leadership. For the sake of the country and our people, we must only vote for deserving candidates. Those who have demonstrated their honesty, ability to work under duress and harsh conditions, and who inspire others to collaborate with government and do good to others, as well as those who are respected internationally. Using these criteria, we are left with only a few options, the most prominent of which being Vice President Leni Robredo and Senator Kiko Pangilinan's team.

Jan Lester Ancheta says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:15 pm

Your kidneys remove wastes and extra fluid from your body. Your kidneys also remove acid that is produced by the cells of your body and maintain a healthy balance of water, salts, and minerals—such as sodium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium—in your blood.

Jan Lester Ancheta says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:16 pm

The bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and controlled. The bladder is lined by layers of muscle tissue that stretch to hold urine. The normal capacity of the bladder is 400-600 mL. During urination, the bladder muscles squeeze, and two sphincters (valves) open to allow urine to flow out.

Barbara Zaragoza says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:16 pm

The Urinary system has 3 tasks to do: Excretion. It removes the liquid and gaseous waste products from the blood. Secretion. The production of Urine occurs via secretion wherein the waste products from the blood are removed. Elimination. It occurs when urine goes from the urinary bladder down to the urethra, then exits the body. Source: What is the Urinary System? (2013). Urologists.org. https://www.urologists.org/article/basics/what-is-the-urinary-system

Jan Lester Ancheta says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:16 pm

The ureters are bilateral thin (3 to 4 mm) tubular structures that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder, transporting urine from the renal pelvis into the bladder. The muscular layers are responsible for the peristaltic activity that the ureter uses to move the urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Jan Lester Ancheta says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:17 pm

Your larynx is part of your respiratory system. It’s a hollow tube that lets air pass from your throat (pharynx) to your trachea on the way to your lungs. It also contains your vocal cords and is essential to human speech, so it’s often called the voice box.

Jan Lester Ancheta says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:18 pm

The lungs and respiratory system allow us to breathe. They bring oxygen into our bodies (called inspiration, or inhalation) and send carbon dioxide out (called expiration, or exhalation). This exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is called respiration.

Jan Lester Ancheta says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:18 pm

Your trachea’s main function is to carry air in and out of your lungs. Because it’s a stiff, flexible tube, it provides a reliable pathway for oxygen to enter your body.

Katherine Cortes says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:20 pm

For the past months, I have been a witness of how my father supported a candidate so much that he would watch YouTube videos from loyalist vloggers all day long. My mother was undecided at first but recently supported the same candidate as well. It was frustrating, knowing that they selectively read everything. Some of my relatives supported the same candidate as well. I have this in mind yet I continue to share a lot of posts in social media and even argue with them sometimes during dinners or get-togethers. This is a bit confusing comment since I’m really having anxiety for tomorrow. Whatever happens, I’m just glad I fought for what I know is right.

Katherine Cortes says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:22 pm

And I give credits to Zi from Twibbonize.com for this frame

Ponciano Y. Daclan III says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:44 pm

Ureter- The ureter (one for each kidney) is a long, straight tube with muscle walls. This tube’s epithelium is stratified, transitional epithelium. Underneath the epithelium is a thick, fibroelastic lamina propria.

Ponciano Y. Daclan III says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:48 pm

Kidney- The kidneys filter waste and excess water from the circulation (through urine) and aid in the balance of substances in the body (such as sodium, potassium, and calcium). The kidneys also produce hormones that assist regulate blood pressure and stimulate the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in glandular tissue and in the kidney tubules.

Ponciano Y. Daclan III says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:50 pm

Urethra- The urethra is the tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. The female urethra is lined by stratified columnar epithelium and has a few tiny mucosal glands that release mucus. It is attached to the vaginal anterior wall by an external layer of fibrous connective tissue.

Barbara Zaragoza says:

May 8, 2022 at 10:55 pm

URINARY BLADDER -Transitional Epithelium -A hollow organ and appears to be like a balloon -It expands as it is filled with urine -It functions as a reservoir for urine -It is located between the hip bones that sit in the pelvis -Can hold 1/2 to 2 cups of Urine -Urination is the emptying of the Bladder

Barbara Zaragoza says:

May 8, 2022 at 11:03 pm

KIDNEY/S -Simple cuboidal epithelium -The size is about the same as a fist, a bean-shaped organ -Located below the ribcage -It functions as a filter in removing wastes from the blood -It balances the amount of water and electrolytes in the body

Barbara Zaragoza says:

May 8, 2022 at 11:07 pm

URETER -Transitional Epithelium -Small tubes about 8-10 inches in length -It connects the Kidneys to the Bladder -It also carries the urine from the kidneys down to the Bladder -The muscles that surround the ureter expand and help the flow of the urine going to the bladder.

Barbara Zaragoza says:

May 8, 2022 at 11:14 pm

SOURCES: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (2022, May 8). The Urinary Tract & How It Works. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; NIDDK | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/urinary-tract-how-it-works Knapp, S. (2019, June 18). Urinary System – Definition, Function and Organs | Biology Dictionary. Biology Dictionary. https://biologydictionary.net/urinary-system/ ‌ ‌What is the Urinary System? (2013). Urologists.org. https://www.urologists.org/article/basics/what-is-the-urinary-system

Jan Paul Bulante says:

May 8, 2022 at 11:20 pm

Gobyernong nakasentro sa mga mamamayan. Gobyernong handang magsilbi para sa Pilipinas. At higit sa lahat, gobyernong malinis at tapat!

Angelyn Evan Bomediano says:

May 8, 2022 at 11:24 pm

#ParaSiguradoChizEscuderoSaSenado

Francine E. Sierra says:

May 8, 2022 at 11:53 pm

1. Esophagus
2. Esophageal-Gastric Junction
3. Stomach
4. Small Intestine – Duodenum
5. Jejunum.
6. Small Intestine
7. Pancreas
8. Liver
9. Tongue
10. Gallbladder

Jenecille Mendez says:

May 8, 2022 at 11:57 pm

Urinary Bladder – stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and controlled Ureters – urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder by these narrow tubes and blood is also filtered here Kidneys – help regulate and filter minerals from the blood and maintain overall fluid balance

Francesca E. Sierra says:

May 9, 2022 at 12:02 am

Esophagus; Esophageal-Gastric Junction; Stomach; Duodenum; Small Intestine; Pancreas; Liver; Tongue; Gallbladder; Jejunum

Jib Andrei S. Tampus says:

May 9, 2022 at 1:08 am

edited from May Tobias Papa’s artwork

Mark A. Camanian says:

May 9, 2022 at 1:17 am

salivary gland 1
pharynx 2
esophagus 3
stomach 4
small i 5
large i 6
pancreas 7
liver 8
gallbladder 9
rectum 10

Mark A. Camanian says:

May 9, 2022 at 1:19 am

Salivary glands play an important role in digestion because they make saliva. Saliva helps moisten food so we can swallow it more easily. It also has an enzyme called amylase that makes it easier for the stomach to break down starches in food. Saliva also has an important role in our oral health.

Mark A. Camanian says:

May 9, 2022 at 1:19 am

The pharynx, usually called the throat, is part of the respiratory system and digestive system. It carries air, food and fluid down from the nose and mouth.

Mark A. Camanian says:

May 9, 2022 at 1:19 am

The primary function of your esophagus is to carry food and liquid from your mouth to your stomach.

Mark A. Camanian says:

May 9, 2022 at 1:20 am

Your stomach’s purpose is to digest food and send it to your small intestine. It has three functions: Temporarily store food. Contract and relax to mix and break down food.

Mark A. Camanian says:

May 9, 2022 at 1:21 am

The small intestine breaks down food from the stomach and absorbs much of the nutrients from the food.

Mark A. Camanian says:

May 9, 2022 at 1:22 am

The large intestine turns food waste into stool and passes it from the body when you poop.

Mark A. Camanian says:

May 9, 2022 at 1:22 am

During digestion, your pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches. Your pancreas also helps your digestive system by making hormones.

Mark A. Camanian says:

May 9, 2022 at 1:23 am

The liver regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile. This helps carry away waste products from the liver. All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver.

Mark A. Camanian says:

May 9, 2022 at 1:23 am

Your gallbladder is part of your digestive system. Its main function is to store bile. Bile helps your digestive system break down fats. Bile is a mixture of mainly cholesterol, bilirubin and bile salts.

Mark A. Camanian says:

May 9, 2022 at 1:24 am

The colon’s job is to dehydrate what’s left of the food and form it into stool. It does this by slowly absorbing water and electrolytes as its muscle system moves the waste along.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

May 9, 2022 at 12:21 pm

Ileum- Located at the last part and the longest in the small intestine which connects to the first part of the large intestine called the cecum. The Ileum helps digest further food that comes from the stomach. It is responsible for the absorption of Vitamin B12 which is important in the formation of red blood cells and DNA. It also reabsorbs conjugated bile salts.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

May 9, 2022 at 12:22 pm

Stomach- The stomach is located at the left upper quadrant of the body. It receives food from the esophagus. Then it secretes acids and enzymes that turns food into smaller bits. The contraction of the stomach muscles called churning enhances the digestion of food.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

May 9, 2022 at 12:22 pm

Appendix- Located at the right lower quadrant or at the lower abdomen. One of the controversially talked part of the large intestine is the appendix. There is still no concrete explanation for its function but other medical experts theorized that it could be a storehouse of good bacteria and restarts the digestive system after a diarrheal incident.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

May 9, 2022 at 12:30 pm

Large intestine- Also called the large bowel, is located at the lower abdominal cavity below the waist surrounding the small intestine. It absorbs water and electrolytes. It is also where feces are made from the remains of food and fluids and other by products that is stored and pushed towards the rectum and anus to be excreted out of the body.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

May 9, 2022 at 12:33 pm

Note: I used two microscopic pictures for the Ileum.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

May 9, 2022 at 12:41 pm

Small intestine- The small bowel is found at the lower abdominal cavity just below the stomach. It is surrounded by the large intestine. It helps further digest the food from the stomach and absorbs nutrients, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and protein into the bloodstream.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

May 9, 2022 at 12:48 pm

Mucosa- Found in the innermost lining of the gastrointestinal tract. It surrounds or lines the the lumen of the intestinal tract. It is also responsible in the secretion and absorption.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

May 9, 2022 at 1:00 pm

Liver- Located at the right upper quadrant, inferior to the diaphragm and superior to the stomach. The liver have many functions, but for digestion it processes the absorbed nutrients from the small intestine. It also produces bile and digest some vitamins and fats.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

May 9, 2022 at 1:14 pm

Esophagus- You can find the esophagus at the mediastinum or at the center of the chest, posterior to the trachea (windpipe) and anterior to the spine. With the use of muscular contractions called peristalsis, food and fluids are transported from the mouth to the stomach through the esophagus.

Keyth Abegail T. Rendon says:

May 9, 2022 at 1:22 pm

Muscularis- This is the outermost layer of the mucosa. Usually found from the esophagus to the rectum but thickest at the esophagus. This responsible in the breaking down and propelling of food. Digestive secretions help move food along the GI tract.

Kristelle Marie Bajamunde says:

May 9, 2022 at 5:58 pm

Smooth Muscle
Function: Is found in the stomach and intestines, where it aids digestion and nutrition absorption.
Location: Are located in walls of hollow visceral organs except the heart, appear spindle-shaped, and are also under involuntary control.
Gall Bladder
Function: Is a component of our digestive system. Its primary role is to hold bile. Bile aids our digestive system in the breakdown of fats.
Location: Is a tiny, pear-shaped organ located on the right side of the belly, just behind the liver.
Large Intestine
Function: Turns food waste into the stool and passes it from the body when you poop.
Location: Is located in the lower abdominal cavity, from the waist down.
Appendix
Function: Serves as a repository for beneficial bacteria, “rebooting” the digestive system following diarrheal disorders.
Location: Is located on the bottom right side of the abdomen.
Stomach
Function: Temporarily store food, contract, and relax to mix and break down food.
Location: Is in the upper abdomen on the left side of our body.

Jared De Peralta says:

May 9, 2022 at 6:00 pm

The esophagus is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. It is protects against microorganisms and against water loss.

The lining of the stomach is mucous columnar epithelium that protects against gastric acid.

The small intestine and large intestine are lined with simple columnar epithelium that absorb nutrients and water and secrete mucus.

Kristelle Marie Bajamunde says:

May 9, 2022 at 6:11 pm

6. Esophagus
Function: Carries food and liquid from our mouth to our stomach.
Location: Is located in the center of your chest in an area called the mediastinum.
7. Liver
Function: Regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile.
Location: Is located in the upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm, and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and intestines.
8. Small Intestine
Function: It helps to further digest food coming from the stomach.
Location: Is coiled inside the lower abdominal cavity beneath the stomach.
9. Salivary Gland
Function: Play an important role in digestion because they make saliva.
Location: Are located in the mouth.
10. Pancreas
Function: Makes pancreatic juices called enzymes.
Location: It is located inside the abdomen, just behind the stomach.

Keziah B. Perez says:

May 9, 2022 at 8:47 pm

1. Mucosa- is the innermost tunic of the wall. It lines the lumen of the digestive tract. The mucosa consists of epithelium, an underlying loose connective tissue layer called lamina propria, and a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosa. Certain cells in the mucosa secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones. 2. Submucosa – The submucosa is a thick layer of loose connective tissue that surrounds the mucosa. This layer also contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. Glands may be embedded in this layer. In the gastrointestinal tract, the submucosa is the layer of dense irregular connective tissue or loose connective tissue that supports the mucosa. 3. Stomach – The stomach is a muscular sack for the storage and digestion of food. 4. Esophagus – The esophagus is a long, soft tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. Its only function is the transport of food. The mucosal surface of the esophagus is lined by a thick layer of stratified squamous epithelium, adapted for fast transport and withstanding abrasive forces of moving food pieces. 5. Small Intestine – The small intestine is a long tube that extends from the stomach to the junction with the large intestine. The major functions of the small intestine are digestion, secretion, and absorption.

Keziah B. Perez says:

May 9, 2022 at 8:48 pm

6. Large Intestine – connects the end of the ileum to the anal canal. In the large intestine, the intestinal content that arrived there from the small intestine is dehydrated and compacted into feces. The large intestine starts as a pouch called cecum and continues as the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon, followed by the rectum and anus.

Keziah B. Perez says:

May 9, 2022 at 8:49 pm

7. Pancreas – It is located inside your abdomen, just behind your stomach. It's about the size of your hand. During digestion, your pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches.

Keziah B. Perez says:

May 9, 2022 at 8:50 pm

8. Liver -The liver is the largest solid organ in the body. It removes toxins from the body's blood supply, maintains healthy blood sugar levels, regulates blood clotting, and performs hundreds of other vital functions. It is located beneath the rib cage in the right upper abdomen.

Keziah B. Perez says:

May 9, 2022 at 8:50 pm

9. Gallbladder – Its main function is to store bile. Bile helps your digestive system break down fats. Bile is a mixture of mainly cholesterol, bilirubin and bile salts.

Keziah B. Perez says:

May 9, 2022 at 8:51 pm

10. Mouth – his oval-shaped opening in your skull starts at your lips and ends at your throat. Your mouth allows air and nutrients to enter your body, and it also helps you speak. It's also called the oral cavity.

Shantal Liana Guillen says:

May 9, 2022 at 9:10 pm

1. Appendix. The appendix, also known as the vermix or the cecal appendix, is formed of the same inner mucosa layer as the rest of the digestive system. It is totally peritoneally invested and has both an inner circumferential and an outer longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis propria. The appendix mucosa is colonic in nature.

2. Stomach. The stomach is a muscular organ on the upper left side of the abdomen. Food enters the stomach through the esophagus. When food reaches the esophagus’s end, it enters the stomach via a muscle valve known as the lower esophageal sphincter. The stomach secretes acid and enzymes that aid in the digestion of meals.

3. Esophagus. The esophagus is a tube that links the pharynx (throat) to the stomach. It measures around 8 inches (20 cm) in length. However, the esophagus is more than simply a hollow tube through which food slides like a water slide. Muscles in the esophagus contract to transfer food to the stomach.

4. Small Intestine. The small intestine, also known as the small bowel, is a 20-foot-long hollow tube that connects the stomach to the beginning of the large intestine. The small intestine digests food from the stomach and absorbs a large portion of its nutrients. The duodenum is the small intestine’s initial section.

5. Large Intestine. The large intestine’s function is to absorb water and salts from material that has not been digested as food and to eliminate any waste products that remain. The majority of digestion and absorption has already occurred by the time food combined with digestive fluids reaches your big intestine. It is found from your waist down in your lower abdominal cavity.

Shantal Liana Guillen says:

May 9, 2022 at 9:11 pm

6. Ileum. From the outside, the ileum is completely covered with serosa. It is composed of simple squamous epithelium with a connective tissue layer underneath (lamina propria serosae). The ileum is distinguished by the presence of Peyer’s patches in the mucosal lamina propria and submucosa.

7. Liver. The liver is the primary tissue capable of producing glucose from lactate, glycerol, and amino acids (mainly alanine from muscle). It is a complex organ with several activities. Your liver’s two primary roles in digestion are to produce and emit bile and to filter and purify blood carrying newly acquired nutrients from the small intestine.

8. Duodenum. The duodenum is the small intestine’s initial section. It is linked to the stomach. The duodenum aids in the digestion of meals from the stomach. It takes nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbs, lipids, and proteins) and water from meals so that the body can utilize them.

9. Gallbladder. The gallbladder performs three functions: it stores bile, concentrates bile, and ejects bile into the small intestine lumen when triggered to contract. Gallbladder enlargement. It is located in the upper right part of your abdomen (belly) and sits just under your liver.

10. Pancreas. The pancreas is located just behind your stomach in your belly. It is around the size of your hand. Your pancreas produces pancreatic fluids known as enzymes during digestion. These enzymes are responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, and starches.

Shiela Mae B. Yorong says:

May 9, 2022 at 9:17 pm

The digestive system is composed mainly of Mouth, Pharynx, Stomach, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Large Intestine, Small Intestine, Appendix and Rectum. Mouth has mucous membrane lining the inside of the mouth comprises stratified squamous epithelium, termed “oral epithelium”, and an underlying connective tissue termed lamina propria. These tissues are responsible for the production of the fibers as well as the extracellular matrix. Pharynx has a stratified squamous non-keratinized type of epithelium and its function is to provide protection and serve as lining or covering for moist internal cavities of the body. Stomach has a thin simple columnar epithelial layer for secretion and absorption. Liver has a thin capsule of dense connective tissue that binds body parts together. Gallbladder is made up of layers of tissue which are mucosa and lamina propria (loose connective tissue) that makes the skin elastic and helps it to withstand pulling pain. Pancreas composed of exocrine tissue that provide the body a method to release secretions containing proteins, mucus, and other products to epithelial surfaces around the body. Large Intestines have four layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, and serosa for absorption and secretion. Small Intestine has mucosa lined by a simple columnar epithelium and its main function is for protection. Appendix has an inner mucosa layer that is responsible for absorption and secretion. And rectum composed of simple columnar epithelium which is responsible for protection.

Noah A. La Plana says:

May 9, 2022 at 9:40 pm

🤍🤍

Richmond Zent A. Fulache says:

May 9, 2022 at 9:46 pm

Appendix -The appendix sits at the junction of the small intestine and large intestine. It’s a thin tube about four inches long. Normally, the appendix sits in the lower right abdomen. The function of the appendix is unknown. One theory is that the appendix acts as a storehouse for good bacteria, “rebooting” the digestive system after diarrheal illnesses.
Duodenum – The duodenum’s location is just beneath the stomach, and sits to the right of the body. Its function are chyme processing and nutrient absorption.
Esophagus – The esophagus begins at the throat (pharynx) and travels to the stomach, passing through the diaphragm en route. The esophagus serves to pass food and liquids from the mouth down to the stomach. This is accomplished by periodic contractions (peristalsis) instead of gravity.
Large intestine – The large intestine is the terminal segment of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which is a continuous, tube-like channel via which food passes along the human digestive system. It runs from the small intestine to the anal canal, wherein food waste is eliminated. In simpler terms, the large intestine is involved in faeces production.
Ileum – Its main function is to absorb vitamin B 12, bile salts, and whatever products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jejunum. The ileum follows the duodenum and jejunum and is separated from the cecum by the ileocecal valve (ICV).
Stomach – The stomach is the most dilated part of the digestive system, lying between the esophagus and duodenum. The main function of the stomach involves mechanical and chemical digestion of ingested food.
Liver – Your liver is located on the right side of your body in the upper right abdomen below your ribcage. The liver is one of the largest internal organs in your body and its main function is to filter blood and remove toxins. Your liver also plays an important role in your digestive system.
Gallbladder – The gallbladder is an organ that’s found in your abdomen. Its function is to store bile until it’s needed for digestion. When we eat, the gallbladder contracts, or squeezes, to send bile into your digestive tract.
Jejunum – The jejunum is the middle of the three parts of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum. It plays an important role for digestion as 40% of the whole small intestine is jejunum.
Pancreas – The pancreas is located behind the stomach in the upper left abdomen. It makes pancreatic juices, which contain enzymes that aid in digestion, and it produces several hormones, including insulin.

Noah A. La Plana says:

May 9, 2022 at 9:48 pm

Re: The picture on the left is a rough sketch of the walls of the stomach which has 5 parts as. The University of Rochester Medical center has listed them as follows.

Mucosa is the first innermost layer that contains glands that release digestive juices called hydrochloric acid and pepsin.

Submucosa is the second layer which supports the mucosa. Submuscosa is rich in blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

Muscularis. is the third layer which is made of thick muscles. They help to mix food with the digestive juices.

Subserosa contains supporting tissues for the serosa.

Serosa is the last outermost layer. It wraps around the stomach to confine it.

Mary Abbygale Cabahug says:

May 9, 2022 at 9:55 pm

Esophagus
The esophagus transports food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. It is situated in the center of your chest, in a region known as the mediastinum.

Liver
It regulates the majority of chemical levels in the blood and excretes bile. It is located in the upper right side of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and intestines.

Pancreas
The pancreas produces pancreatic fluids known as enzymes. It is placed inside the abdomen, directly behind the stomach.

Gall Bladder
Is an essential part of our digestive system. Its principal function is to store bile. Bile helps our digestive system break down fat.

Large Intestine
Transforms food waste into stool and excretes it from the body when you poop It is located in the lower abdomen, from the waist down.

Appendix
It serves as repository for beneficial bacteria, booting the digestive system following diarrheal disorders. The appendix is in the lower right side of the abdomen

Kyra Kris Lequin says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:12 pm

Liver- filters the blood from the digestive tract before passing it to the rest of the body. It also detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs.

Ileum- helps to further the digested food from the stomach and other parts of the small intestines. It helps absorb the nutrients and water from our food intake.

Appendix- It acts as a storage for good bacteria

Kyra Kris Lequin says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:13 pm

Stomach- is a hollow organ that stores food temporarily while it is being mixed with stomach enzymes

Muscularis- contracts and relaxes to cause the food to move.

Esophagus- functions primarily as a transport tube that directs the progression of food and fluids from the mouth to the stomach

Kyra Kris Lequin says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:13 pm

Large intestine- a long tube that continues from the small intestine as food nears the end of its journey through the digestive tract. It turns food into stool and passes it from the body when you defecate.

Small intestine- breaks from food, absorbs nutrients, and gets rid of the unnecessary components.

Mucosa- is the innermost layer, and functions in absorption and secretion.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:16 pm

1. Esophagus

Description: It is a hollow, muscular tube that carries food and liquid from the pharynx to the stomach.

Function: It functions primarily as a transport tube that directs the progression of food and fluids from the mouth to the stomach.

Location: It is located in the center of your chest in an area called the mediastinum and lies behind your windpipe (trachea) and in front of your spine.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:17 pm

2. Large Intestine

Description: It is a long, tube-like organ that is connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other. It includes the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.

Function: Its function includes absorbing water and electrolytes, producing and absorbing vitamins, and forming and propelling feces toward the rectum for elimination.

Location: It is located in the lower abdominal cavity from your waist down.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:18 pm

3. Gallbladder

Description: The gallbladder is a small pouch, hollow organ with a pear shape that sits just under the liver.

Function: Its main function is to store bile until it’s needed for digestion. It also concentrates bile, and, when stimulated to contract, it ejects bile into the lumen of the small intestine.

Location: It is located in the upper right part of your abdomen (belly) and sits just under your liver.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:18 pm

4. Liver

Description: It is the largest solid organ in the body. It is shaped like a cone and has a dark reddish-brown color and weighs about 3 pounds.

Function: It removes toxins from the body’s blood supply, maintains healthy blood sugar levels, regulates blood clotting, and performs hundreds of other vital functions.

Location: It is located beneath the rib cage in the right upper abdomen. The liver is located in the upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm, and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and intestines.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:19 pm

5. Stomach

Description: It is a muscular, hollow, J-shaped organ that receives food from the esophagus and digests them.

Function: Its primary function is to digest food and send it to your small intestine. It also temporarily stores food as well as secretes acid and enzyme that helps break down food.

Location: It sits in your upper abdomen on the left side of your body.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:20 pm

6. Salivary Glands

Description: They are exocrine glands positioned around the oral cavity and secrete their salivary contents into the mouth.

Function: They function to help keep the oral mucosa protected and lubricated. It also plays an important role in digestion because they make saliva.

Location: They are located in the mouth.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:20 pm

7. Pharynx

Description: It is commonly called the throat. It is a passageway that extends from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra.

Function: It serves both the respiratory and digestive systems by receiving air from the nasal cavity and air, food, and water from the oral cavity.

Location: The pharynx is found in the middle of the neck, behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the esophagus and trachea.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:21 pm

8. Rectum

Description: It is the final straight portion of the large intestine that connects the colon to the anus. It is also where feces accumulate just prior to discharge.

Function: It plays a key role in the defecation mechanism. Its job is to receive waste from the colon and store it until it passes out of the body through the anus.

Location: It is located in the lower part of the large intestine that connects to the sigmoid colon.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:22 pm

9. Small Intestine

Description: The small intestine or small bowel is a long, narrow, folded, or coiled tube extending from the stomach to the large intestine. It is where most of the absorption of nutrients from food takes place.

Function: The principal function of the small intestine is to break down food, absorb nutrients needed for the body, and get rid of unnecessary components.

Location: It is coiled inside the lower abdominal cavity beneath the stomach.

Ysandra Prille A. Tabilon says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:22 pm

10. Pancreas

Description: It is a long, flat gland that lies in the abdomen behind the stomach. It produces enzymes that are released into the small intestine to help with digestion.

Function: It plays an essential role in converting the food we eat into fuel for the body’s cells. It also helps in digestion and regulates blood sugar.

Location: It is located behind the stomach in the upper left abdomen.

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:51 pm

Ileum

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:52 pm

Stomach
Ileum mucosa is made up of simple columnar epithelium with enterocytes and goblet cells. Peyer’s patches are a common histological feature of the ileum.

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:52 pm

Large intestine

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:52 pm

large intestine
completes absorption by retrieving water and sodium from the luminal contents, which are then discarded as fecal waste. It produces a lot of mucus and certain hormones, but none of the digesting enzymes. There are no villi in the thick mucosa, which has deep crypts.

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:53 pm

appendix

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:54 pm

appendix
The appendix is a well-known example of gut-associated lymphoepithelial tissue, which reacts to a wide range of antigens in the gastrointestinal system. The lymphoid follicles are made up of many repeating units, each of which is divided into an apical dome, a massive basal nodule with a germinal center, and laterally extending thymus dependent zones.

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:54 pm

stomach duodenum

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:55 pm

Stomach duodenum
The stomach, which sits between the esophagus and the duodenum, is an important portion of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Its activities include mixing food with stomach acid and using chemical and mechanical digestion to break food down into tiny bits.

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:57 pm

small intestine

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:57 pm

Small intestine
duodenum
The muscularis is a muscle that runs alongside the submucosa membrane. It is in charge of bowel movement (also called peristalsis ). Smooth muscle is normally divided into two layers: circular and longitudinal.

• Brunner’s glands: Compound, tubular, submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum that is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi).

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:57 pm

pancreas

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:58 pm

pancreas
The fact that the pancreas is a dual-function organ with both exocrine and endocrine cell types dominates its structure. Exocrine tissue makes up the majority of the pancreas, and secretions from these cells travel into a network of ducts before being delivered to the duodenum.

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:58 pm

mouth

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 10:59 pm

mouth
A stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium lines the oral surface of the lips, cheeks, floor of mouth, and covers the ventral surface of the tongue, of the lip, note that skin (stratified, keratinized squamous epithelium with hair follicles) covers the external surface, skeletal muscle (orbicularis oris muscle) forms the core, and a mucosal epithelium(stratified, non-keratinizing squamous epithelium) covers the internal surface.

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 11:00 pm

Gall bladder

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 11:01 pm

The gall bladder is a simple muscular sac with a columnar epithelium lining it. It absorbs and stores bile from the liver through the hepatic and later cystic ducts, with a capacity of 50 to 100ml in adults. It is linked to the liver’s visceral layer.

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 11:02 pm

liver

Mary Nathalie E. Antonio says:

May 9, 2022 at 11:02 pm

Liver
The liver is made up of a vast number of microscopic functional units that work together to ensure that the entire organ functions properly. One such unit can be described in three ways, as shown below: Hepatic (traditional) lobule Lobule of the portal.

Kyla Ampong says:

May 9, 2022 at 11:27 pm

Mouth – his oval-shaped opening in your skull starts at your lips and ends at your throat. Your mouth allows air and nutrients to enter your body, and it also helps you speak. It’s also called the oral cavity.

Pancreas – It is located inside your abdomen, just behind your stomach. It’s about the size of your hand. During digestion, your pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches.

Large Intestine – connects the end of the ileum to the anal canal. In the large intestine, the intestinal content that arrived there from the small intestine is dehydrated and compacted into feces. The large intestine starts as a pouch called cecum and continues as the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon, followed by the rectum and anus.

Liver -The liver is the largest solid organ in the body. It removes toxins from the body’s blood supply, maintains healthy blood sugar levels, regulates blood clotting, and performs hundreds of other vital functions. It is located beneath the rib cage in the right upper abdomen.

Gallbladder – Its main function is to store bile. Bile helps your digestive system break down fats. Bile is a mixture of mainly cholesterol, bilirubin and bile salts.

Esophagus with stratified squamous epithelium. It is protects against microorganisms and against water loss.

Eunice Lyle R. Peralta says:

May 9, 2022 at 11:38 pm

Layers of the GI tract

▪ The mucosa, or inner lining of the GI tract, is a mucous membrane. It is
composed of (1) a layer of epithelium in direct contact with the contents of
the GI tract, (2) a layer of connective tissue called the lamina propria, and
(3) a thin layer of smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae).

▪ The submucosa consists of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa
to the muscularis. It contains many blood and lymphatic vessels that
receive absorbed food molecules. Also located in the submucosa is an
extensive network of neurons known as the submucosal plexus. The
submucosa may also contain glands and lymphatic tissue.

▪ The muscularis of the mouth, pharynx, and superior and middle parts of the esophagus
contains skeletal muscle that produces voluntary swallowing. Skeletal muscle also forms the
external anal sphincter, which permits voluntary control of defecation. Throughout the rest of
the tract, the muscularis consists of smooth muscle that is generally found in two sheets: an
inner sheet of circular fibers and an outer sheet of longitudinal fibers. Involuntary contractions
of the smooth muscle help break down food, mix it with digestive secretions, and propel it
along the tract. Between the layers of the muscularis is a second plexus of neurons—the
myenteric plexus.
▪ Those portions of the GI tract that are suspended in the abdominopelvic cavity have a
superficial layer called the serosa. As its name implies, the serosa is a serous membrane
composed of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium). The
serosa is also called the visceral peritoneum because it forms a portion of the peritoneum. The
esophagus lacks a serosa; instead only a single layer of areolar connective tissue called the
adventitia forms the superficial layer of this organ.

Stefani Lynn Solutan says:

May 9, 2022 at 11:45 pm

1. Liver
Function: The liver regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile. This helps carry away waste products from the liver.
Location: The liver is located in the upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm, and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and intestines.
2. Mouth
Function: Your mouth allows air and nutrients to enter your body, and it also helps you speak.
Location: Its external opening is located along the body’s midline inferior to the nose and superior to the chin.
3. Large intestine
Function: The large intestine turns food waste into stool and passes it from the body when you poop.
Location: It surrounds the small intestine in a sort of a square question mark shape, with the tail of the question mark ending at the anal canal.
4. Gallbladder
Function: The gallbladder holds a digestive fluid called bile that’s released into your small intestine.
Location: The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath your liver.
5. Stomach
Function: The stomach receives food from the esophagus. It secretes acid and enzymes that digest food.
Location: The stomach is a muscular organ located on the left side of the upper abdomen.
6. Smooth Muscle
Function: it helps with digestion and nutrient collection in the stomach. It also functions to help get rid of toxins and working in electrolyte balance in the urinary system.
Location: It is in the stomach and intestines. It also exists throughout the urinary system.
7. Appendix
Function: The appendix acts as a storehouse for good bacteria, “rebooting” the digestive system after diarrheal illnesses.
Location: It is found in the lower right abdomen.
8. Muscularis
Function: It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis. oblique layer: This layer is responsible for creating the motion that churns and physically breaks down the food.
Location: A region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane.
9. Small Intestine
Function: The small intestine breaks down food from the stomach and absorbs much of the nutrients from the food.
Location: The small intestine, or small bowel, is a hollow tube about 20 feet long that runs from the stomach to the beginning of the large intestine.
10. Esophagus
Function: The primary function of your esophagus is to carry food and liquid from your mouth to your stomach. When you swallow, food and liquid first move from your mouth to your throat
Location: The esophagus is a tube that connects the throat (pharynx) and the stomach.

Aia Krystelle Llanera says:

May 10, 2022 at 12:26 am

This is inspired by the stage of Palawan during Leni-Kiko Rally 🙂 An unforgettable memory and experience.

Kaye Vendiola Tomaroy says:

May 10, 2022 at 10:51 am

* Esophagus – The esophagus begins at the throat (pharynx) and travels to the stomach, passing through the diaphragm en route. The esophagus serves to pass food and liquids from the mouth down to the stomach. This is accomplished by periodic contractions (peristalsis) instead of gravity.
* Large Intestine – The large intestine is the terminal segment of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which is a continuous, tube-like channel via which food passes along the human digestive system. It runs from the small intestine to the anal canal, wherein food waste is eliminated. In simpler terms, the large intestine is involved in feces production.
* Pancreas – The pancreas is located behind the stomach in the upper left abdomen. It makes pancreatic juices, which contain enzymes that aid in digestion, and it produces several hormones, including insulin.
* Liver– The liver is located on the right side of your body in the upper right abdomen below your ribcage. The liver is one of the largest internal organs in your body and its main function is to filter blood and remove toxins. Your liver also plays an important role in your digestive system.
* Stomach – The stomach is the most dilated part of the digestive system, lying between the esophagus and duodenum. The main function of the stomach involves mechanical and chemical digestion of ingested food.
* Gallbladder – The gallbladder is an organ that’s found in your abdomen. Its function is to store bile until it’s needed for digestion. When we eat, the gallbladder contracts, or squeezes, to send bile into your digestive tract.

Glicy Lou D. Garinggo says:

May 10, 2022 at 11:21 am

Rugae are found in places like the vagina, bladder, and stomach and are more of a feature artifact of wall function than functional structures in and of themselves.

What I mean by artifact is that by identifying rugae, you are simply recognizing the folds in the unstretched wall that underlie the ability of the walls to expand. These walls can expand significantly as these rugae flatten out when the walls are distended by pressure due to increased volume occupying the lumen of the hollow organ. (Dave Knight PhD Neuroscience, 2008)

Chrys Mark A. Umbac says:

May 10, 2022 at 11:56 am

Mouth
Function:
Your mouth allows air and nutrients to enter your body, and it also helps you speak. It’s also called the oral cavity. The first digestion happens in the mouth.
Location:
The upper opening of the digestive tract, beginning with the lips and containing the teeth, gums, and tongue.
Gallbladder
Function:
To store bile, a thick, yellow-brown enzyme produced by your liver that helps you digest fats.
Location:
A pear-shaped organ located below the liver that stores the bile secreted by the liver.
Esophagus
Function:
Esophagus is relatively straight muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus can contract or expand to allow for the passage of food.
Location:
Anatomically, it lies behind the trachea and heart and in front of the spinal column.
Muscularis
Function:
• The muscularis externa aids in the propulsion and peristalsis.
• It also helps in digestion by mixing the ingested food with the digestive juices such as succus entericus.
• The peristaltic movements of the muscularis externa in the esophagus help in the translocation of food from the mouth into the fundus of the stomach.
• It aids in passing out of the bodily wastes such as fecal matter and urine.
Location:
The lamina muscularis mucosae (or muscularis mucosae) is a thin layer ( lamina) of muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, located outside the lamina propria, and separating it from the submucosa.
Appendix
Function:
One theory is that the appendix acts as a storehouse for good bacteria, “rebooting” the digestive system after diarrheal illnesses.
Location:
The cecum is a pouch-like structure of the large intestine, located at the junction of the small and the large intestines.
Small Intestine
Function:
A long, hollow, narrow and folded tube, the small intestine is the principle organ of the digestive system. It is the site for most digestion and absorption of food you eat. Apart from digestion and absorption, it performs several other tasks as well.
Location:
It extends from the stomach (pylorus) to the large intestine (cecum) and consists of three parts: duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
Stomach
Function:
• Food storage
• Acidic breakdown of swallowed food
• Sends mixture on to the next phase in the small intestine
Location:
Stomach, saclike expansion of the digestive system, between the esophagus and the small intestine; it is located in the anterior portion of the abdominal cavity in most vertebrates.
Large Intestine
Function:
The large intestine is the portion of the digestive system most responsible for absorption of water from the indigestible residue of food.
• . Formation and elimination of feces
• 2. Absorption of vitamins
• 3. Absorption of water and electrolytes
• 4. Antibody production
• 5. Acid reduction
Location:
The large intestine is the final section of the gastrointestinal tract that performs the vital task of absorbing water and vitamins while converting digested food into feces.
Liver
Function:
It has many functions in the:
• Bile production – This is a fluid that helps to emulsify (break up into smaller droplets that can be more easily digested) lipids and fats in the duodenum. The bile, before being released, is temporarily stored in the gall bladder
• Blood sugar regulation – The liver is very important for keeping blood sugar level constant. It converts excess glucose into glycogen for storage by the action of the hormone insulin. It releases the stored glycogen as glucose by the action of the glucagon hormone when glucose blood levels get low
• Digestion and metabolism – It breaks down carbohydrate, protein and fats so they can be digested
• Neutralising toxins – Such as alcohol and other drugs which are harmful for the body
• Storage of nutrients – including vitamins and iron
• Fighting infections – It helps to remove harmful bacteria from the blood that cause disease

Location:
The liver is reddish-brown and shaped approximately like a cone or a wedge, with the small end above the spleen and stomach and the large end above the small intestine.
Smooth Muscle
Function and Location:
Smooth musculature is found in (almost) all organ system such as hollow organs (e.g. stomach, bladder), in tubular structures (e.g. vessels, bile ducts), in sphincters, in the uterus, in the eye etc. In addition it plays an important role in the ducts of exocrine glands. It fulfills various tasks such as sealing orifices (e.g. pylorus, uterine os) or the transport of the chyme through wavelike contractions of the intestinal tube. On the one hand smooth muscle cells contract slower than skeletal muscle cells, on the other hand they are stronger, more sustained and require less energy.

Glicy Lou D. Garinggo says:

May 10, 2022 at 12:42 pm

e

Chrys Mark A. Umbac says:

May 10, 2022 at 2:02 pm

Mouth
Function:
The digestive process starts in your mouth when you chew. Your salivary glands make saliva, a digestive juice, which moistens food so it moves more easily through your esophagus into your stomach. Saliva also has an enzyme that begins to break down starches in your food.
Location:
The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract. In fact, digestion starts before you even take a bite. It is located at the upper part of the body.

Gallbladder
Function:
Its main function is to store bile. Bile helps your digestive system break down fats. Bile is a mixture of mainly cholesterol, bilirubin and bile salts.
Location:
Your gallbladder is located in the upper right part of your abdomen (belly). It sits just under your liver.

Esophagus
Function:
The primary function of your esophagus is to carry food and liquid from your mouth to your stomach. When you swallow, food and liquid first move from your mouth to your throat (pharynx).
Location:
The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the stomach. The esophagus contracts as it moves food into the stomach. A “valve” called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is located just before the opening to the stomach.

Muscularis
Function:
The muscularis externa is responsible for segmental contractions and peristaltic movement in the GI tract. These muscles cause food to move and churn together with digestive enzymes down the GI tract. The muscularis externa consists of an inner circular layer and a longitudinal outer muscular layer.
Functionally, the muscularis mucosae is not well studied. Presumably it functions to promote local stirring at the mucosal surface, to improve secretion and the absorption of nutrients. The submucosa is a connective tissue layer deep to and supporting the mucosa.
Location:
The muscularis mucosa is made up of smooth muscle, and is most prominent in the stomach. Within the muscularis externa, the circular muscle layer prevents food from traveling backward, while the longitudinal layer shortens the tract.

Appendix
Function:
The function of the appendix is unknown. One theory is that the appendix acts as a storehouse for good bacteria, “rebooting” the digestive system after diarrheal illnesses.
Location:
The appendix is located in the lower right portion of the abdomen, near where the small intestine attaches to the large intestine.

Small Intestine
Function:
It helps to further digest food coming from the stomach. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by the body.
Location:
The small intestine is coiled inside the lower abdominal cavity beneath the stomach. The large intestine surrounds it, framing the edges of the abdominal cavity.

Stomach
Function:
The stomach is a J-shaped organ that digests food. It produces enzymes (substances that create chemical reactions) and acids (digestive juices). This mix of enzymes and digestive juices breaks down food so it can pass to your small intestine.
Location:
Your stomach sits in your upper abdomen on the left side of your body. The top of your stomach connects to a valve called the esophageal sphincter (a muscle at the end of your esophagus). The bottom of your stomach connects to your small intestine.

Large Intestine
Function:
The large intestine stores the wastes (the food remains), then ejects them outside the body through the anus. The large intestine is the final section of the gastrointestinal tract that performs the vital task of absorbing the water and the vitamins, and it converts the digested food into feces.
Location:
The large intestine is in your lower abdominal cavity from your waist down. It surrounds the small intestine in a sort of a square question mark shape, with the tail of the question mark ending at the anal canal.

Liver
Function:
The liver regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile. This helps carry away waste products from the liver. All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver.
Location:
The liver is located in the upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm, and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and intestines.

Smooth Muscle
Function:
The main function of smooth muscle of the GI tract is to mix and propel intraluminal contents to enable efficient digestion of food, progressive absorption of nutrients, and evacuation of residues.
Location:
Smooth muscle is found throughout the body where it serves a variety of functions. It is in the stomach and intestines where it helps with digestion and nutrient collection.